Download or read book Perceptions of Principals and Teachers of Their Roles and Other Variables in School Culture in Improving Their School s Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test FCAT Letter Grade by Two Grade Levels written by Tracey D. Tedder and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation focuses on perceptions of principals, assistant principals and teachers of their impact on student achievement scores in improving their school's Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test letter grade scores. This information is of importance because we do not have information on how school reference groups (principals, teachers) perceive the grading of schools as defined by the Florida A+ Plan. Specifically, this study investigated perceptions of school principals, assistant principals and teachers on their role in improving the school's FCAT letter grade by two grade levels in a 9-month school year. This qualitative case study analyzes perceptions of factors and behaviors that have made a positive difference in two Polk County, Florida public elementary schools' FCAT. Data collection included interviews of teachers, assistant principals and principals. Study implications include the impact upon students, teachers, administrators and parents, particularly pressures upon all involved at the school level to improve student test scores and therefore, to improve their letter grade on the Florida A+ Plan. Another implication may be the possibility of improving results by decentralizing into small learning communities (SLC's). Conclusions including administrators and teachers perceiving emotional, professional, instructional, and climate support as key factors, but no clear conclusive perception by a majority of respondents was evident regarding improved scores.

Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Central Florida High School Principals Perceptions of the Florida School Indicators Report written by William Lee Gaught and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The data collected from the postal survey revealed there was a statistically significant relationship between the priority principals assigned to the FSIR indicators and their ability to collect and analyze data related to them. In addition, survey data allowed development of multiple regression models that could be used to predict the priority principals assigned to several FSIR categories of indicators based on the ability to collect and analyze data. The study findings indicated that principals perceived lack of time for data analysis as the biggest barrier they faced when evaluating the FSIR indicators. After the lack of time, principals rated lack of administrator training in data analysis as the second biggest obstacle to using the FSIR. The findings indicated that principals felt the availability of data and technology were not significant barriers to their staff's ability to conduct data analysis on the FSIR. The conclusions drawn from the study were that central Florida high school principals perceived the results on the state's mandated Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) to be the most important indicators in the FSIR. In addition, the research identified that the lack of time was the single greatest barrier principals encountered when it came to collecting and analyzing data on the FSIR. A lack of training programs in data collection and analysis for administrators was also noted in the findings.

Download or read book The Three Minute Classroom Walk Through written by Carolyn J. Downey and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2004-04-20 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Change the entire school culture with this collaborative method of supervision! For years, the classic supervision model has frustrated both principals and teachers by fostering superior-subordinate relationships, focusing on teacher conformity rather than growth, or producing checklist data that are irrelevant to the curriculum. The Three-Minute Classroom Walk-Through offers a practical, time-saving alternative that impacts student achievement by cultivating self-reliant teachers who are continuously improving their practice. This method answers principals' key questions: Is the work of my teachers aligned with district curriculum? Are my teachers using research-based "best practices"? Are they choosing the instructional strategies that will promote student achievement?

Download or read book An Exploratory Study of Florida High School Principal Practices that Improve Student Achievement written by Donna Michelle Reynolds and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the leadership practices of high school principals in the state of Florida who improved student achievement in schools with a 30% or greater economically disadvantaged student rate. The secondary purpose of this study was to examine principal and student demographics of the identified schools and determine what relationship existed between student demographics, principal demographics, and principal practices. The results of this study offered guidance for principals across the state of Florida who struggled to close the achievement gap between economically advantaged and disadvantaged students. To achieve the purpose of the study, a 53 item survey instrument was distributed to principals in high schools that met the characteristics of a 30% economically disadvantaged student population that had shown growth on the 10th grade FCAT Reading test over three years from 2007 - 2009. 50 principals in 10 school districts were contacted. 18 of those principals responded to the online survey, and 5 principals participated in a follow-up phone interview. The survey instrument gathered quantitative data in four subdomains of principal practices: Implementing a Standards Based Coherent Instructional Program; Providing Teacher Support and Encouraging Teacher Collaboration; Engaging Families; and Using Assessment to Improve Student Achievement and Instruction. Quantitative data regarding principal demographics was also collected through the survey instrument. Qualitative data concerning principal practices was gathered through three open-ended response questions on the survey instrument as well as through follow-up phone interviews. The descriptive statistics gathered from responses to the survey instrument showed the highest mean averages for principal practices associated with the following items: Clear vision on student learning outcomes; Set high standards for student learning; Expect teachers to take responsibility for student achievement; and Expect staff to adjust instruction based on various data. The lowest mean averages for principal practices were associated with the following practices: Model exemplary instructional practices; Remove teachers not committed to improving student achievement; Ensure families are engaged in subject-area events; and Use assessment data to determine professional development. In addition to the survey responses, research question one was addressed through the open-ended survey responses and the follow-up phone interviews. The qualitative data collected found the most self-reported best practices under the subdomain of Providing Teacher Support and Encouraging Teacher Collaboration. The most prevalent practices that emerged as a result of the interviews were fostering personal relationships with students and celebrating student success; conducting classroom walkthroughs in a meaningful and purposeful manner; implementing Professional Learning Communities; and reviewing assessment data with teachers to inform instruction. The results of the Mann-Whitney statistical procedure found a significant difference between male and female respondents in the subdomain of Providing Teacher Support and Encouraging Teacher Collaboration. Males scored significantly lower than females. The Spearman correlations found a significant negative correlation between practices in the Teacher Support subdomain and the percentage of disadvantaged students at a school. In other words, the lower the percentage of disadvantaged students in a school, the higher the principal rated Teacher Support as an important practice. The low number of respondents in this study (N = 18) limited the findings as well as the generalizability to schools with similar populations inside and outside of Florida. However, the results may provide guidance for principals in Florida high schools with high economically disadvantaged student populations. The results of this study placed emphasis on the need for principals to have a clear vision for their school and communicate high expectations for their students. According to the results of this study, principals should also find ways to connect with students and celebrate their successes, create avenues for teacher collaboration, and use assessment data to work with teachers in order to inform instructional decisions.

Download or read book Making Sense of Test Based Accountability in Education written by Laura S. Hamilton and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2002-07-31 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Test-based accountability systems that attach high stakes to standardized test results have raised a number of issues on educational assessment and accountability. Do these high-stakes tests measure student achievement accurately? How can policymakers and educators attach the right consequences to the results of these tests? And what kinds of tradeoffs do these testing policies introduce? This book responds to the growing emphasis on high-stakes testing and offers recommendations for more-effective test-based accountability systems.

Download or read book Assessing Educational Leaders written by Douglas B. Reeves and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2008-07-10 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "As school systems search for ways to develop and retain effective leaders, a new vision for leadership assessment becomes increasingly vital. This revised edition... provides the information and tools necessary to successfully evaluate all types of educational leaders and improve both individual and organizational performance. Incorporating the 10 Dimensions of Leadership, this field-tested resource is based on research, theory, and best practices in leadership, organizational effectiveness, and personnel evaluation. The author, a national expert on educational leadership and accountability, focuses on three critical concepts of leadership: the dramatic impact of leadership on student achievement, equity, and staff morale; the role of both personal predispositions and acquired knowledge skills on effectiveness; and how evaluation can be used to improve performance instead of merely rendering an assessment...This updated edition includes new features such as: sample hallmarks of performance excellence; practical insights into the distinction between evaluating and assessing leaders; a new leadership assessment and coaching tool for providing confidential feedback to senior leaders; examples of real-world applications. By implementing this multidimensional leadership assessment system, school districts can improve teaching, learning, and leadership at every level!"--Publisher's website.

Download or read book Effective Supervision written by Robert J. Marzano and published by ASCD. This book was released on 2011-05-05 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Effective Supervision, Robert J. Marzano, Tony Frontier, and David Livingston show school and district-level administrators how to set the priorities and support the practices that will help all teachers become expert teachers. Their five-part framework is based on what research tells us about how expertise develops. When these five conditions are attended to in a systematic way, teachers do improve their skills: * A well-articulated knowledge base for teaching * Opportunities for teachers to practice specific strategies or behaviors and to receive feedback * Opportunities for teachers to observe and discuss expertise * Clear criteria for success and help constructing professional growth and development plans * Recognition of the different stages of development progressing toward expertise. The focus is on developing a collegial atmosphere in which teachers can freely share effective practices with each other, observe one another's classrooms, and receive focused feedback on their teaching strategies. The constructive dynamics of this approach always keep in sight the aim of enhancing students' well-being and achievement. As the authors note, "The ultimate criterion for expert performance in the classroom is student achievement. Anything else misses the point."

Download or read book A Study of Relationships Among Teachers Perceptions of Principal Leadership and Teachers Perceptions of School Climate in the High School Setting written by Jeffrey Michael Paul and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The school principal is viewed as one of the most influential individuals on a school campus (Cohen, McCabe, Michelli, & Pickeral, 2009; Edmonds, 1979; Leech & Fulton, 2008). With this influence, the principal plays a great role in facilitating the climate of the school; which in turn, can have a significant impact on student achievement (MacNeil, Prater, & Busch, 2009). The purpose of this study was to explore high school teachers' perceptions about leadership practices of their principals, as well as to gain an understanding of the teachers' perceptions of school climate in a large urban district in the Western United States. Data was collected with the use of two survey instruments, the Leadership Practices Inventory, which measures the Five Practices of Exemplary Leadership, and the Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire revised for secondary schools, which measures five dimensions of high school climate. Participating teachers were asked five demographic questions including: age, gender, number of years teaching, number of years teaching with current principal, and level of education. The schools with participating teachers were categorized by three other variables: total response rates, School Performance Framework scores, and the percentage of students qualifying for free or reduced price lunch. Across nine high schools, 334 usable surveys were collected. Pearson correlations were used to find relationships among variables within the survey instruments, while MANOVA calculations with appropriate ANOVA post hoc were used to find differences in demographic variables. It was found that engaged teacher behavior coupled with principals who model expectations and give authentic, goal aligned encouragement related to high levels of positive school climate. Additionally, data suggested schools whose teachers perceived their principal in a negative manner related to low levels of school climate regardless of the socioeconomic make-up of the student body.

Download or read book Teachers Role in Assisting Principals Improve Student Learning Through Formative Assessment written by Ingrid Alecia Thomas and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The different reform initiatives, which ushered in the accountability movement, were authorized to increase the responsibility of student learning in an effort to close achievement gaps and improve the education of all students. Thus, assessments have become the driving force for determining students' learning outcomes in meeting accountability requirements. Nevertheless, principals and teachers realized that assessments used only to measure the totality of student learning are not enough to address the diverse academic needs of all students. They also need formative assessment. Teachers' use of formative assessment can assist principals by generating classroom and team-based data for student achievement that leads to school improvement. This study had a two-fold purpose. First, the study examined the extent to which teachers perceived that they employed the five strategies of formative assessment in the classroom. Secondly, the study examined teachers' acknowledgement of a school-wide culture that values formative assessment that could influence their use of this practice in the classroom and as a team. Seventy-seven teachers participated in the study. The results revealed that the teachers did not employ the five strategies of formative assessment with equal frequency. Strategy 2, engineering discussions, tasks, and activities that will elicit evidence of learning, had a mean of 3.22 and was used most frequently by teachers. Strategy 5, activating students as owners of their learning, had a mean of 2.72 and was used the least by teachers. Teachers' personal and professional characteristics revealed no statistically significant difference in the frequency with which they use the five strategies of formative assessment in the classroom. Teachers acknowledged principals as proponents of using formative assessment. However, the data indicated that they did not frequently collaborate as a team to create tests to be used formatively across grade levels and subject areas. The results also revealed positive correlations between teachers' acknowledgement of a formative assessment culture and their frequent use of the five strategies in the classrooms. But, a multiple regression was conducted and indicated that only strategy 2 had a significant influence on teachers' perception of a school-wide culture that values formative assessment.

Download or read book A Relationship Between the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test 2 0 Mathematics Scores and Racial and Ethnic Concentration when Considering Socio Economic Status ESOL Student Population and School Climate written by Marilys Galindo and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the moment children are born, they begin a lifetime journey of learning about themselves and their surroundings. With the establishment of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, it mandates that all children receive a high-quality education in a positive school climate. Regardless of the school the child attends or the neighborhood in which the child lives, proper and quality education and resources must be provided and made available in order for the child to be academically successful. The purpose of this ex post facto study was to investigate the relationship between the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores of public middle school students in Miami-Dade County, Florida and the concentrations of a school's racial and ethnic make-up (Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics), English for Speakers of other Languages (ESOL) population, socio-economic status (SES), and school climate. The research question of this study was: Is there a significant relationship between the FCAT 2.0 Mathematics scores and racial and ethnic concentration of public middle school students in Miami-Dade County when controlling SES, ESOL student population, and school climate for the 2010-2011 school year? The instruments used to collect the data were the FCAT 2.0 and Miami-Dade County Public Schools (M-DCPS) School Climate Survey. The study found that Economically Disadvantaged (SES) students socio-economic status had the strongest correlation with the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores (r = -0.830). The next strongest correlation was with the number of students who agreed that their school climate was positive and helped them learn (r = 0.741) and the third strongest correlation was a school percentage of White students (r = 0.668). The study concluded that the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores of M-DCPS middle school students have a significant relationship with socio-economic status, school climate, and racial concentration. The following are appended: (1) Miami-Dade County Public Schools 2010-2011 School Year Data; and (2) Relationship between FCAT 2.0 Mathematics Scores and Racial and Ethnic Concentration when controlling Socio-Economic Status, ESOL Student Population and School Climate.

Download or read book Teacher s Perception of Their Principal s Leadership Style and the Effects on Student Achievement in Improving and Non improving Schools written by Brenda Kay Hardman and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Teacher demographics of gender, age, years as a teacher, years at current school, and level of school (elementary, middle, high) were examined in relation to perceived leadership style and school status. Multiple regression analysis found that only years at current school that was significant in how they perceived their principal's transformational or passive avoidant leadership style. No demographic variables were significant for transactional style or school status. Overall, teachers were satisfied with the principal's leadership style and effectiveness. Teachers most often cited school culture as having an influence on student achievement in both improving and non-improving schools. Limitations of the study included self-reported teacher perceptions of principal leadership style from 16 schools in one school district which limits generalizability; no controls for teacher classroom performance and no verification of respondents actually observing principal behaviors; time of year survey was given; and, the use of one instrument to measure leadership style may not reflect the actual leadership style of the principal.

Download or read book The Closing Door written by Gary Orfield and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 1993-11 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Closing Door is the first major critique of the effect of conservative policies on urban race and poverty in the 1980s. Atlanta, with its booming economy, strong elected black leadership, and many highly educated blacks, seemed to be the perfect site for those policies and market solutions to prove themselves. Unfortunately, not only did expected economic opportunity fail to materialize but many of the hard-won gains of the civil rights movement were lost. Orfield and Ashkinaze painstakingly analyze the evidence from Atlanta to show why black opportunity deteriorated over the 1980s and outline possible remedies for the damage inflicted by the Reagan and Bush administrations. "The Closing Door is a crucial breath of fresh air . . . an important and timely text which will help to alter the 'underclass' debate in favor of reconsidering race-specific policies. Orfield and Ashkinaze construct a convincing argument with which those who favor 'race-neutrality' will have to contend. In readable prose they make a compelling case that economic growth is not enough."—Preston H. Smith II, Transition

Download or read book Exploring the Role of the Principal in Creating a Culture of Academic Optimism written by William A. Harper and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Principals are held accountable for the academic achievement of their students. This study addressed renewed interest in how principals can improve student achievement (SA) by improving the culture of their schools. Previous research demonstrated a positive relationship between the construct of academic optimism (AO) and SA. The purpose of this mixed methods sequential Quan - Qual research study was to understand how principals in Alabama middle schools create a culture of AO that fosters high SA. In the quantitative phase 218 Alabama schools with Grade 8 were stratified into high and low categories of SA based on the percentage of students performing in the top two levels of proficiency on the Alabama Reading and Math Test (ARMT+). These schools were also stratified into high, medium, and low categories of socio-economic status, based on the percentage of students eligible for the Free and Reduced Program for Lunch (FRPL). The purpose of the qualitative phase was to understand how AO and its three dimensions, faculty trust (FT), collective efficacy CE), and academic emphasis (AE), were related to SA. Using non-probabilistic diversity sampling, 156 Alabama schools were invited to participate in the study. Teachers from 26 participating schools completed the School Academic Optimism Scale (SAOS) which measured the degree of AO within each school. Correlation, regression and recursive partitioning analyses indicated that AO was a nonsignificant predictor of either reading or math achievement even when controlling for SES. Regression did identify AE, one of the dimensions of AO, as a significant predictor of SA. In the second qualitative phase, using purposive sampling, 11 principals of high achieving middle schools identified strategies that developed a culture of AO which fostered high SA in both high and low SES schools. Analyses identified five strategies that interacted reciprocally among multiple dimensions of academic optimism: data based decision making (DBDM), collaborative team work, principal support for teachers, consistent communication, and routine celebrations of academic excellence. Implications for practitioners include: build collaborative teams, especially around DBDM efforts, encourage strong personal relationships, provide emotional and tangible support for teachers, and stress consistent professional communication with all stakeholders.

Download or read book Evaluation of the Florida Master Teacher Initiative written by Haiwen Wang and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the Florida Master Teacher Initiative (FMTI)--an i3-funded early learning program aimed at improving the quality of teaching and student outcomes in grades PreK through third grade in high need schools. The FMTI schools participated in four program components: (1) a job-embedded graduate degree program with an early childhood specialization, (2) a Teacher Fellows program through which teachers engage in yearlong inquiry projects around their practice, (3) a Principal Fellows program during which principals work together to strengthen their facilitative leadership skills, and (4) Summer Leadership Institutes to review data and engage in action planning. The impact evaluation had two primary goals: (1) to assess the school-level impact of FMTI on teachers and students; and (2) to assess the impact of FMTI on teachers enrolled in the job-embedded early childhood graduate degree program and their students. To achieve the first goal, the evaluation used a cluster random assignment design, in which 40 Miami-Dade County Title I public elementary schools were randomly assigned to the FMTI program or a status-quo control condition. To achieve the second goal, the evaluation used an embedded quasi-experimental design using propensity score matching and difference-in-differences approaches. SRI International administered schoolwide surveys at baseline and in the final year of the grant in both intervention and control schools; conducted classroom observations of job-embedded graduate program teachers and a matched comparison group using the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) early in the teachers' first year of the graduate program and a follow-up observation occurred after or near the end of the program, with program teachers and sample of comparison teachers; and gathered student reading and math achievement data on children in kindergarten through fifth grade who were at the 40 study schools at the time of random assignment for a total of more than 10,000 students in the FMTI schools and a similar number of students in the control schools. The study did not find school-level impacts on student achievement or on the majority of outcomes measured through the teacher survey. Analysis of the impact of the job-embedded graduate degree program found a positive difference of 1.7 points for participating teachers in the instructional quality domain of the CLASS compared to matched comparison teachers. The evaluation also found positive and statistically significant results for the graduate program teachers compared to comparison teachers on the teacher survey in the areas of engagement in leadership activities, engagement in governance activities, engagement in outreach activities, self-reported early childhood knowledge, and self-reported general instructional knowledge. No significant differences in math or reading achievement were found for students of the graduate program teachers compared to students of a matched sample of teachers in control schools. The implementation of the FMTI program was not sufficiently robust to definitively determine its effectiveness. FMTI treatment schools that achieved medium or high fidelity of implementation across the three years experienced more positive outcomes. The evaluation has illuminated lessons about how to effectively provide job-embedded professional development to support teacher quality improvement. The following are appended: (1) Methods; (2) Implementation Fidelity; and (3) Impact Estimates.

Download or read book The Relationship Between High School Teacher Perceived Principal Leadership Practices and Teacher Morale Levels written by Nora Moore and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This quantitative study examined the relationhip between five teacher perceived leadership practices of high school principals and the morale levels of the teachers in their schools. Two high schools (grades 10-12) in the upstate of South Carolina participated in the study. One hundred twelve high school teachers were surveyed using the Leadership Practices Inventory to collect information about five teacher perceived principal leadership practices, and the Purdue Teacher Opinionaire to collect information about teacher morale levels. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to measure the relationship between the five teacher perceived leadership practices and teacher morale levels. One of the five predictor variables, model the way was excluded due to high zero-order correlations with the rest of the predictors. The statistical analysis provided a basis to support the assertion that the four teacher perceived leadership practices (i.e., challenge the process, enable others to act, encourage the heart, and inspire a shared vision) were related to teacher morale to a significant degree. However, the four teacher perceived leadership practices collectively accounted for only a modest portion of the variance in teacher morale levels. None of the four individual leadership practices was a statistically significant predictor of teacher morale when all other variables were controlled. The results imply that principals' leadership practices make a difference in teacher morale. Suggested integration of leadership practices into administrative training and recommendations for future research are also addressed.

Download or read book Teachers Perception of Elementary School Principals Leadership Styles in under performing Level 2 Schools and superior Level 5 Schools in Mississippi written by Rhonda Deloise Powe and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study was to examine how the participants perceived their principal's transformational and transactional leadership style and whether differences existed in their perceptions based on the demographic variables of age, gender, experience, educational attainment and ethnicity. Transformational leaders were considered influential, change agents who motivated teachers to work collaboratively as a team to achieve defined goals. On the other hand, transactional leaders developed impersonal relationships and motivated teachers according to their personal self-interest. They focused on social and economic exchanges, using contingent rewards to reinforce positive behaviors and administered punishment to reform negative behaviors. One hundred and thirteen participants from six elementary schools participated in this study. The Multi-Leadership Questionnaire was used to collect data. Cronbach alpha was used to establish internal reliability consistency of the instrument. The data were analyzed using mean scores, percentages, chi-square, t-test and ANOVA. The research findings indicated that perception scores at both school levels were higher for transformational leadership than transactional leadership. According to the mean score interpretation (Table 2) and the participants' mean scores, 92.9 % of participants perceived their principal as fairly often a transformational leader and 7.1% of participants perceived their principal as frequently a transformational leader. Ironically, 100% of participants perceived their principal as sometimes a transactional leader. The research findings further indicated that overall, teachers at both levels perceived their principal as fairly often a transformational leader and sometimes a transactional leader. Based on the demographic findings, an ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences in teachers' perceptions of their principal's transformational leadership style based on years of experience. Participants with more years of experience perceived their principal with significantly higher mean scores than those with fewer years of experience. Recommendations include: (a) conducting further research to determine the impact that principals' leadership style have on student performance from a national perspective, (b) conducting a Longitudinal Research study to determine the impact that leadership styles have on student performance, and (c) exploring leadership styles extensively to identify the leadership traits exhibited by both public and private elementary school principals.