Download or read book Pearl Harbor Encyclopedia Part 1 December 7 1941 Day of Infamy Japan Plans Detailed Attack Information Controversies FDR and World War II USS Arizona Memorial Real Life Oral Histories written by Department of Defense and published by . This book was released on 2017-01-20 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover the fascinating stories and tragic history of Pearl Harbor - America's Day of Infamy, December 7th, 1941. Presented in paperback in two parts because of its massive content, with twenty-five chapters and thousands of pages of text and photographs, this unique and comprehensive compilation of official information provides a stunning, richly detailed overview of all aspects of this incredible event.There are extensive oral histories from the survivors, explanations of the Japanese preparations for the sneak attack, thoughtful discussions of the controversies about what the Roosevelt Administration knew about the attack, a complete list of the heroes who gave their lives, thorough coverage of the history of the USS Arizona memorial, and full details of Navy, Marine, and Coast Guard involvement. Reports from the commanding officers of every ship at Pearl Harbor are included as well.Contents:PAPERBACK BOOK PART 1Section 1: Overview of the Pearl Harbor Attack, 7 December 1941 * Section 2: Narratives of Commanding Officers * Section 3: Pearl Harbor Additional Action Reports, 7 Dec 1941 * Section 4: The Attack on Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941: A Study of Defending America * Section 5: Excerpt from Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal: History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II - Volume I * Section 6: Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Notable Senate Investigations, U.S. Senate Historical Office, Washington, D.C. * Section 7: Joint Address to Congress Leading to a Declaration of War Against Japan (1941) * Section 8: USS Arizona Memorial Historic Resource Study (Unique Analysis of Pearl Harbor Attack) * Section 9: Infamous Day - Marines at Pearl Harbor * Section 10: Coast Guard Units in Hawaii * Section 11: FDR and Pearl Harbor * Section 12: Pearl Harbor Revisited: United States Navy Communications Intelligence 1924-1941 * Section 13: What Every Cryptologist Should Know about Pearl HarborPAPERBACK BOOK PART 2Section 14: Pearl Harbor Raid, 7 December 1941 - Overview * Section 15: Remembering Pearl Harbor * Section 16: USS Arizona (BB-39) Memorial at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii * Section 16B - Complete List of the Heroes: Casualties of Pearl Harbor * Section 17: USS Arizona Memorial * Section 18: The USS Arizona Memorial Visitor Center - An Administrative and Legislative History * Section 19: USS Arizona (BB-39) Wreck National Historic Landmark Study * Section 20: USS Arizona Memorial Submerged Cultural Resources Study, USS Arizona and Pearl Harbor National Historic Landmark * Section 21: The U.S. Navy in Hawaii, 1826-1945, An Administrative History * Section 22: National Park Service World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument * Section 23: Salvage Diary Excerpt * Section 24: U.S. Navy Abbreviations of World War II and U.S. Navy Code Words of World War II

Download or read book Pearl Harbor Encyclopedia Part 2 December 7 1941 Day of Infamy Japan Plans Detailed Attack Information Controversies FDR and World War II USS Arizona Memorial Real Life Oral Histories written by Department of Defense and published by . This book was released on 2017-01-20 with total page 805 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover the fascinating stories and tragic history of Pearl Harbor - America's Day of Infamy, December 7th, 1941. Presented in paperback in two parts because of its massive content, with twenty-five chapters and thousands of pages of text and photographs, this unique and comprehensive compilation of official information provides a stunning, richly detailed overview of all aspects of this incredible event.There are extensive oral histories from the survivors, explanations of the Japanese preparations for the sneak attack, thoughtful discussions of the controversies about what the Roosevelt Administration knew about the attack, a complete list of the heroes who gave their lives, thorough coverage of the history of the USS Arizona memorial, and full details of Navy, Marine, and Coast Guard involvement. Reports from the commanding officers of every ship at Pearl Harbor are included as well.Contents:PAPERBACK BOOK PART 1Section 1: Overview of the Pearl Harbor Attack, 7 December 1941 * Section 2: Narratives of Commanding Officers * Section 3: Pearl Harbor Additional Action Reports, 7 Dec 1941 * Section 4: The Attack on Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941: A Study of Defending America * Section 5: Excerpt from Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal: History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II - Volume I * Section 6: Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Notable Senate Investigations, U.S. Senate Historical Office, Washington, D.C. * Section 7: Joint Address to Congress Leading to a Declaration of War Against Japan (1941) * Section 8: USS Arizona Memorial Historic Resource Study (Unique Analysis of Pearl Harbor Attack) * Section 9: Infamous Day - Marines at Pearl Harbor * Section 10: Coast Guard Units in Hawaii * Section 11: FDR and Pearl Harbor * Section 12: Pearl Harbor Revisited: United States Navy Communications Intelligence 1924-1941 * Section 13: What Every Cryptologist Should Know about Pearl HarborPAPERBACK BOOK PART 2Section 14: Pearl Harbor Raid, 7 December 1941 - Overview * Section 15: Remembering Pearl Harbor * Section 16: USS Arizona (BB-39) Memorial at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii * Section 16B - Complete List of the Heroes: Casualties of Pearl Harbor * Section 17: USS Arizona Memorial * Section 18: The USS Arizona Memorial Visitor Center - An Administrative and Legislative History * Section 19: USS Arizona (BB-39) Wreck National Historic Landmark Study * Section 20: USS Arizona Memorial Submerged Cultural Resources Study, USS Arizona and Pearl Harbor National Historic Landmark * Section 21: The U.S. Navy in Hawaii, 1826-1945, An Administrative History * Section 22: National Park Service World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument * Section 23: Salvage Diary Excerpt * Section 24: U.S. Navy Abbreviations of World War II and U.S. Navy Code Words of World War II

Download or read book Day of Infamy 60th Anniversary written by Walter Lord and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2001-05 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sample Text

Download or read book Pearl Harbor written by Michael J Clark and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2023-08-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: December 7, 1941. A quiet Sunday torn apart by the roar of airplane engines and the crash of bombs. The War had come to America and the world would never be the same. The Japanese attack on the US Naval base at Pearl Harbor marked a turning point in the course of World War II. A surprise attack launched from Japanese aircraft carriers, intended to cripple the US Pacific Fleet, sank the USS Arizona and killed over 2,000 American servicemen and civilians. It was a shocking surprise to the American people, and President Roosevelt's radio address that day announced the entry of the United States into the war, and set in motion the utter destruction of the Axis powers. Pearl Harbor: A Date of Infamy December 7th, 1941 tells the story of this world-changing attack and provides key insights into the tumultuous years that led to this chaotic turning point. For those familiar with the story, or those whose experience comes only from film and TV, Pearl Harbor: A Date of Infamy December 7th, 1941 explores the forces that drove the Japanese Empire and the United States of America to a collision course in the Pacific. You'll learn: Japanese expansion in the Pacific, The Japanese attack plan, aims, and strategy, The American response to the attack, both at home in civilian circles and the military The heroism of US servicemen in the Pacific during the grueling campaign against Japan, An explosive account of the attack on Pearl Harbor and the devastation it wrought. The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor stands as one of the most incredible and fascinating stories of the Second World War. Inspired by the men and women of the greatest generation, Pearl Harbor: A Date of Infamy December 7th, 1941 explores this fascinating story of warfare in the Pacific!

Download or read book December 7 1941 written by Gordon W. Prange and published by Open Road Media. This book was released on 2014-05-06 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A minute-by-minute account of the morning that brought America into World War II, by the New York Times–bestselling authors of At Dawn We Slept. When dawn broke over Hawaii on December 7, 1941, no one suspected that America was only minutes from war. By nightfall, the naval base at Pearl Harbor was a smoldering ruin, and over 2,000 Americans lay dead. December 7, 1941 gives a detailed and immersive real-time account of that fateful morning. In or out of uniform, every witness responded differently when the first Japanese bombs began to fall. A chaplain fled his post and spent a week in hiding, while mess hall workers seized a machine gun and began returning fire. Some officers were taken unawares, while others responded valiantly, rallying their men to fight back and in some cases sacrificing their lives. Built around eyewitness accounts, this book provides an unprecedented glimpse of how it felt to be at Pearl Harbor on the day that would live in infamy.

Download or read book Day of Infamy written by Steven Otfinoski and published by Capstone. This book was released on 2015-08 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In a narrative nonfiction format, follows people who experienced the attack on Pearl Harbor"--

Download or read book The Attack on Pearl Harbor in United States History written by Nathan Anthony and published by Enslow Publishers, Inc.. This book was released on 2014-09 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On December 7, 1941 the Japanese military launched a surprise attack on the American Naval base at Pearl Harbor. A reluctant nation was pushed into World War II by the surprise attack which killed thousands of American sailors and soldiers, nearly destroyed the United States Navy. In this book, authors Nathan Anthony and Robert Gardner offer a clear description of the attack on Pearl Harbor, from early Japanese spying operations to a detailed account of the key events of that fateful day. This book is developed from THE BOMBING OF PEARL HARBOR IN AMERICAN HISTORY to allow republication of the original text into ebook, paperback, and trade editions.

Download or read book Pearl Harbor written by Steven M Gillon and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2011-10-25 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Franklin D. Roosevelt famously called December 7, 1941, "a date which will live in infamy." History would prove him correct; the events of that day -- when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor -- ended the Great Depression, changed the course of FDR's presidency, and swept America into World War II. In Pearl Harbor, acclaimed historian Steven M. Gillon provides a vivid, minute-by-minute account of Roosevelt's skillful leadership in the wake of the most devastating military assault in American history. FDR proved both decisive and deceptive, inspiring the nation while keeping the real facts of the attack a secret from congressional leaders and the public. Pearl Harbor explores the anxious and emotional events surrounding the attack on Pearl Harbor, showing how the president and the American public responded in the pivotal twenty-four hours that followed, a period in which America burst from precarious peace into total war.

Download or read book Pearl Harbor 1941 written by Carl Smith and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2012-10-20 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: December 7, 1941 was one of the single most decisive days of World War II the day that brought the USA into the fight. Six Japanese aircraft carriers disgorged their full complements in two waves on the superior US Pacific Fleet as it lay slumbering in Pearl Harbor. Depending on opposing viewpoints, the attack was either a brilliant maneuver of audacious strategy, or a piece of unparalleled villainy and deception by a supposedly friendly power. This revised edition, containing the latest research on the events of December 7, 1941, reveals several previously unknown aspects of the attack and dispels key myths that have been built up around the fateful day a day, Franklin Delano Roosevelt declared, that would "live in infamy".

Download or read book Pearl Harbor written by Spencer C. Tucker and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2015-10-13 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides students with an understanding of the motives behind the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the consequences of this action on Japan, on the United States, and on the outcome of World War II. This essential reference guide is devoted to one of the most important military events in American history: the Pearl Harbor attack of December 7, 1941, "the day of infamy." Distinguished military historian Spencer C. Tucker is the editor of this thorough study of the Japanese attack that contains reference entries as well as primary documents and oral histories describing the circumstances that led up to the attack, the event itself, and its immediate aftermath and consequences, thereby providing readers with the necessary context to understand all aspects of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Readers will understand why Japanese leaders decided to go to war with the United States, what they expected to accomplish in attacking Pearl Harbor, why this key American base was not better defended, and what the aftereffects of the attack were for the outcome of the war. Biographies on major players in the crisis such as Franklin Roosevelt, Chester Nimitz, Isoroku Yamamoto, and Hideki Tojo will provide insight into the individuals who played key roles in the events before, during, and after December 7, 1941.

Download or read book World War II Pearl Harbor written by Hourly History and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-05-23 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: World War II Pearl Harbor President Franklin D. Roosevelt described December 7, 1941, the date when the Japanese launched a surprise attack against the United States while the two countries were still officially at peace, as a day that would live in infamy. The action hurled the United States into the global conflict of World War II, a violent conflagration that the nation, fiercely isolationist, had intended to ignore. But the rising tide of militarism across the globe meant that American neutrality could not last. War was contagious, and sooner or later, no matter how a nation tried to quarantine itself, the infection would find it. To the people of the United States, the attack came as a complete surprise. Perhaps Americans should have expected it. Tensions between the U.S. and Japan had been steadily increasing throughout the year, and American sanctions against Japan were hindering the efforts of the Japanese to become the dominant power in the Pacific. Inside you will read about... - America Opens the Door to Japan - Pearl Harbor, Home of the Shark Goddess - Air Raid Pearl Harbor, This Is No Drill - The Commanders - The Story of a Survivor And much more! Ironically, a mock naval exercise the decade before the Pearl Harbor attack had foreshadowed the penalty of ignoring the base's vulnerability, but the naval higher-ups refused to believe it, setting the stage for the real attack in 1941. The commander of Pearl Harbor, Admiral Kimmel, was convinced that the attack would be made against Wake Island. But Japanese Admiral Yamamoto's shrewd planning was as devastating as he intended it to be, as America's Pacific base lay in ruins-over 2,403 dead, 1,178 wounded, and the fleet devastated. Yet, the day after the attack, while Japan rejoiced, Yamamoto was despondent. Japan, he knew, could not win a long, drawn-out war. The Americans would be out for revenge.

Download or read book On War Against Japan written by United States. President (1933-1945 : Roosevelt) and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fdr s Pearl Harbor written by Christopher Savio and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2015-11-22 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date that will in infamy, the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan." FDR December 8th, 1941 The above quote was the lead in to FDR's call for a declaration of war between the United States of America and Japan the day after the Pearl Harbor attack. The question for many has been, how long did FDR have to write that now iconic speech? For most historians the answer would be less than twenty-four hours. For some the answer is unclear. For if Roosevelt knew the Japanese were steaming toward Pearl Harbor well in advance of the attack, he would have had enough time to polish and practice it. Keep reading to find out the truth behind the Pearl Harbor controversy. Not only will you be shown facts about the Pearl Harbor attack in this book, your eyes will opened to what may or may not have been FDR's motive for the supposed sneak attack/setup upon Pearl Harbor. Learn about the tough decisions FDR faced during the last few months before Pearl Harbor. Hitler ran unopposed through out Europe wreaking havoc upon any country he chose. Japan sat poised to take over much of the Pacific and had already invaded China. With his allies begging him to get into World War II and a populace overwhelmingly wanting to remain isolated, what options did FDR have left? Was he forced to allow the Japanese to attack Pearl Harbor? Did he provoke it? Learn whether or not FDR intercepted countless Japanese radio transmissions about the impending attack upon Pearl Harbor and hid them from his admirals? In 1941, the United States had what was referred to as the "splendid arrangement," which was an enormous array of listening devices spread all through the Pacific. It is common knowledge that the United States intercepted these messages, but did they learn of the Pearl Harbor attack and keep it a secret? Learn in detail the facts behind the Pearl Harbor Attack Arguments about the facts behind Pearl Harbor have been swirling for years. Did American cryptographers decode Japanese messages before or after Pearl Harbor? Did FDR use the McCollum Memo to provoke the Japanese to attack Pearl Harbor? Was Husband E. Kimmel a scapegoat for FDR or did FDR have a valid reason to relieve him of command after the Pearl Harbor debacle? Was FDR Complicit in the Pearl Harbor Attack? The controversy over whether or not Franklin Delano Roosevelt had anything to do with the attack upon Pearl Harbor has raged for the last few decades. He did have motive to get the United States into World War II. There is no doubt about that, but did he purposefully allow the United States to get attacked by the Japanese on December 7th, 1941? That may be one of the toughest questions to answer in all of United States history. That is exactly what this issue of Hardball History is going to answer. About The Author Christopher Savio is a high school history teacher in Northern New Jersey and an online Adjunct Professor of History at the University of California San Diego. He has multiple honors degrees in the subject and has been a life long student of all kinds of historical topics. When not studying or teaching history he enjoys spending time with his children and being an Assistant Scout Master for his son's Boy Scout Troop. If you are free thinker and desire to know the truth, Scroll up and grab your copy today.

Download or read book Decisive Moments in History written by Charles River Charles River Editors and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-06-22 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes over 20 pictures of important people, places, and events, including famous photos of Battleship Row, the USS Arizona and the USS Oklahoma. *Examines the history that led up to the attack, the origins of the Japanese plot, and the communications between the U.S. and Japan just before the attacks. *Analyzes the controversies and conspiracy theories surrounding the attack, as well as what went right and what went wrong for each side. *Includes a Bibliography for further reading. "We won a great tactical victory at Pearl Harbor and thereby lost the war." - Admiral Hara Tadaichi All Americans are familiar with the "day that will live in infamy." At 9:30 a.m. on Sunday, December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor, the advanced base of the United States Navy's Pacific Fleet, was ablaze. It had been smashed by aircraft launched by the carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy. All eight battleships had been sunk or badly damaged, 350 aircraft had been knocked out, and over 2,000 Americans lay dead. Indelible images of the USS Arizona exploding and the USS Oklahoma capsizing and floating upside down have been ingrained in the American conscience ever since. In less than an hour and a half the Japanese had almost wiped out America's entire naval presence in the Pacific. Less than 24 hours earlier, Japanese and American negotiators had been continuing their diplomatic efforts to stave off conflict in the region, but as they did, President Roosevelt and his inner circle had seen intelligence reports strongly suggesting an imminent attack - though they did not know where. The U.S. rightly believed that Japan would take action to prevent the Americans from interfering with their military activities in Southeast Asia, and American military forces in the Philippines were already bracing for a potential attack. However, as the negotiations were ongoing, the powerful Japanese carrier fleet had been surging southwards through the Pacific while maintaining radio silence, preparing to strike the blow that would ignite war in an area spanning half the globe. Navy Commander-in-Chief Isoroku Yamamoto, whose code of honor demanded that the Japanese only engage enemies after a formal declaration of war, had been given assurances that his nation would be formally at war with the United States prior to the arrival of his planes over Pearl Harbor. As it turned out, those assurances were worth nothing, and Yamamoto had been misled by extremists in his government just as the Americans were misled. In fact, the Japanese would infamously deliver documents formally cutting off negotiations with the American government after the attack on Pearl Harbor had already been conducted. Far from a formal declaration of war, America was attacked without warning, plunging the world's largest democracy into history's deadliest conflict. Pearl Harbor was unquestionably one of the seminal events in American history, and given the nature of the surprise attack, the entry of the U.S. into the war, and the lingering controversies and conspiracy theories, the attack on Pearl Harbor continues to be a highly charged and heavily debated event. Decisive Moments in History: The Attack on Pearl Harbor chronicles the history leading up to the surprise attack, including the negotiations between the Japanese and American governments, and the plotting of the attack itself. It also examines the attack, its aftermath, its lasting legacy and the controversies still surrounding it. Along with pictures of important people, places, and events, you will learn about Pearl Harbor like you never have before, in no time at all.

Download or read book The Story of the Attack on Pearl Harbor written by Jim Whiting and published by Mitchell Lane Publishers, Inc.. This book was released on 2005-05-15 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Japanese attack on the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 was one of the worst defeats in US military history. It began a string of Japanese successes that seemed to threaten the security of the United States. Many US citizens and government leaders were on the verge of panic. But the attack was probably Japan's biggest mistake. At the time, most Americans did not want to go to war. The anger and outrage that followed the attack swept away those objections, unified the country and made the US determined to win the war.

Download or read book Operation Snow written by John Koster and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2012-09-17 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Americans have long debated the cause of the December 7, 1941 bombing of Pearl Harbor. Many have argued that the attack was a brilliant Japanese military coup, or a failure of U.S. intelligence agencies, or even a conspiracy of the Roosevelt administration. But despite the attention historians have paid to the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the truth about that fateful day has remained a mystery—until now. In Operation Snow: How a Soviet Mole in FDR’s White House Triggered Pearl Harbor, author John Koster uses recently declassified evidence and never-before-translated documents to tell the real story of the day that FDR memorably declared would live in infamy, forever. Operation Snow shows how Joseph Stalin and the KGB used a vast network of double-agents and communist sympathizers—most notably, Harry Dexter White—to lead Japan into war against the United States, demonstrating incontestable Soviet involvement behind the bombing of Pearl Harbor. A thrilling tale of espionage, mystery and war, Operation Snow will forever change the way we think about Pearl Harbor and World War II.

Download or read book The Start of World War II in the Pacific Theater written by Charles River Charles River Editors and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes pictures *Includes accounts of the fighting by soldiers on both sides *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading All Americans are familiar with the "day that will live in infamy." At 9:30 a.m. on Sunday, December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor, the advanced base of the United States Navy's Pacific Fleet, was ablaze. It had been smashed by aircraft launched by the carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy. All eight battleships had been sunk or badly damaged, 350 aircraft had been knocked out, and over 2,000 Americans lay dead. Indelible images of the USS Arizona exploding and the USS Oklahoma capsizing and floating upside down have been ingrained in the American conscience ever since. In less than an hour and a half the Japanese had almost wiped out America's entire naval presence in the Pacific. Pearl Harbor was unquestionably one of the seminal events in American history, and given the nature of the surprise attack, the entry of the U.S. into the war, and the lingering controversies and conspiracy theories, the attack on Pearl Harbor continues to be a highly charged and heavily debated event. Those who had decoded and seen the Japanese communications in early December 1941 would not be surprised when they heard about an attack on December 7, 1941. They would, however, be astonished when they heard where that attack took place. Posted on the other side of the world, it was early on the morning of December 8 in the Philippines when American general Douglas MacArthur received news of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor hours earlier. With that, it could only be a matter of time before the Japanese attacked the Philippines. Although MacArthur and Allied forces tried to hold out, they could only fight a delaying action, and the Japanese managed to subdue all resistance by the spring of 1942. However, in the aftermath of Japan's successful invasion, as the nation's military strategists began preparations for the next phase of military actions in the theater, their forces had to deal with a critical logistical problem they had not foreseen. The Japanese had to deal with large numbers of Filipino and American soldiers who had surrendered after a lengthy defense in the Bataan peninsula, but they were not prepared for so many prisoners of war because their own military philosophy emphasized rigid discipline and fighting until the end. They could not imagine a situation in which Japanese soldiers would willingly surrender, so they assumed that no other combatants would do so either. At Adelaide on March 18, 1942, MacArthur met the assembled press and told them, "I came through and I shall return." The words would go down in history, and MacArthur would eventually fulfill the vow. The Americans would turn the war in the Pacific around in the middle of 1942, but in the wake of Pearl Harbor and the Japanese invasion of the Philippines, the country was in desperate need of a morale boost, and it would come in the form of the Doolittle Raid. In part to show that the Japanese were not invincible, and in part to reassure the American public that the nation would not lose the war, the Doolittle Raid included both Army and Navy units that launched 16 land-based medium bombers from an aircraft carrier, a feat that was the first of its kind but also one involving a great deal of risk. Getting the bombers and carriers in place to execute the mission involved much strategic planning and cooperation within the American military, and had it failed, it could have dealt a serious blow to the Americans' Pacific presence due to the nation's limited resources in that theater. As if getting in position wasn't challenging enough, the raid was never designed to include a round trip back to the carrier. Given the size of the bombers, the planes were unable to land back on the USS Hornet, so the plan was to have them fly over Japan and ditch in China after bombing Tokyo.