Download or read book Multi Service Tactics Techniques and Procedures for Conducting Peace Operation written by Department of Defense and published by . This book was released on 2009-04-14 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document provides a single-source multi-Service tactics, techniques, and procedures (MTTP) publication that focuses on conducting peace operations (PO) at the tactical level of warfighting. This publication is designed for use at the tactical level for training, planning, and conducting joint or multi Service PO. It will serve as the focal point to guide the readers to existing TTP, and provide TTP where gaps exist. In general terms, the tactical level refers to those operations conducted by tactical units or task forces conducted at the O-6 level of command. This publication offers the reader a basic understanding of joint and multinational PO, an overview of the nature and fundamentals of PO, and detailed discussion of selected military tasks associated with PO. To a limited degree, this publication will also focus the commander and staff on training objectives for the proper execution of PO. This publication has worldwide application and is intended to supplement, at the tactical level, JP 3-07.3, Peace Operations, and Allied Tactical Publication (ATP)-3.4.1.1, Peace Support Operations, Techniques and Procedures. The TTP described in this publication apply to all elements of a joint force that may be executing PO missions under the command of a United States (US) only or multinational military organization. This publication uses approved joint, allied, and Service doctrine and terminology as a foundation. Guidance and TTPs established in this publication are not Service specific and apply to any tactical units within combatant commands, subunified commands, joint task forces, and subordinate components of these commands that may be required to execute missions or tasks associated with PO. This publication applies to the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps. It may also be used by multi-Service and service components of a joint force to conduct PO training and operations. Procedures herein may be modified to fit specific theater procedures, allied, and foreign national requirements. Participating Service command offices of primary responsibility will review this publication, validate the information, and reference and incorporate it within service manuals, regulations, and curricula as follows: Upon approval and authentication, this publication incorporates the procedures contained herein into the U.S. Army Doctrine and Training Literature Program as directed by the Commander, U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). Not to be distributed; electronic media only. The Marine Corps will incorporate the procedures in this publication in US Marine Corps doctrinal and training publications as directed by the Commanding General, US Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC). Distribution is in accordance with the Marine Corps Publication Distribution System. The Navy will incorporate the procedures in this publication in US Navy doctrinal and training publications as directed by the Commander, Navy Warfare Development Command (NWDC). Distribution is in accordance with Military Standard Requisitioning and Issue Procedure Desk Guide and Navy Standing Operating Procedures Publication 409. The Air Force will validate and incorporate appropriate procedures in accordance with applicable governing directives. Distribution is in accordance with Air Force Instruction 33-360.

Download or read book Peace Operations Multi Service Tactics Techniques and Procedures for Conducting Peace Operations Incorporating Change 1 April 2009 FM 3 07 31 MCWP 3 33 8 AFTTP 3 2 40 written by U.s. Army Training and Doctrine Command and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2012-12-10 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document, “Peace Operations: Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Conducting Peace Operations (FM 3-07.31),” provides a single-source multi-Service tactics, techniques, and procedures (MTTP) publication that focuses on conducting peace operations (PO) at the tactical level of warfighting. This publication is designed for use at the tactical level for training, planning, and conducting joint or multi-Service PO. It will serve as the focal point to guide the readers to existing TTP, and provide TTP where gaps exist. In general terms, the tactical level refers to those operations conducted by tactical units or task forces conducted at the O-6 level of command. This publication offers the reader a basic understanding of joint and multinational PO, an overview of the nature and fundamentals of PO, and detailed discussion of selected military tasks associated with PO. To a limited degree, this publication will also focus the commander and staff on training objectives for the proper execution of PO. This publication has worldwide application and is intended to supplement, at the tactical level, JP 3-07.3, Peace Operations, and Allied Tactical Publication (ATP)-3.4.1.1, Peace Support Operations, Techniques and Procedures. The TTP described in this publication apply to all elements of a joint force that may be executing PO missions under the command of a United States (US) only or multinational military organization. This publication uses approved joint, allied, and Service doctrine and terminology as a foundation. Guidance and TTPs established in this publication are not Service specific and apply to any tactical units within combatant commands, subunified commands, joint task forces, and subordinate components of these commands that may be required to execute missions or tasks associated with PO. This publication applies to the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps. It may also be used by multi-Service and service components of a joint force to conduct PO training and operations. Procedures herein may be modified to fit specific theater procedures, allied, and foreign national requirements.

Download or read book Field Manual Fm 3 07 31 Peace Operations October 2009 Including Change 1 April 2009 written by Us Army and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2012-05-21 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 1. Purpose This document provides a single-source multi-Service tactics, techniques, and procedures (MTTP) publication that focuses on conducting peace operations (PO) at the tactical level of warfighting. 2. Scope This publication is designed for use at the tactical level for training, planning, and conducting joint or multi-Service PO. It will serve as the focal point to guide the readers to existing TTP, and provide TTP where gaps exist. In general terms, the tactical level refers to those operations conducted by tactical units or task forces conducted at the O-6 level of command. This publication offers the reader a basic understanding of joint and multinational PO, an overview of the nature and fundamentals of PO, and detailed discussion of selected military tasks associated with PO. To a limited degree, this publication will also focus the commander and staff on training objectives for the proper execution of PO. This publication has worldwide application and is intended to supplement, at the tactical level, JP 3-07.3, Peace Operations, and Allied Tactical Publication (ATP)-3.4.1.1, Peace Support Operations, Techniques and Procedures. 3. Application The TTP described in this publication apply to all elements of a joint force that may be executing PO missions under the command of a United States (US) only or multinational military organization. This publication uses approved joint, allied, and Service doctrine and terminology as a foundation. Guidance and TTPs established in this publication are not Service specific and apply to any tactical units within combatant commands, subunified commands, joint task forces, and subordinate components of these commands that may be required to execute missions or tasks associated with PO. This publication applies to the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps. It may also be used by multi-Service and service components of a joint force to conduct PO training and operations. Procedures herein may be modified to fit specific theater procedures, allied, and foreign national requirements.

Download or read book Army Techniques Publication ATP 3 07 31 Peace Ops Multi service Tactics Techniques and Procedures for Peace Operations May 2019 written by United States Government Us Army and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-05-10 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual, Army Techniques Publication ATP 3-07.31 Peace Ops Multi-service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Peace Operations May 2019, establishes tactics, techniques, and procedures for planning and conducting peace operations (PO) at the tactical and operational levels. It also provides resources and references for training personnel and units assigned to a PO mission. PO include crisis response and limited contingency operations. Frequently, PO involve international military missions to contain conflict, restore peace, and shape the strategic environment to support reconciliation and rebuilding, and facilitate the transition to legitimate governance. PO are conducted under the sponsorship of the United Nations (UN), other international organizations, or within a coalition of agreeing nations, but may be conducted unilaterally. PO include conflict prevention, peacemaking processes, peace enforcement operations, peacekeeping operations, and peace building. PO are conducted with various diplomatic activities necessary to secure a negotiated truce and resolve a conflict.

Download or read book 21st Century U S Military Manuals written by Department of Defense and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Conducting Peace Operations Field Manual (FM 3-07.31) covers peacekeeping operations and related functions of the military, including the UN operations, the enforcement of sanctions, and humanitarian assistance. In the preface, it states: "This manual provides guidance for the full range of peace operations, to include support to diplomacy (peacemaking, peace building, and preventive diplomacy), peacekeeping (PK), and peace enforcement (PE). It addresses the environment of peace operations, related concepts, principles, and fundamentals, to include planning, operational considerations, training, and supporting functions. This manual is for commanders and staffs charged with the responsibility for peace operations to assist them in planning and conducting operations. It is also useful to nonmilitary agencies and foreign military units conducting related operations. This manual supports soldiers and leaders who execute peace operations. It serves as the foundation for further development of US Army tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) manuals and refinement of existing training support packages (TSPs), mission training plans (MTPs), training center and unit exercises, and service school curricula. It drives the examination of organizations and materiel developments applicable to peace operations. Commanders will face ambiguous situations and uncertainty in peace operations. They are obligated to set clear objectives, define the mission, firmly guide operations, and measure progress and success. In order to assist commanders and their staffs, this manual explains the principles and tenets of peace operations and their applications; describes likely peace operations; and discusses command, control, coordination, and liaison requirements and other unique planning considerations. It also provides information concerning the UN and other organizations that may participate in peace operations. This manual incorporates lessons learned from recent peace operations and existing doctrine to provide a framework for development in the conduct of peace operations. The basis of this manual is the US Army's expertise in conducting missions on land as a demonstration of US resolve and commitment to international peace, security, and stability. It provides guidelines for implementation of deterrence and compellance measures during peace operations in support of US National Security Strategy (NSS), National Military Strategy (NMS), and US policy." FUNDAMENTALS OF PEACE OPERATIONS - The Strategic Context, The Types of Operations, The Variables, The Principles, The Tenets COMMAND, CONTROL, COORDINATION, AND LIAISON - Command and Support Relationships, Unilateral Operations, Multinational Operations, United Nations Operations, Non-United Nations Operations, Humanitarian Assistance, Interagency Operations, Liaison PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS - Mission Analysis, Campaign Plan, Use of Force, Force Protection, Force Training, Force Tailoring, Combat Functions, Public Affairs Considerations, Legal Considerations LOGISTICS - Preparation-of-the Theater, Shared Logistics, Resource Management, Logistics Functions

Download or read book Counterinsurgency Field Manual written by The U.S. Army Marine Corps and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2008-09-15 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When the U.S. military invaded Iraq, it lacked a common understanding of the problems inherent in counterinsurgency campaigns. It had neither studied them, nor developed doctrine and tactics to deal with them. It is fair to say that in 2003, most Army officers knew more about the U.S. Civil War than they did about counterinsurgency. The U.S. Army / Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual was written to fill that void. The result of unprecedented collaboration among top U.S. military experts, scholars, and practitioners in the field, the manual espouses an approach to combat that emphasizes constant adaptation and learning, the importance of decentralized decision-making, the need to understand local politics and customs, and the key role of intelligence in winning the support of the population. The manual also emphasizes the paradoxical and often counterintuitive nature of counterinsurgency operations: sometimes the more you protect your forces, the less secure you are; sometimes the more force you use, the less effective it is; sometimes doing nothing is the best reaction. An new introduction by Sarah Sewall, director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, places the manual in critical and historical perspective, explaining the significance and potential impact of this revolutionary challenge to conventional U.S. military doctrine. An attempt by our military to redefine itself in the aftermath of 9/11 and the new world of international terrorism, The U.S. Army / Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual will play a vital role in American military campaigns for years to come. The University of Chicago Press will donate a portion of the proceeds from this book to the Fisher House Foundation, a private-public partnership that supports the families of America’s injured servicemen. To learn more about the Fisher House Foundation, visit www.fisherhouse.org.

Download or read book DSCA Handbook written by United States. Department of Defense and published by United States Department of Defense. This book was released on 2010 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two-in one resource includes the Tactical Commanders and Staff Toolkit plus the Liaison Officer Toolkit. Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA)) enables tactical level Commanders and their Staffs to properly plan and execute assigned DSCA missions for all hazard operations, excluding Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, high yield Explosives (CBRNE) or acts of terrorism. Applies to all United States military forces, including Department of Defense (DOD) components (Active and Reserve forces and National Guard when in Federal Status). This hand-on resource also may be useful information for local and state first responders. Chapter 1 contains background information relative to Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA) including legal, doctinal, and policy issues. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the incident management processes including National Response Framework (NRF), National Incident Management Systems (NIMS), and Incident Command System (ICS) as well as Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Chapter 3 discuses the civilian and military responses to natural disaster. Chapter 4 provides a brief overview of Joint Operation Planning Process and mission analyis. Chapter 5 covers Defense Support of Civilian Authorities (DSCA) planning factors for response to all hazard events. Chapter 6 is review of safety and operational composite risk management processes Chapters 7-11 contain Concepts of Operation (CONOPS) and details five natrual hazards/disasters and the pertinent planning factors for each within the scope of DSCA.

Download or read book Joint Urban Operations written by Joint Chiefs Of Staff and published by . This book was released on 2013-11 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication has been prepared under the direction of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS). It sets forth joint doctrine to govern the activities and performance of the Armed Forces of the United States in joint operations and provides the doctrinal basis for interagency coordination and for US military involvement in multinational operations. It provides military guidance for the exercise of authority by combatant commanders and other joint force commanders (JFCs) and prescribes joint doctrine for operations, education, and training. It provides military guidance for use by the Armed Forces in preparing their appropriate plans. It is not the intent of this publication to restrict the authority of the JFC from organizing the force and executing the mission in a manner the JFC deems most appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the accomplishment of the overall objective.

Download or read book Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Aircraft Recovery Operations Fm 3 04 513 written by Department of the Army and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-08-08 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual, "Aircraft Recovery Operations," (FM 3-04.513) is the Army's doctrine for battlefield and garrison recovery operations. Emphasis is placed on modular force structure and the enhanced operational capability provided by Army aviation transformation. It builds on the collective knowledge and experience gained through recent operations, numerous exercises, and the deliberate process of informed reasoning. This publication is rooted in time-tested principles and fundamentals, while accommodating new technologies and evolving responses to the diverse threats to national security. Aircraft recovery missions include the assessment, repair, and retrieval, if possible, of aircraft forced down due to component malfunction, accident, or combat-related damage that prevents the continued safe flight or operation of the aircraft. The aircraft recovery mission is complete upon the return of all personnel and either: The return of the aircraft through self-recovery or dedicated recovery utilizing aerial or surface recovery methods and techniques, or The selective cannibalization and destruction or abandonment of the aircraft. Aircraft recovery is a pre-planned mission for all units with assigned or operational control of Army aircraft and may require extensive coordination with supporting units. Aircraft recovery is time sensitive to the tactical situation. Aircraft recovery and maintenance evacuations are closely related, however, maintenance evacuation is the physical act of moving an aircraft from one maintenance location to another.

Download or read book Urban Operations written by Department of the Army and published by . This book was released on 2014-03-28 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Doctrine provides a military organization with a common philosophy, a language, a purpose, and unity of effort. Rather than establishing a set of hard and fast rules, the objective of doctrine is to foster initiative and creative thinking. To this end, FM 3-06 discusses major Army operations in an urban environment. This environment, consisting of complex terrain, a concentrated population, and an infrastructure of systems, is an operational environment in which Army forces will operate. In the future, it may be the predominant operational environment. Each urban operation is unique and will differ because of the multitude of combinations presented by the threat, the urban area itself, the major operation of which it may be part (or the focus), and the fluidity of societal and geopolitical considerations. Therefore, there will always exist an innate tension between Army doctrine, the actual context of the urban operation, and future realities. Commanders must strike the proper balance between maintaining the capability to respond to current threats and preparing for future challenges.

Download or read book TASER Conducted Electrical Weapons Physiology Pathology and Law written by Mark W. Kroll and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-02-27 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TASER® Conducted Electrical Weapons are rapidly replacing the club for law-enforcement control of violent subjects within many countries around the globe. A TASER CEW is a hand-held device that delivers a 400-volt pulse with a duration tuned to control the skeletal muscles without affecting the heart at a distance of up to 6.5 meters over tiny wires. If necessary, it begins with an arcing voltage of 50,000 V to penetrate thick clothing; the 50,000 V is never delivered to the body itself. Due to the widespread usage of these devices and the widespread misconceptions surrounding their operation, this book will have significant utility. This volume is written for cardiologists, emergency physicians, pathologists, law enforcement management, corrections personnel, and attorneys.

Download or read book Field Manual FM 3 98 Reconnaissance and Security Operations July 2015 written by United States Army and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-08-08 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication, Field Manual FM 3-98 Reconnaissance and Security Operations July 2015, provides doctrinal guidance and direction for Cavalry organizations, as well as reconnaissance and security organizations. This FM establishes the foundation for the development of tactics and procedures in subordinate doctrine publications. This publication applies across the range of military operations. While the main focus of this field manual is Cavalry formations within the units listed below, all maneuver formations must be able to conduct reconnaissance and security tasks. - Armored brigade combat team (ABCT) Cavalry squadron. - Infantry brigade combat team (IBCT) Cavalry squadron. - Stryker brigade combat team (SBCT) Cavalry squadron. - Battlefield surveillance brigade (BFSB) Cavalry squadron. - It is applicable to the- - Scout platoon of maneuver battalions. - Combat aviation brigade air squadron. The principal audiences for FM 3-98 are commanders, leaders, and staffs responsible for the planning, execution, or support of reconnaissance and security operations as well as instructors charged with teaching reconnaissance and security operations. Doctrine consists of fundamental principles that describe how to fight. At the tactical level, doctrine consists of authoritative principles concerning how to execute reconnaissance and security operations as part of Army and joint operations that require professional military judgment in their application. Importantly, our doctrine must describe how brigade combat teams (BCT) and subordinate units combine the capabilities of various arms into cohesive, combined arms, air-ground teams and provide a clear description of how to execute reconnaissance and security operations. This publication provides the commander and staff of Cavalry formations with doctrine relevant to Army and joint operations. This publication explains how effective reconnaissance and security operations generate depth, allow commanders reaction time and maneuver space, fight for information and collect information through stealth, protect against surprise, ease the forward movement of follow-on forces, and provide commanders with flexibility and adaptability. The doctrine described in this publication is applicable across unified land operations. The previous proponent manual for Cavalry Operations was FM 3-20.96, published 12 March 2010, which included operational considerations. This publication provides doctrinal guidance for all formations assigned to the ABCT, the IBCT, and SBCT. The following is a summary of each chapter in the manual: Chapter 1 addresses the role of Cavalry in unified land operations and Cavalry organizations. Chapter 2 discusses understanding the threat, potential threat groups and threat characteristics. Chapter 3 addresses the operational environment, shaping, engaging, and influencing outcomes, and consolidating gains. Chapter 4 highlights the updated concepts of mission command in relation to commander's reconnaissance and security guidance, the operations process and information collection. Chapter 5 begins with an overview, followed by a detailed discussion of the fundamentals of reconnaissance, forms of reconnaissance, and reconnaissance handover. Chapter 6 begins with an overview, followed with the fundamentals of security operations, counterreconnaissance, and the forms of security. Chapter 7 provides a short overview and then devotes a section to reconnaissance and security stability planning, stability principles and frameworks, and stability tasks. Chapter 8 describes sustainment for reconnaissance and security tasks, sustainment planning considerations for reconnaissance and security, sustainment considerations for reconnaissance and security and special sustainment consideration.

Download or read book U S Army Reconnaissance and Surveillance Handbook written by Department of the Army and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2013-11-26 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout history, military leaders have recognized the importance of reconnaissance and surveillance. Gaining and maintaining contact with the enemy is essential to win the battle, and U.S. military history contains many examples where our knowledge of the enemy, or lack of knowledge, directly led to victory or defeat. The role of reconnaissance and surveillance has not diminished on the modern battlefield; if anything, it has become even more important. Battles at the combat training centers prove that a good reconnaissance and surveillance effort is critical to successful attacks. On the other hand, a poor reconnaissance and surveillance effort almost guarantees defeat for the commander. The message is clear: success on the battlefield begins with reconnaissance and surveillance. Direct from the United States Army, U.S. Army Reconnaissance and Surveillance Handbook provides tactics, techniques, and procedures for reconnaissance and surveillance planning, mission management, and reporting. It also covers the development of intelligence to support counter-reconnaissance operations, employment considerations for reconnaissance, and surveillance assets, and defines the roles of various personnel in planning operations. Intended for maneuver commanders and their staffs; intelligence staffs and collection managers; and other personnel involved in planning and reconnaissance and counter-reconnaissance operations, and now available to everyone, U.S. Army Reconnaissance and Surveillance Handbook provides an insider’s look into the world of Army intelligence.

Download or read book Army Medical Logistics written by Department of the Army and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2012-10 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The AHS (Army Health System) is a component of the Military Health System (MHS) that is responsible for operational management of the health service support (HSS) and force health protection (FHP) missions for training, predeployment, deployment, and postdeployment operations. The Army's MEDLOG system (including blood management) is an integral part of the AHS in that it provides intensive management of medical products and services that are used almost exclusively by the AHS and are critical to its success. Also key to this success is the delivery of a MEDLOG capability that anticipates the needs of the customer and is tailored to continuously provide end-to-end sustainment of the AHS mission throughout full spectrum operations. Providing timely and effective AHS support is a team effort which integrates the clinical and operational aspects of the mission. The provision of MEDLOG support requires collaboration between the medical logisticians, clinicians, and other health care providers within the operational environment and encompasses the following functions: Medical materiel procurement and distribution (acquisition, receiving, shipping, storage, and stock record/property accounting); Medical equipment maintenance and repair; Optical fabrication and repair; Management of patient movement items; Production of medical gases; Blood storage and distribution; Medical hazardous waste management; Management of medical facilities and infrastructure; Medical contracting support; Total product life-cycle management of medical materiel and equipment. This manual describes the capabilities of the MEDLOG system and its role in sustaining the AHS mission. Medical logistics support for deployed forces is the primary focus of this manual. However, generating force or national strategic-level MEDLOG support is also addressed to present a clear picture of the processes involved and resources expended to guarantee a Class VIII support infrastructure. This Class VIII infrastructure ensures the seamless delivery of health care from the point of injury through successive roles of care to the continental US (CONUS) support base. This publication opens with an overview of Army MEDLOG, followed by a description of each MEDLOG unit, the capabilities available, and role of care where each element may be employed. This manual also covers the information systems and enablers available to facilitate the flow of supplies and equipment throughout the area of operations (AO), as well as the current force (Medical Force 2000, Medical Reengineering Initiative, modular division, and brigade combat team [BCT] force designs) and emerging concepts scheduled to occur as part of current and future force fielding events.

Download or read book The War of All the People written by Jon B. Perdue and published by Potomac Books, Inc.. This book was released on 2012 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The "real" "clash of civilizations"

Download or read book Counterland Operations written by United States United States Air Force and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-02-14 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In war, defeating an enemy's force is often a necessary step on the path to victory. Defeating enemy armies is a difficult task that often comes with a high price tag in terms of blood and treasure. With its inherent speed, range, and flexibility, air and space power offers a way to lower that risk by providing commanders a synergistic tool that can provide a degree of control over the surface environment and render enemy forces ineffective before they meet friendly land forces. Modern air and space power directly affects an adversary's ability to initiate, conduct, and sustain ground combat.