Download or read book Pathogen Inactivation Study in Composting of Food Waste written by Wenlong Cao and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Composting is a biochemical process to convert organic waste (i.e. food waste) into soil amendments under the aerobic environment. It has been recognized as an environmentally and economically friendly method for food waste treatment. However, pathogen survival is a serious issue in the composting process which might cause potential pollution when compost is applied in the field. Improvements in the existing understanding of pathogen inactivation such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium in composting are needed. In this research, we studied two composting systems for converting food waste into mature compost to investigate the pathogen inactivation pattern. Firstly, the in-vessel composting system was studied at the pilot-scale and the bench-scale. In the in-vessel system, external heat and continuous mixing were provided to achieve the conventional composting temperature of 60°C during the process. The feedstock applied in the in-vessel system included food waste, horse manure, palm-tree waste, and green waste. The samples were analyzed for pathogen levels and process outcomes including pH and moisture contents. Subsequently the pathogen data were used to derive the equations and the decimal reduction time to understand the pathogen inactivation pattern. In addition, the effects of the hydrolytic enzyme as an additive on composting and product quality were evaluated. Results showed that the proposed method was able to convert food waste into pathogen-free soil amendment efficiently. No significant effect of the enzyme on the pathogen inactivation was observed. The observations showed that E. coli survived approximately 10 hours, while Salmonella was not detectable beyond 90 minutes of the process. Modeling results showed that E.coli could survive about 16-25 hours while Salmonella could be reduced to the undetectable level in 80 minutes. It is anticipated that the in-vessel composting system proposed in this research can be potentially applied to accelerate the conversion of organic waste into pathogen-free soil amendments and enhance sustainable agriculture. Secondly, we investigated the impact of vermicomposting on pathogen inactivation. Vermicomposting (VC) has proven to be a promising method for treating garden, household, and municipal wastes. Although VC has been used extensively for converting wastes into fertilizers, pathogen survival such as E.coli during this process is not well understood. In this study, both lab and field scale experiments were conducted for assessing the impacts of earthworms in reducing E.coli levels during the VC of food waste. In addition to E. coli levels, other parameters such as temperature, carbon and nitrogen content, moisture content, pH, volatile solids, micronutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, and S), and heavy metals (Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu) were monitored during the process. The lab and field scale experiments were conducted for 107 days and 103 days, respectively. The carbon to nitrogen ratio (C: N) decreased by 54% in the lab scale study and by 58% in the field study. The results showed that the VC was not effective in reducing E. coli levels in food waste under both lab and field scale settings.
Download or read book Inactivation of Pathogens by a Novel Composting Toilet written by Erika K. Keim and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pathogen transmission is a major concern when implementing sanitation systems in resource poor areas. Multiple studies have shown that ecological sanitation systems are an effective means for improving health in areas where standard systems cannot reach disparate populations. Emerging designs of ecological sanitation systems provide needed access to hygiene but they still require confirmation of their effectiveness in reducing pathogen loads in the waste and transmission of disease. "The Earth Auger" is a novel composting toilet design that has incorporated critical elements to accelerate pathogen die off and has proven to be popular among recipients. A subset of active composting toilets were monitored for 2 months, taking samples at different points in the treatment line to determine the presence and quantity of total coliforms, E.coli, helminth ova and Salmonella. In addition, two scaled composting units were inoculated with Ascaris suum, Salmonella enterica, poliovirus 1, and MS2 bacteriophage. Over a period of two months tested for E.coli and inoculated pathogens for die-off. Samples were used to determine pathogen die-off through the treatment line according to time, pH, temperature and moisture content. Multi-variable linear regression compared E.coli levels in the treatment line with community as a modifying variable, statistically significant reductions were observed from the bowl to the receiving tank (avg. log10 reduction: -1.27; 95% CI: -2.22 to -0.32), and from the bowl to into storage (avg. log10 reduction: -2.71; 95% CI: -3.55 to -1.87). There were no statistically significant differences seen between communities (p-value=0.566) or from the bowl to the end of the horizontal reaction tube (p-value=0.120). Additionally, sample sizes in study were too small to see statistically significant differences between communities and between different points along the treatment line. Helminths were found in some endpoints during field work, increasing in numbers through treatment line, but prevalence was low and die-off patterns could not be established. Tested environmental factors did not significantly contribute to indicator reduction. At the endpoints for this study, however, indicator levels in compost directly out of treatment system were still above acceptable values delineated by EPA biosolids class B and below WHO guidelines for excreta reuse in agriculture. Salmonella were not found in samples throughout the treatment line. Experimental composting units did not yield useful die-off results but suggested modest decreases in Ascaris suum ova and bacteriophages. Additional human subject participation would have greatly benefited bench-scale experiments and elicited more information about the system. Under the current deployment and usage practices, these composting toilets do not strongly reduce indicator organisms after initial treatment, which will limit the use of post-treatment compost and extend storage time.
Download or read book Upcycling Organic Waste for the Sustainable Management of Soilborne Pests and Pathogens in Agri Food Systems written by Jesus Fernandez Bayo and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-11-07 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sanitary Aspects of Composting Biodegradable Waste written by and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2000 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering written by Jonathan W-C Wong and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-09-19 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Solid Waste Management provides extensive coverage of new developments, state-of-the-art technologies, and potential future trends, reviewing the latest innovative developments in environmental biotechnology and bioengineering as they pertain to solid wastes, also revealing current research priority areas in solid waste treatment and management. The fate of solid wastes can be divided into three major areas, recycling, energy recovery, and safe disposal. From this foundation, the book covers such key areas as biotechnological production of value added products from solid waste, bioenergy production from various organic solid wastes, and biotechnological solutions for safe, environmentally-friendly treatment and disposal. The state of the art situation, potential advantages, and limitations are discussed, along with proposed strategies on how to overcome limitations. Reviews available bioprocesses for the production of bioproducts from solid waste Outlines processes for the production of energy from solid waste using biochemical conversion processes Lists various environmentally friendly treatments of solid waste and its safe disposal
Download or read book Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering written by Ashok Pandey and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-08-31 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Composting and vermicomposting are widely used biological processes for the management of the wastes produced by the communities and agricultural activities, which have experienced substantial growth during the last few years. Advances in Composting and Vermicomposting Technology summarizes the most important work conducted during the last few years under one cover. The book includes conventional and recent advancements in composting and vermicompostimg technologies, information regarding mitigation of greenhouse gases emission and resistant genes, and finally recovery of "Value-Added Materials" in the composting sectors. Furthermore it includes models and available upgradation, global case studies, opportunities and challenges (technical constraints, Institutional constraints and social constraints) associated with the composting technology advancement and finally, application of LCA and considerations in economic evaluation of composting technologies and other organic waste treatment strategies. First book on the use of composting technology for process development within organic waste recycling and management Critically discusses development of industrial composting processes and market demand of compost as cleaner products Includes industrial application of cleaner composting technology towards valorization of high value of compost Provides recent knowledge on research and applications by integration of sustainable cleaner composting technologies
Download or read book Microbiology of Composting written by Heribert Insam and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002-05-14 with total page 658 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Composting is increasingly used as a recycling technology for organic wastes. Knowledge on the composition and activities of compost microbial communities has so far been based on traditional methods. New molecular and physiological tools now offer new insights into the "black box" of decaying material. An unforeseen diversity of microorganisms are involved in composting, opening up an enormous potential for future process and product improvements. In this book, the views of scientists, engineers and end-users on compost production, process optimisation, standardisation and product application are presented.
Download or read book Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking written by Hiroshan Hettiarachchi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-11-23 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Organic waste composting is another excellent example to demonstrate the power and the benefits of nexus thinking. Even though organic waste composting itself is not a new topic, those who want to start a new project or align an ongoing project with nexus thinking, find it difficult to gather the necessary information. With nine case studies from four continents, this book aims to fill above gap in literature. While current literature on composting is often found to be limited to either soil/agriculture sector or waste management sector, this book presents a combined point of view. This open access book starts with an introductory chapter that describes the need to bring the waste management aspects and soil nutrient management aspects of compost production into one integrated theme. The relevance of nexus thinking and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are also presented in this introduction. The first three chapters after the introduction covers composting from the solid waste management and its policy aspects, taking examples from three developing countries. The next three examples are mostly about the benefits composting can provide to the soil and agriculture. These examples are also from three developing countries, but with a mixture of urban as well as rural settings. Last three chapters present more insight into the latest developments taking examples from Europe, as well as new methods adapted from the traditional styles from Africa.
Download or read book Compost Utilization In Horticultural Cropping Systems written by Peter J. Stoffella and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-01-31 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the increased interest in and demands for compost from commercial horticultural industries, composting is on the verge of becoming an economically feasible option for waste management. While horticultural producers can create some of the compost to meet their own needs, demand has grown beyond what they can supply for themselves and others. Compost Utilization in Horticultural Cropping Systems gives you the tools to meet the needs of this growing industry. Consider these statistics: Americans generate about 200 million megagrams of municipal solid waste per year The agricultural market for compost could reach over 680 million m3 per year Two horticultural areas together account for over 50% of compost use: landscaping (31%) and food crop production (25%) Now consider this: Proven benefits of compost use, including plant disease suppression, better moisture retention, supplying plant nutrients, and building soil organic matter Increased pressure on peat supplies and wider availability of compost products Creation of composting enterprises by the horticultural industry in response to its own needs, rising disposal fees for organic waste, and consumer demand for compost at retail centers The first book to establish a composite of the existing scientific knowledge on the use of compost in commercial horticultural enterprises, Compost Utilization in Horticultural Cropping Systems gives you a comprehensive review of the production, use, and economics of compost. It covers production methods, compost quality and the parameters associated with its measurement, and the biological, chemical, and physical processes that occur during composting. Rather than searching for information in various places, now you can find all the information you need in one convenient source.
Download or read book Microbial Safety of Fresh Produce written by Xuetong Fan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-10-06 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial Safety of Fresh Produce covers all aspects of produce safety including pathogen ecology, agro-management, pre-harvest and post-harvest interventions, and adverse economic impacts of outbreaks. This most recent edition to the IFT Press book series examines the current state of the problems associated with fresh produce by reviewing the recent, high-profile outbreaks associated with fresh-produce, including the possible internalization of pathogens by plant tissues, and understanding how human pathogens survive and multiply in water, soils, and fresh fruits and vegetables.
Download or read book Bioenergy Production by Anaerobic Digestion written by Nicholas Korres and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-08-29 with total page 627 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest in anaerobic digestion (AD), the process of energy production through the production of biogas, has increased rapidly in recent years. Agricultural and other organic waste are important substrates that can be treated by AD. This book is one of the first to provide a broad introduction to anaerobic digestion and its potential to turn agricultural crops or crop residues, animal and other organic waste, into biomethane. The substrates used can include any non-woody materials, including grass and maize silage, seaweeds, municipal and industrial wastes. These are all systematically reviewed in terms of their suitability from a biological, technical and economic perspective. In the past the technical competence and high capital investment required for industrial-scale anaerobic digesters has limited their uptake, but the authors show that recent advances have made smaller-scale systems more viable through a greater understanding of optimising bacterial metabolism and productivity. Broader issues such as life cycle assessment and energy policies to promote AD are also discussed.
Download or read book Industrial Composting written by Eliot Epstein and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-02-08 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ultimate in recycling, composting has been in use in some form since ancient times. A well-managed composting facility should exist as a good neighbor contributing to ecology. However, since local populations often perceive risks if a composting facility is built nearby, composting facilities must be designed and operated with minimal odor, dus
Download or read book Cost Effective Technologies for Solid Waste and Wastewater Treatment written by Srujana Kathi and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-11-03 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cost-Effective Technologies for Solid Waste and Wastewater Treatment synthesizes methods, case studies, and analyses of various state-of-the-art techniques for removing contaminants from wastewater, solid waste, or sewage and converting or reusing the waste with minimum impact on the environment. Focusing on innovative treatment strategies, as well as recent modifications to conventional processes, the book covers methods for a complex variety of emerging pollutants including organic matter, chemicals, and micropollutants resulting from developmental and industrial activities. Serving as a practical guide to state-of-the-art methods, Cost-Effective Technologies for Solid Waste and Wastewater Treatment also delivers foundational information on the practical design of treatment and reuse systems and explains the treatments in terms of scale, efficiency, and effectiveness. It focuses on cost-effective technologies that are particularly applicable to environmental clean-up, such as bioaugmentation and biostimulation of plastics, activated carbon, phytoremediation, crude oil pollution stress, adsorbents, contaminants of emerging concern, anaerobic digestion, in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), biosorption, bioremediation, radioactive contaminants, constructed wetlands, nanoremediation, and rainwater. As such, it is a valuable and practical resource for researchers, students, and managers in the fields of environmental science and engineering, as well as wastewater management, chemical engineering, and biotechnology. • Presents low-cost treatment technologies for both solid waste and wastewater • Analyzes the efficiency and effectiveness of state-of-the-art technologies • Includes methods and case studies for practical application
Download or read book The Complete Book on Waste Treatment Technologies Industrial Biomedical Water Electronic Municipal Household Kitchen Farm Animal Dairy Poultry Meat Fish Sea Food Industry Waste and Machinery Equipment Details 2nd Edition written by PROF. DR. MAHENDRA PAL and published by NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES. This book was released on 2022-07-07 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Waste management is a global problem that continues to increase with rapid industrialization, population growth, and economic development. As the world hurtles towards the urban future, the amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is growing very fast. Waste includes any solid material or material that is suspended dissolved or transported in water or deposited on land. Wastes are generally classified into solid, liquid, & gaseous and are broadly classified as household waste; municipal waste; commercial and non-hazardous industrial wastes; e- waste, hazardous (toxic) industrial wastes; construction and demolition waste; health care wastes – waste generated in health care facilities (e.g. hospitals, medical research facilities); human and animal wastes; and incinerator wastes. In the recent years, modern society has become more responsible when it comes to waste management. The fast industrialization, urbanization, modern technology, and rapidly growing population in India have posed a serious challenge to the waste management. In India, per capita generation rate of municipal solid waste ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 kg/day. At present, the daily generation rate in South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific combined is approximately 1.0 million tons per day. The current scenario reveals that there is a tremendous scope for the development of waste treatment technologies and is expected to offer significant opportunities in the near future. Sustainability of waste management is the key for providing an effective service that can satisfy the need of end users. Solid Waste Management sector in India has become a very lucrative sector for investors. With a growing urgency for efficient waste management in many cities, there will be more and more employment opportunities in the sector. The participation of different sectors, roll of Government and private organization is important for better management of waste. This book describes the various waste treatment technologies like; Physical treatment techniques, biological treatment techniques, anaerobic lagoon techniques etc. It will be a standard reference book for professionals, entrepreneurs, students, teachers, researchers, administrators, and planners of various disciplines who are directly or indirectly involved in the waste management.
Download or read book The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering written by RogerTim Haug and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 746 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering presents an in-depth examination of the principles and practice of modern day composting. This comprehensive book covers compost science, engineering design, operation, principles, and practice, stressing a fundamental approach to analysis throughout. Biological, physical, chemical, thermodynamic, and kinetic principles are covered to develop a unified analytical approach to analysis and an understanding of the process. A brief history of the development of composting systems, which leads to descriptions of modern processes, is presented. The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering also discusses the elements of successful odor management at composting facilities, including state-of-the-art odor treatment and enhanced atmospheric dispersion. The book is excellent for all engineers, practitioners, plant operators, scientists, researchers, and students in the field.
Download or read book Waste Management and Resource Efficiency written by Sadhan Kumar Ghosh and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-09-21 with total page 1290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book contains high-quality research papers presented at Sixth International Conference on Solid Waste Management held at Jadavpur University, Kolkata India during November 23-26, 2016. The Conference, IconSWM 2016, is organized by Centre for Quality Management System, Jadavpur University in association with premier institutes and societies of India. The researchers from more than 30 countries presented their work in Solid Waste Management. The book is divided into two volumes and deliberates on various issues related to innovation and implementation in sustainable waste management, segregation, collection, transportation of waste, treatment technology, policy and strategies, energy recovery, life cycle analysis, climate change, research and business opportunities.
Download or read book Vermiculture Technology written by Clive A. Edwards and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-12-20 with total page 603 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring the dramatic growth and changes in the field of vermicomposting since 1988, this comprehensive review assesses the advancements made in government-funded projects in the U.S. and UK. It discusses outdoor and indoor windrows, container systems, wedge systems, and low labor-requirements. It also examines fully-automated continuous flow vermicomposting reactor systems that can process more than 1000 tons of organic wastes per reactor. The book highlights the science and biology behind the use and efficacy of vermicomposting and details the technology of the past, present, and future.
