Download or read book A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish written by John Butt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 533 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (abridged and revised) This reference grammar offers intermediate and advanced students a reason ably comprehensive guide to the morphology and syntax of educated speech and plain prose in Spain and Latin America at the end of the twentieth century. Spanish is the main, usually the sole official language of twenty-one countries,} and it is set fair to overtake English by the year 2000 in numbers 2 of native speakers. This vast geographical and political diversity ensures that Spanish is a good deal less unified than French, German or even English, the latter more or less internationally standardized according to either American or British norms. Until the 1960s, the criteria of internationally correct Spanish were dictated by the Real Academia Espanola, but the prestige of this institution has now sunk so low that its most solemn decrees are hardly taken seriously - witness the fate of the spelling reforms listed in the Nuevas normas de prosodia y ortograjia, which were supposed to come into force in all Spanish-speaking countries in 1959 and, nearly forty years later, are still selectively ignored by publishers and literate persons everywhere. The fact is that in Spanish 'correctness' is nowadays decided, as it is in all living languages, by the consensus of native speakers; but consensus about linguistic usage is obviously difficult to achieve between more than twenty independent, widely scattered and sometimes mutually hostile countries. Peninsular Spanish is itself in flux.

Download or read book The theory and practice of examples in bilingual dictionaries written by Alfonso Rascón Caballero and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2024-07-22 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dictionary example is the culminating component of the information presented in articles of dictionaries intended for language learning. This study analyses the example comprehensively: its provenance, its theoretical status, its distinction from multiword lexical units (to be presented as infralemmas), types and specific functions. The example not only illustrates the data provided by the definition, the equivalent, the grammatical, collocational and pragmatic items, but also provides valuable complementary information on the use of each lexical unit described. Examples are models with which users can form other sentences but are also instantiations of the language that escape systematicity and reflect unpredictable but real uses. Theoretical reflection on the theory of the example (with special emphasis on the bilingual), analysis of how (especially bilingual) dictionaries present examples and what kind of information each type of example provides can assist lexicographers in planning their dictionaries and making theoretically based choices when it comes to the selection and presentation of examples.

Download or read book The Passive written by ANNA SIEWIERSKA and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-05-01 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1984, The Passive surveys a wide range of different constructions, which have all been termed ‘passives’ by linguists, using data from a large number of genetically and typologically diverse languages. Chapter 1 raises questions about the nature of passives and exposes some of the difficulties inherent in the traditional assumptions. Chapter 2 examines the ‘personal passive’ and includes a discussion on the relationship between the passive and transitivity. Chapter 3 to 5 deal with impersonal, periphrastic and reflexive passives, exploring the varied problems raised by each construction and focusing particularly on English and Southeast Asian languages. The two final chapters look at various attempts to explain exceptions to the passive in both semantic and syntactic terms, with an additional section on pragmatics. This book will appeal to all of those involved in the field of comparative linguistics.

Download or read book Passive and Voice written by Masayoshi Shibatani and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 1988-01-01 with total page 721 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together 18 original papers dealing with voice-related phenomena.The languages dealt with represent both typological and geographic diversity, ranging from accusative-type languages to ergative-type and Philippine-type languages, and from Australia to Africa and Siberia. The studies presented here open up many possibilities for theorizing and offer data inviting formal treatments, but the most important contribution they make is in terms of the insights they offer for a better understanding of the fundamentals of voice phenomena.

Download or read book Essays on Language Function and Language Type written by Joan L. Bybee and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 1997-01-01 with total page 485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In their subject matter and in their theoretical orientation all the papers in this volume reflect the powerful influence of T. Givón. Most of them deal with questions of morphosyntactic typology, pragmatics, and grammaticalization theory. Many of them are directly based on extensive fieldwork on local languages of the Americas, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. Others are based on statistical analyses of extensive written and spoken corpora of texts.

Download or read book English for Research Usage Style and Grammar written by Adrian Wallwork and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-26 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This guide is based on a study of referees' reports and letters from journal editors on the reasons why papers written by non-native researchers are rejected due to problems with English usage, style and grammar. It draws on English-related errors from around 5000 papers written by non-native authors, 500 abstracts by PhD students, and over 1000 hours of teaching researchers how to write and present research papers. English for Research: Usage, Style, and Grammar covers those areas of English usage that typically cause researchers difficulty: articles (a/an, the), uncountable nouns, tenses (e.g., simple present, simple past, present perfect), modal verbs, active vs. passive form, relative clauses, infinitive vs. -ing form, the genitive, noun strings, link words (e.g., moreover, in addition), quantifiers (e.g., each vs. every), word order, prepositions, acronyms, abbreviations, numbers and measurements, punctuation, and spelling. Due to its focus on the specific errors that repeatedly appear in papers written by non-native authors, this manual is an ideal study guide for use in universities and research institutes. The book is cross-referenced with the following titles: • English for Academic Research: Grammar Exercises • English for Academic Research: Vocabulary Exercises • English for Academic Research: Writing Exercises • English for Writing Research Papers Adrian Wallwork is the author of more than 30 English Language Teaching (ELT) and English for Academic Purposes (EAP) textbooks. He has trained several thousand PhD students and researchers from 40 countries to prepare and give presentations. Since 1984 he has been revising research manuscripts through his own proofreading and editing service.

Download or read book A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish written by John B. Butt and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-26 with total page 812 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish is a comprehensive, cohesive and clear guide to the forms and structures of Spanish as it is written and spoken today in Spain and Latin-America. It includes clear descriptions of all the main grammatical phenomena of Spanish, and their use, illustrated by numerous examples of contemporary Spanish, both Peninsular and Latin-American, formal and informal. Fully revised and updated, the sixth edition is even more relevant to students and teachers of Spanish. The sixth edition includes: • new chapters, providing more detail and examples of key areas of Spanish grammar; • an increased number of Mexican examples to reflect the growing interest in this country’s variety of Spanish; • new information for readers studying Spanish and French together; • a glossary of grammatical terms including English translations of Spanish terms. The combination of reference grammar and manual of current usage is invaluable for learners at level B2–C2 of the Common European Framework for Languages, and Intermediate High–Advanced High on the ACTFL proficiency scales.

Download or read book The Historiography of Grammatical Concepts written by Els Elffers-van Ketel and published by Rodopi. This book was released on 1991 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Grammar written by James R. Hurford and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1994-11-03 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an alphabetical guide to one hundred basic grammatical terms, with explanations, examples and exercises.

Download or read book A Grammar of Arabic written by Kristen Brustad and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-07-16 with total page 631 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Grammar of Arabic models a new framework for studying varieties of Arabic comparatively, highlighting the patterns of variation and consistency, and showing how different styles, from primarily spoken and casual to primarily written and formal, are linguistically interrelated. This non-traditional reference grammar is structured around patterns of usage rather than prescriptive rules, aligning function with form and taking advantage of general principles of language. Using data from Classical Arabic, Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, and dialects spoken in Morocco, Egypt, Sudan, the Levant, Iraq, and the Arabian Gulf, this grammar examines the actual usage of these language varieties, broadening understanding of Arabic dialects from a linguistics perspective while also giving readers the ability to engage language diversity. Designed for instructors, researchers, and advanced students of Arabic, A Grammar of Arabic explores Arabic from an internally comparative perspective that will also be valuable to theoretical linguists.

Download or read book Spanish Grammar Companion for Teachers written by Philip W. Klein and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook boosts the confidence of persons teaching Spanish as a second language, who may lack confidence in their understanding of tricky areas of expression. Their previous training did not enable them to control (much less explain to others) the many “danger zones” which challenge graduate students serving as teaching assistants, in-service teachers, and others who use Spanish professionally. It offers original and insightful analyses, abundant examples and helpful English comparisons. It dismantles the machinery of grammar into manageable parts. It is not intended for those wishing to learn Spanish (since it skips the basics to focus on the “rough spots”), but for those who know Spanish well, yet need to overcome their nagging limitations in crucial areas, e.g. subjunctive, reflexives, pronouns (neuter, relative, personal), adjective placement, ser/estar, preterite/imperfect, commands, gender, passive and impersonal expressions. There are special sections on words easily confused with each other, use of the accent mark, irregular verbs, and sentence structure. It is ideal for self-study or to supplement courses in composition, culture and Spanish linguistics. It benefits native-speaker teachers unfamiliar with the “why” of their language. The result is a better prepared teacher and a more promising learning experience for the students.

Download or read book Understanding and Teaching Reflexive Sentences in Spanish written by Luis H. González and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-02-24 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding and Teaching Reflexive Sentences in Spanish provides a fresh, simple, and novel approach to understanding and teaching the use of the intransitivizing se. Understanding reflexive sentences can be challenging for learners of Spanish. Instead of expecting learners to memorize multiple rules, the author offers one simple rule that allows learners to intuitively understand and use reflexive sentences. Sample exercises for students at all levels of language proficiency are also provided to practice and internalize the new approach. This book will be of interest to teachers and learners of any second language, as well as linguists interested in second language acquisition or in second language teaching or pedagogy.

Download or read book Die Slavischen Sprachen The Slavic Languages Halbband 1 written by Sebastian Kempgen and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2009 with total page 1195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This series of HANDBOOKS OF LINGUISTICS AND COMMUNICATION SCIENCE is designed to illuminate a field which not only includes general linguistics and the study of linguistics as applied to specific languages, but also covers those more recent areas which have developed from the increasing body of research into the manifold forms of communicative action and interaction. For "classic" linguistics there appears to be a need for a review of the state of the art which will provide a reference base for the rapid advances in research undertaken from a variety of theoretical standpoints, while in the more recent branches of communication science the handbooks will give researchers both an verview and orientation. To attain these objectives, the series will aim for a standard comparable to that of the leading handbooks in other disciplines, and to this end will strive for comprehensiveness, theoretical explicitness, reliable documentation of data and findings, and up-to-date methodology. The editors, both of the series and of the individual volumes, and the individual contributors, are committed to this aim. The languages of publication are English, German, and French. The main aim of the series is to provide an appropriate account of the state of the art in the various areas of linguistics and communication science covered by each of the various handbooks; however no inflexible pre-set limits will be imposed on the scope of each volume. The series is open-ended, and can thus take account of further developments in the field. This conception, coupled with the necessity of allowing adequate time for each volume to be prepared with the necessary care, means that there is no set time-table for the publication of the whole series. Each volume will be a self-contained work, complete in itself. The order in which the handbooks are published does not imply any rank ordering, but is determined by the way in which the series is organized; the editor of the whole series enlist a competent editor for each individual volume. Once the principal editor for a volume has been found, he or she then has a completely free hand in the choice of co-editors and contributors. The editors plan each volume independently of the others, being governed only by general formal principles. The series editor only intervene where questions of delineation between individual volumes are concerned. It is felt that this (modus operandi) is best suited to achieving the objectives of the series, namely to give a competent account of the present state of knowledge and of the perception of the problems in the area covered by each volume.

Download or read book Armenian written by Jasmine Dum-Tragut and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2009 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This grammar of Modern Eastern Armenian gives a precise and explicit description of the Eastern Armenian language of the Republic of Armenia. It covers not only the normative tradition but, more importantly, also describes the colloquial language as it is used in Armenia today. With regard to methodological approach and terminology it fully meets the demands of modern general linguistics and typology. This grammar will be of interest not only to the specialised readership of descriptive and comparative linguists, of typologists and of armenologists, but to all those who would like to acquaint themselves with linguistic data from living Armenian. It will also be of use to students wishing to learn Modern Eastern Armenian and to lecturers in Modern Eastern Armenian language courses.

Download or read book Bosnian Croatian Serbian a Textbook written by Ronelle Alexander and published by University of Wisconsin Pres. This book was released on 2010-03-01 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three official languages have emerged in the Balkan region that was formerly Yugoslavia: Croatian in Croatia, Serbian in Serbia, and both of these languages plus Bosnian in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, a Textbook introduces the student to all three. Dialogues and exercises are presented in each language, shown side by side for easy comparison; in addition, Serbian is rendered in both its Latin and its Cyrillic spellings. Teachers may choose a single language to use in the classroom, or they may familiarize students with all three. This popular textbook is now revised and updated with current maps, discussion of a Montenegrin language, advice for self-study learners, an expanded glossary, and an appendix of verb types. It also features: • All dialogues, exercises, and homework assignments available in Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian • Classroom exercises designed for both small-group and full-class work, allowing for maximum oral participation • Reading selections written by Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian authors especially for this book • Vocabulary lists for each individual section and full glossaries at the end of the book • A short animated film, on an accompanying DVD, for use with chapter 15 • Brief grammar explanations after each dialogue, with a cross-reference to more detailed grammar chapters in the companion book, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, a Grammar.

Download or read book Impersonal Constructions written by Andrej Malchukov and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2011-07-20 with total page 653 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers a much needed typological perspective on impersonal constructions, which are here viewed broadly as constructions lacking a referential subject. The contributions to this volume deal with all types of impersonality, namely constructions featuring nonagentive subjects, including those with experiential predicates (A-impersonals), presentational constructions with a notional subject deficient in topicality (T-impersonals), and constructions with a notional subject lacking in referential properties (R-impersonals), i.e. both meteo-constructions and man-constructions. The typological discussion benefits from a good coverage of impersonality in European languages, but also includes considerations of several African, American, South-East Asian, Australian, and Oceanic languages. The variation in the cross-linguistic realization of impersonality and the diachronic pathways leading to and from impersonality documented in this volume point to a novel perspective on impersonals as transitional structures or an intermediate stage of a more basic diachronic change be it from transitive to intransitive, or from active to passive, or participant-to event-centered construction.

Download or read book Writing for Engineers written by Joan van Emden and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2017-10-06 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is full of practical advice and useful examples to help students and engineers write clearly, accurately and impressively. This updated fourth edition features new material on technical notes, inspection reports and business cases, along with abstracts and summaries. It is an essential aid for today's engineers.