Download or read book Particulate Matter Emission Characterization from a Natural gas High pressure Direct injection Engine written by Bronson David Patychuk and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Characterization of Particulate Matter Morphology and Volatility for Two Direct injection Engines written by Brian M. Graves and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Particulate matter emitted from two direct injection engines has been characterized by morphology, volatility, mass-mobility exponent, effective density, and size distribution using tandem measurements from a centrifugal particle mass analyzer (CPMA) and differential mobility analyzers (DMA). The engines consisted of a heavy duty, natural gas, compression ignition engine fitted with a high pressure direct injection (HPDI) system, and a four cylinder gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine fueled with gasoline and ethanol blends. The HPDI engine was tested at six conditions which varied load, speed, EGR fraction, and fuel delivery strategy. The GDI was tested at three engine loads at 2250 RPM (4%, 13%, and 26% of maximum load) in addition to an idle condition, while it was fueled using gasoline mixed with ethanol fractions of 0% (E0), 10% (E10), and 50% (E50) by volume. An increase in engine load increased particle number concentration for both engines, but the GDI idle condition produced approximately as many particles as at 13% load. An increase in ethanol fraction in the GDI decreased number concentration, but E10 produced more particles than E0 at idle and 26% load. HPDI size distributions were log-normal whereas GDI size distributions were not log-normal and were instead skewed. The fraction of the number of purely volatile particles to total number of particles (number volatile fraction, fN) for the HPDI engine decreased as load increased, although the low-speed, partially premixed mode had the lowest fN. The fN for the GDI both overall and as a function of particle mobility-equivalent diameter was under 10 percent at all engine conditions and fuels. The size-segregated ratio of the mass of internally mixed volatile material to total particle mass (fm) was similarly low for the GDI. The fm for the HPDI was higher; however it decreased with an increase in load and with particle mobility-equivalent diameter. HPDI effective density was seen to collapse to approximately a single line, but engine modes with higher fm values had slightly higher effective densities suggesting that the soot structures have collapsed into more dense shapes. Effective density and mass-mobility exponent for the GDI engine increased with load. Effective density decreased with an increase in ethanol fraction and a slight decrease in mass-mobility exponent was also observed for all conditions except idle. Effective density trends from both engines were compared to data from other GDI engines, a port fuel injection engine, and diesels, and the data is relatively similar between all engine types, with 90% of data points being within ±27% of a common trend line.
Download or read book Engine Exhaust Particulates written by Avinash Kumar Agarwal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-01 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comparative analysis of both diesel and gasoline engine particulates, and also of the emissions resulting from the use of alternative fuels. Written by respected experts, it offers comprehensive insights into motor vehicle particulates, their formation, composition, location, measurement, characterisation and toxicology. It also addresses exhaust-gas treatment and legal, measurement-related and technological advancements concerning emissions. The book will serve as a valuable resource for academic researchers and professional automotive engineers alike.
Download or read book Nanoparticle Emissions From Combustion Engines written by Jerzy Merkisz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-19 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on particulate matter emissions produced by vehicles with combustion engines. It describes the physicochemical properties of the particulate matter, the mechanisms of its formation and its environmental impacts (including those on human beings). It discusses methods for measuring particulate mass and number, including the state-of-the-art in Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) equipment for measuring the exhaust emissions of both light and heavy-duty vehicles and buses under actual operating conditions. The book presents the authors’ latest investigations into the relations between particulate emission (mass and number) and engine operating parameters, as well as their new findings obtained through road tests performed on various types of vehicles, including those using diesel particulate filter regeneration. The book, which addresses the needs of academics and professionals alike, also discusses relevant European regulations on particulate emissions and highlights selected methods aimed at the reduction of particulate emissions from automobiles.
Download or read book Experimental Investigations on Particle Number Emissions from GDI Engines written by Markus Bertsch and published by Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. This book was released on 2016-12-31 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis discusses experimental investigations to reduce particle number emissions from gasoline engines with direct injection. Measures on a single cylinder research engine with combined usage of a particle number measurement system, a particle size distribution measurement system as well as optical diagnostics and thermodynamic analysis enable an in-depth assessment of particle formation and oxidation. Therefore, numerous optical diagnostic techniques for spray visualisation (Mie-scattering, High-Speed PIV) and soot detection (High-Speed-Imaging, Fiber optical diagnostics) are deployed. Two injectors with different hydraulic flows but identical spray-targeting are characterised and compared by measurements in a pressurised chamber. The operation at higher engine load and low engine speed is in the focus of the experimental work at the engine test bench. Thereby, the low flow velocities in the combustion chamber, caused by the low engine speed, as well as the large amount of fuel injected are major challenges for the mixture formation process. A substantial part of the thesis thus focusses on the detailed analysis of the mixture formation process, which is consisting of fuel injection, interaction of the in-cylinder charge motion with the fuel injected and the fuel properties. Measures for the optimisation of the mixture formation process and the minimisation of the particle number emissions are analysed and evaluated. The charge motion is manipulated by the impression of a directed flow, the variation of the valve timings and valve open curve. The injection process is influenced by a reduction of the hydraulic flow of the injector and an increase of the injection pressure up to 50 MPa. The investigations show fundamental effects and potentials of different variation parameters concerning their emissions reduction potential at the exemplary operation at high engine load. Due to the simultaneous analysis of the in-cylinder charge motion and a thermodynamic analysis, the results can be transferred to different engines.
Download or read book Aerosol Measurement written by Pramod Kulkarni and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-07-12 with total page 920 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications Third Edition is the most detailed treatment available of the latest aerosol measurement methods. Drawing on the know-how of numerous expert contributors; it provides a solid grasp of measurement fundamentals and practices a wide variety of aerosol applications. This new edition is updated to address new and developing applications of aerosol measurement, including applications in environmental health, atmospheric science, climate change, air pollution, public health, nanotechnology, particle and powder technology, pharmaceutical research and development, clean room technology (integrated circuit manufacture), and nuclear waste management.
Download or read book Reducing Particulate Emissions in Gasoline Engines written by Thorsten Boger and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2018-11-28 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For years, diesel engines have been the focus of particulate matter emission reductions. Now, however, modern diesel engines emit less particles than a comparable gasoline engine. This transformation necessitates an introduction of particulate reduction strategies for the gasoline-powered vehicle. Many strategies can be leveraged from diesel engines, but new combustion and engine control technologies will be needed to meet the latest gasoline regulations across the globe. Particulate reduction is a critical health concern in addition to the regulatory requirements. This is a vital issue with real-world implications. Reducing Particulate Emissions in Gasoline Engines encompasses the current strategies and technologies used to reduce particulates to meet regulatory requirements and curtail health hazards - reviewing principles and applications of these techniques. Highlights and features in the book include: Gasoline particulate filter design, function and applications Coated and uncoated three way catalyst design and integration Measurement of gasoline particulate matter emission, both laboratory and PEMS The goal is to provide a comprehensive assessment of gasoline particulate emission control to meet regulatory and health requirements - appealing to calibration, development and testing engineers alike.
Download or read book Particulate Matter Formation Mechanisms in a Direct injection Gasoline Engine written by Jared Cromas and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Diesel Engine written by Saiful Bari and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2013-04-30 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diesel engines, also known as CI engines, possess a wide field of applications as energy converters because of their higher efficiency. However, diesel engines are a major source of NOX and particulate matter (PM) emissions. Because of its importance, five chapters in this book have been devoted to the formulation and control of these pollutants. The world is currently experiencing an oil crisis. Gaseous fuels like natural gas, pure hydrogen gas, biomass-based and coke-based syngas can be considered as alternative fuels for diesel engines. Their combustion and exhaust emissions characteristics are described in this book. Reliable early detection of malfunction and failure of any parts in diesel engines can save the engine from failing completely and save high repair cost. Tools are discussed in this book to detect common failure modes of diesel engine that can detect early signs of failure.
Download or read book Automotive Spark Ignited Direct Injection Gasoline Engines written by F. Zhao and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2000-02-08 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The process of fuel injection, spray atomization and vaporization, charge cooling, mixture preparation and the control of in-cylinder air motion are all being actively researched and this work is reviewed in detail and analyzed. The new technologies such as high-pressure, common-rail, gasoline injection systems and swirl-atomizing gasoline fuel injections are discussed in detail, as these technologies, along with computer control capabilities, have enabled the current new examination of an old objective; the direct-injection, stratified-charge (DISC), gasoline engine. The prior work on DISC engines that is relevant to current GDI engine development is also reviewed and discussed. The fuel economy and emission data for actual engine configurations have been obtained and assembled for all of the available GDI literature, and are reviewed and discussed in detail. The types of GDI engines are arranged in four classifications of decreasing complexity, and the advantages and disadvantages of each class are noted and explained. Emphasis is placed upon consensus trends and conclusions that are evident when taken as a whole; thus the GDI researcher is informed regarding the degree to which engine volumetric efficiency and compression ratio can be increased under optimized conditions, and as to the extent to which unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), NOx and particulate emissions can be minimized for specific combustion strategies. The critical area of GDI fuel injector deposits and the associated effect on spray geometry and engine performance degradation are reviewed, and important system guidelines for minimizing deposition rates and deposit effects are presented. The capabilities and limitations of emission control techniques and after treatment hardware are reviewed in depth, and a compilation and discussion of areas of consensus on attaining European, Japanese and North American emission standards presented. All known research, prototype and production GDI engines worldwide are reviewed as to performance, emissions and fuel economy advantages, and for areas requiring further development. The engine schematics, control diagrams and specifications are compiled, and the emission control strategies are illustrated and discussed. The influence of lean-NOx catalysts on the development of late-injection, stratified-charge GDI engines is reviewed, and the relative merits of lean-burn, homogeneous, direct-injection engines as an option requiring less control complexity are analyzed.
Download or read book Effect of Injection Strategies on Particulate Matter Emissions from HPDI Natural gas Engine written by Ehsan Faghani and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Characterisation of Particulate Matter Emitted by Gasoline Direct Injection Engines and Its Impact on Environment Catalysts written by Maria del Carmen Bogarra-Macias and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 836 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Modern Fuels and Catalytic Technologies for Low Emissions in Gasoline Direct Injection Engines written by Cruz Hergueta Santos-Olmo and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The requirements for controlling Particulate Matter (PM) and gaseous emissions emitted from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, especially under cold start conditions, and the introduction of bio-alcohols fuels in the market demands the development of novel efficient aftertreatment technologies. Understanding the PM characteristics from the combustion of different fuels it is a key step in the design of next generation of catalysts and aftertreatment systems, including three-way catalyst (TWC) and catalyst coated or not gasoline particulate filters (GPFs). The research study presented in this thesis provides a detailed understanding of the synergies between bio-alcohols derived fuels combustion in GDI engines and novel aftertreatment technologies on the control of PM and gaseous emissions. The effect of the physico-chemical properties of bio-alcohol fuel blends on combustion and emissions at warm steady-state and cold start engine conditions has been investigated. Bio-butanol fuel blend has been further explored at different engine loads in combination with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology. An extensive characterization of the PM emissions has been carried out using several methodologies and techniques such as high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and Raman spectroscopy. The combustion of bio-alcohols resulted in a significant reduction of 60% - 80% of PM emissions with the modification in their structural characteristics, leading to agglomerates with smaller primary particles (≈1-3 nm) and fractal dimensions and, soot with higher tortuosity (≈3.1 %) as TEM revealed. Under cold start event, bioalcohols emitted more reactive and less mature soot (id est higher organic content and impurities) as found from TGA and Raman analysis compared to soot emitted from gasoline fuel combustion. The TWC activity was improved between 4.3% and 1.5% in the exhaust stream from the bio-alcohols combustion. The aftertreatment architectures, including either coated GPFs or not and arrangement in the exhaust (id est upstream or downstream of the TWC) has shown a significantly impact on the TWC activity, reducing light-off temperatures up to 20°C. Catalytic GPF showed high performance to efficiently filter PM and removed gaseous emissions from GDI combustion with acceptable pressure drop.
Download or read book Exhaust Particle Characterization for Lean and Stoichiometric DI Vehicles Operating on Ethanol gasoline Blends written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines can offer better fuel economy and higher performance over their port fuel-injected (PFI) counterparts, and are now appearing in increasingly more U.S. and European vehicles. Small displacement, turbocharged GDI engines are replacing large displacement engines, particularly in light-duty trucks and sport utility vehicles, in order for manufacturers to meet the U.S. fuel economy standards for 2016. Furthermore, lean-burn GDI engines can offer even higher fuel economy than stoichiometric GDI engines and have overcome challenges associated with cost-effective aftertreatment for NOx control. Along with changes in gasoline engine technology, fuel composition may increase in ethanol content beyond the current 10% due to the recent EPA waiver allowing 15% ethanol. In addition, the Renewable Fuels Standard passed as part of the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) mandates the use of biofuels in upcoming years. GDI engines are of environmental concern due to their high particulate matter (PM) emissions relative to port-fuel injected (PFI) gasoline vehicles; widespread market penetration of GDI vehicles may result in additional PM from mobile sources at a time when the diesel contribution is declining. In this study, we characterized particulate emissions from a European certified lean-burn GDI vehicle operating on ethanol-gasoline blends. Particle mass and particle number concentration emissions were measured for the Federal Test Procedure urban driving cycle (FTP 75) and the more aggressive US06 driving cycle. Particle number-size distributions and organic to elemental carbon ratios (OC/EC) were measured for 30 MPH and 80 MPH steady-state operation. In addition, particle number concentration was measured during wide open throttle accelerations (WOTs) and gradual accelerations representative of the FTP 75. Fuels included certification gasoline and 10% (E10) and 20% (E20) ethanol blends from the same supplier. The particle mass emissions were approximately 3 and 7 mg/mile for the FTP75 and US06, respectively, with lower emissions for the ethanol blends. The data are compared to a previous study on a U.S.-legal stoichiometric GDI vehicle operating on the same ethanol blends. The lean-burn GDI vehicle emitted a higher number of particles, but had an overall smaller average size. Particle number per mile decreased with increasing ethanol content for the transient tests. For the 30 and 80 mph tests, particle number concentration decreased with increasing ethanol content, although the shape of the particle size distribution remained the same. Engine-out OC/EC ratios were highest for the stoichiometric GDI vehicle with E20, but tailpipe OC/EC ratios were similar for all vehicles.
Download or read book Investigations on the Pollutant Emissions of Gasoline Direct Injection Engines During Cold start written by Juan Felipe Rodríguez and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the CO2 emission standards around the world become more stringent, the turbocharged downsized gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine provides a mature platform to achieve better fuel economy. For this reason, it is expected that the GDI engine will capture increasing shares of the market during the coming years. The in-cylinder liquid injection, though advantageous in most engine operation regimes, creates emissions challenges during the cold crank-start and cold fast-idle phases. The engine cold-start is responsible for a disproportionate share of the hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emitted over the certification cycle. Understanding the sources of the pollutants during this stage is necessary for the further market penetration of GDI under the constraint of tighter emission standards. This work aims to examine the formation processes of the HC, NOx and PM emissions during the cold-start phase in a GDI engine, and the sensitivity of the pollutant emissions to different operation strategies. To this end, a detailed analysis of the crank-start was carried out, in which the first three engine cycles were individually examined. For the steady-state phase, the trade-off between low fast-idle emissions and high exhaust thermal enthalpy flow, necessary for fast catalyst warm-up, is investigated under several operation strategies. The pollutant formation processes are strongly dependent on the mixture formation and on the temperature and pressure history of the combustion process. The results show that unconventional valve timing strategies with large, symmetric, negative valve overlap and delayed combustion phasing are the most effective ways to reduce engine-out emissions during both crank-start and fast-idle phases.
Download or read book Particulate Matter Sampling and Volatile Organic Compound Removal for Characterization of Spark Ignited Direct Injection Engine Emissions written by Nicholas S. Matthias and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
