Download or read book Particle Overload In The Rat Lung And Lung Cancer written by Robert J McCunney and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1996-06-03 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent inhalation toxicology studies suggest that when laboratory rats are exposed to inorganic particles to the point that lung overload occurs, both benign and malignant tumours may develop. The significance of these results for estimating human risk, however, is unclear.; Originally published as a special issue of the journal "Inhalation Toxicology", the contributions to this volume are derived from a symposium held in March, 1995, by the Environmental Medical Service of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Topics addressed include epidemiology, the pathology of lung tumours, maximum tolerated doses in inhalation toxicology studies, risk assessment, the extrapolation of results from animal studies to humans, current modelling techniques and regulatory concerns.
Download or read book Particle Overload in Th Rat Lung and Lung Cancer written by Joe L. Mauderly and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Lung Cancer Risk from Exposure to Alpha Particles and Inhalation of Other Pollutants in Rats written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of these experiments is to establish a quantitative correlation between early DNA damage and cancer incidence in a way that would be helpful for assessing the carcinogenic risk of radon alone or in combination with specific indoor pollutants. Rat tracheal epithelium has been exposed in vivo to 21°Po alpha particles in the presence and absence of NO2 or cigarette smoke. The major accomplishments so far are: the design and implementation of a tracheal implant to simulate radon alpha particle exposure, the measurement of DNA breaks in a small 7.0 mm segment of the trachea exposed to external x-irradiation, the measurement of the rate of repair of the x-ray induced tracheal DNA strand breaks, the measurement of DNA strand breaks following inhalation of cigarette smoke or NO2, the measurement of tracheal DNA stand breaks following exposure to high doses 21°Po alpha particle radiation, the assessment of the amount of mucous in the goblet cells and in the underlying mucous glands. So far we have been unable to detect DNA strand breaks in the tracheal epithelium as a result of exposure to NO2 cigarette smoke or 21°Po alpha particles. We have developed a simple artificial' trachea consisting of rat tracheal epithelial cells growing on a basement membrane coated millipore filter. Experiments are proposed to utilize these artificial tracheas to eliminate the potential interference of increased mucous secretion and/or inflammation that can significantly affect the radiation dose from the alpha particles. 61 refs., 17 figs.
Download or read book Particle Toxicology written by Ken Donaldson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2006-12-21 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exposure to particles in industry and mining and from accidental anthropogenic sources constitutes an ongoing threat. Most recently nanoparticles arising from advances in technology are exposing a wider population to pathogenic stimuli. The effects of inhaled particles are no longer confined to the lung as nanoparticles have the potential to transl
Download or read book Differences in Pulmonary Responses of Rats Other Animals and Humans to Chronic Inhalation of Silica and Other Particles written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The pulmonary carcinogenicity of quartz in rats supports the plausibility of silica-induced lung cancer in humans. However, pulmonary responses of rats to dusts differ from those of other rodents, and may differ from those of humans. Dust-exposed rats have a greater propensity than mice or hamsters for epithelial hyperplasia, metaplasia, and fibrosis. Lung tumors occur in rats, but not mice or hamsters, treated with quartz, or exposed chronically to several other dusts. There are few opportunities for directly comparing the susceptibilities of rats and humans to dust-induced lung tumors. Because of the uncertain human responses to silica and many other particles, the negative human lung cancer response to coal dust may provide the best opportunity to calibrate responses of rats against those of humans. Historical dust lung burdens in coal miners were in the range of those associated with carcinogenicity in rats exposed to several dusts, but the carcinogenicity of coal dust in rats is unknown. The usefulness of tumor data from rats for predicting human lung cancer risk from inhaled silica and other dusts remains uncertain.
Download or read book Particles and Health 2021 an International Conference Addressing Issues in Science and Regulation written by Robert McCunney and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-01-30 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Particles and Health is an international conference taking place in October 2021 addressing issues in science and regulation. Regulatory initiatives in the European Union (EU) have suggested uniform hazard classifications for all poorly soluble low toxicity particles (PSLTs). Examples of PSLTs include carbon black, titanium dioxide and iron oxide, among others. Approaches have also been proposed for setting workplace exposure limits for PSLTs such as those of the German MAK Commission. The conference will include specific sections over a two day period of about 25 presentations, associated with PSLTs regarding the following major topics: (1) human studies, (2) animal inhalation studies associated with lung cancer,(3) animal and human studies associated with non pulmonary impacts, including reproductive, genetic and cardiac effects, and (4) regulatory application of scientific studies. This conference will include presentations regarding: Definition of PSLT’s with attention to both similarities and differences among these substances. • Address scientific studies regarding human health effects of PSLTs. The value of human studies over animal studies-when human-exposed populations can be studied adequately- will be emphasized. • Address translational toxicology challenges, including the appropriateness of rats as models for human lung pathogenesis (particularly lung cancer) in light of lung overload phenomena and species differences. • Serve as a platform to present current scientific information about PSLTs important for regulatory action. • Publication of pertinent conference presentations in the peer reviewed scientific literature will allow the presentations to live beyond the conference and subsequently be reviewed part of regulatory deliberations. • Establish an interdisciplinary setting for industry, academia and regulatory professionals to interact on an important topic. Such interaction can facilitate enhanced understanding of the science and ideally, more appropriate regulations, appropriate classification and labeling as well as for setting exposure limits, among others. • Recommend areas for further clarifying research regarding the significance of the rat as a model for translation toxicology. The goal of this conference is to present current scientific evidence regarding the numerous dimensions of particles and health and to facilitate interaction and discussions among attendees with expertise in toxicology, epidemiology, occupational and pulmonary medicine and exposure assessment. Interactions between these disciplines will aid in the sound and evidence-based scientific underpinning of regulatory considerations regarding PSLTs. Although regulatory concern regarding PSLTs has focused on lung cancer risk as a result of rat inhalation overload studies, this conference will address all relevant health end points, including genetic and reproductive issues as well, consistent with ECHA guidelines. Sample of Topics related to substances that may be characterized as PSLTs, including carbon black, coal, titanium dioxide, cerium oxide, aluminum oxide barium sulfate and iron oxide, among others. • Defining PSLTs • Epidemiological studies of PSLTs • Inhalation studies evaluating human cellular response to particles • Basic research studies on inflammatory to malignancy pathways • Animal studies, PLSTs and human risk: “New Insights into old data.” • New studies on PSLTs; 2 year carcinogenicity assays • Animal studies and gender specific responses to PSLTs. How does the USA National Cancer Institute (NCI) and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) address this challenge of extrapolating rodent data to human risk assessment? • Role of the rodent model in human risk assessment of PSLTs and lung cancer risk • Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) and Modes of Action (MOA): identification and recommendations for closing gaps in knowledge for rodents and humans. • Are there lessons to be learned from how the pharmaceutical industry’s approach to translational science (safety and efficacy) as evolved in recent years? • Setting exposure limits for PSLTs and Translational Toxicology. • Genotoxicity and Reproductive toxicity studies of PSLTs.
Download or read book How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease written by United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
Download or read book Pulmonary Macrophages written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Numerous lines of evidence support the generalization that alveolar macrophage (AM)-mediated particle clearance, or the transport of particle-containing AM from the alveoli out of the lung via the mucociliary apparatus, is a prominent mechanism that determines the pulmonary retention characteristics of relatively insoluble particles. Studies have also shown that the alveolar deposition of excessive burdens of particles with even low intrinsic cytotoxicity can result in impairments of the AM-mediated panicle clearance mechanism and the development of pathologic disorders including pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer, at least in the lungs of rats. We briefly review evidence consistent with the idea that the high volumetric loads of particles contained in AM during particle overload conditions underlies their inabilities to translocate from the lung. Using a condition of particle overload brought about by subchronic exposure of rats to ultra-fine titanium dioxide as an experimental model, we have obtained ultrastructural and other evidence that indicates an association between particle overload and: The occurrence of aggregates of particle-containing AM in alveoli, Type II cell hyperplasia in alveoli that contain the AM aggregates, a loss in patent pores of Kohn in alveoli that contain the AM aggregates and show Type II cell hyperplasia, the interstitialization of particles at the sites where these phenomena collectively occur, and the development of fibrosis in alveolar regions where particle interstitialization occurs. The loss of pores of Kohn in the alveoli that contain aggregates of particle-laden AM suggests that these interalveolar pores normally serve as passageways through which AM may migrate to neighboring alveoli as they perform their function of phagocytizing particles that have deposited on the alveolar surface. The pores of Kohn also serve as short-cut pathways for AM to reach the mucociliary apparatus from more distal alveoli.
Download or read book Pathology of the Lungs E Book written by Bryan Corrin and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2011-02-25 with total page 785 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With an emphasis on practical diagnostic problem solving, Pathology of the Lungs, 3rd Edition provides the pulmonary pathologist and the general surgical pathologist with an accessible, comprehensive guide to the recognition and interpretation of common and rare neoplastic and non-neoplastic lung conditions. The text is written by two authors and covers all topics in a consistent manner without the redundancies or lapses that are common in multi-authored texts. The text is lavishly illustrated with the highest quality illustrations which accurately depict the histologic, immunohistochemical and cytologic findings under consideration and it is supplemented throughout with practical tips and advice from two internationally respected experts. The user-friendly design and format allows rapid access to essential information and the incorporation throughout of relevant clinical and radiographic information makes it a complete diagnostic resource inside the reporting room. Approximately 1,000 high quality full color illustrations.Provides the user with a complete visual guide to each specimen and assists in the recognition and diagnosis of any slide looked at under the microscope. Comprehensive coverage of both common and rare lung diseases and disorders. One stop consultation resource for the reporting room or study, no need to go further to get questions answered. Clinical background and ancillary radiographs incorporated throughout.Provides the user with all of the necessary diagnostic tools to make a complete and accurate pathologic report. Practical advice and tips from two of the world’s recognized experts. Provides the trainee and general surgical pathologist with time saving diagnostic clues when dealing with difficult specimens. Consistent and uniform approach incorporated for each disease and disorder (Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, pathologic features, differential diagnosis) User-friendly format enables quick and easy navigation to the key information required. Extensive use of summary tables, charts and graphs throughout the text. Helps simplify and clarify complex concepts and facilitates “at a glance comparisons between entities. Extensive reference list highlights landmark articles as well as including most up-to-date citations. Directs the trainee and practitioner to the most recent and authoritative sources for further reading and investigation
Download or read book Adverse Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials written by Bengt Fadeel and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-01-27 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An essential reference that discusses occupational exposure and the adverse health effects of engineered nanomaterials and highlights current and future biomedical applications of these nanomaterials in relation to nanosafety.
Download or read book Particle Lung Interactions written by Peter Gehr and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-02-18 with total page 718 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This wide-ranging, comprehensive reference presents the latest developments in aerosol science and interactions between particles and the respiratory tract-utilizing an inter-disciplinary approach that integrates advances in physics, chemistry, and engineering with the epidemiological and biomedical sciences, and focusing on the dynamics of particl
Download or read book Environmental Health Perspectives written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nanotechnology written by R E Hester and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2007-10-31 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanotechnology is a much talked about, and rapidly expanding area of science, which is sometimes little understood. It looks set to make a significant impact on human life and, with numerous commercial developments emerging, will become a major industry over the coming years. Nanotechnology can be broadly described as developing or exploiting products at nanometre dimensions (i.e. as having one dimension less than 100 nanometres). Such materials have a larger surface area to volume ratio than conventional materials which provides them with an increased level of reactivity, and consequently, toxicity per unit mass. This book sets the subject into context by first of all describing the current range of products containing nano-materials and then looking at the consequences for the environment and human health relating to the introduction of nanoparticles and nano-tubes. Nanotechnology: Consequences for Human Health and the Environment discusses some of the more controversial issues associated with the field including: nanoparticles in the environment, occupational exposure, toxicological properties, human health issues and safety. This authoritative and comprehensive book will be of interest to both scientists and technologists but also to regulators and government.
Download or read book Nanotechnology in Construction written by Peter Bartos and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2004 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The importance of nanotechnology related research and development has become recognised worldwide. Substantial public and private investment is now being ploughed into research and development in a number of industrial sectors, where nanotechnology has become established and has led to new commercial products. The construction industry, having major economic significance with nano-scale research and development which is only emerging, offers a wide scope for exploitation of nanotechnology. With international contributions from experts in the field, Nanotechnology in Construction amalgamates previously fragmented research and emerging trends. It reflects the inherent multi-disciplinary nature of nano-scale research in construction and contributions cover a wide spectrum, from highly scientific investigations to futuristic applications. The book is organised into four broad sections, the first reviews and analyses the prospects of exploitation of nanotechnology in construction, the second discusses novel tools and their capabilities, the final two sections show existing significant products where nanotechnology has been already been exploited or where product development is under-way. Nanotechnology in Construction will appeal to researchers already working in this field as well as those wishing to enter it. It will also inform governmental and other funding agencies of the most promising future directions and their related timescales. Practical applications are considered and explanations of the underlying basics are given, raising awareness and understanding of what nanotechnology can offer to construction professionals in general.
Download or read book Toxicology of the Lung written by Donald E. Gardner and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-01-20 with total page 684 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thoroughly revised and updated, the third edition of Toxicology of the Lung brings together the latest accomplishments and advancements in concepts, approaches, and procedures now used to evaluate the risks associated with airborne contaminants. With chapters from leading authorities, including nine new chapters and a number of new topic areas, this edition describes how and why the lung and respiratory system respond as they do to toxicants and provides a clear understanding of human health risks associated with chemical exposure. This one-of-a-kind reference on inhalation toxicology will be invaluable to all professionals in academia, industry, clinics, research laboratories, and government agencies.
Download or read book Environmental Toxicants written by Morton Lippmann and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2000 with total page 1156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This authoritative text critically reviews current knowledge on human exposure to selected chemical agents and physical factors in the ambient environment. It provides up-to-date information and research for performing risk assessments.
Download or read book Particulate Matter written by Dr R L Maynard and published by Garland Science. This book was released on 2020-08-26 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a rapidly expanding and highly topical research area. Written by authors and editors who are well known and respected in their fields, this text looks at the health effects caused by particulate aerosols, and discusses recent legislation and future strategies.