Download or read book Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame Retardant Chemicals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-07-06 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames from matches, cigarette lighters, and candles is one of the leading causes of residential-fire deaths in the United States. These fires accounted for about 16% of civilian fire deaths in 1996. On average, each year since 1990, about 90 deaths (primarily of children), 440 injuries, and property losses amounting to 50 million dollars have resulted from fires caused by the ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames. Certain commercial seating products (such as aircraft and bus seats) are subject to flammability standards and sometimes incorporate FR-treated upholstery cover materials, but there is no federal-government requirement for residential upholstered furniture, and it is generally not treated with FR chemicals. It is estimated that less than 0.2% of all U.S. residential upholstery fabric is treated with flame-retardant (FR) chemicals. The Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 created the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as an independent federal regulatory agency whose mission is to protect the public from unreasonable risks of injury and death associated with consumer products. CPSC also administers the Flammable Fabrics Act, under which it regulates flammability hazards and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), which regulates hazardous substances including chemicals. In 1993, the National Association of State Fire Marshals petitioned CPSC to issue a performance-based flammability standard for upholstered furniture to reduce the risk of residential fires. The Commission granted that portion of the petition relating to small open flame ignition risks. In response to concerns regarding the safety of FR chemicals, Congress, in the fiscal year 1999 appropriations report for CPSC, requested that the National Research Council conduct an independent study of the health risks to consumers posed by exposure to FR chemicals that are likely to be used in residential upholstered furniture to meet a CPSC standard. The National Research Council assigned the project to the Committee on Toxicology (COT) of the Commission on Life Sciences' Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. COT convened the Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, which prepared this report. Subcommittee members were chosen for their recognized expertise in toxicology, pharmacology, epidemiology, chemistry, exposure assessment, risk assessment, and biostatistics. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals is organized into 18 chapters and two appendices. Chapter 2 describes the risk assessment process used by the subcommittee in determining the risk associated with potential exposure to the various FR chemicals. Chapter 3 describes the method the subcommittee used to measure and estimate the intensity, frequency, extent, and duration of human exposure to FR chemicals. Chapters 4-19 provide the subcommittee's review and assessment of health risks posed by exposure to each of the 16 FR chemicals. Data gaps and research needs are provided at the end of these chapters.
Download or read book Paraffins written by F. Asinger and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-03-05 with total page 923 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Paraffins: Chemistry and Technology deals primarily with fundamentals of those methods and processes for the manufacture and chemical treatment of the paraffinic hydrocarbons. The present book, the first edition of which was published by the Akademie-Verlag GmbH, Berlin, in 1956, and an unchanged reprint of which of the first edition was necessary in 1959, has been revised, in 1962, for translation into English. The book begins with a discussion of the production and manufacture of the paraffinic hydrocarbons. Separate chapters then cover the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide by means of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis; the chlorination, sulfochlorination, and oxidation the paraffins along with the corresponding products; and the direct nitration of the paraffinic hydrocarbons. Subsequent chapters deal with the sulfoxidation and other substitution reactions of the paraffinic hydrocarbons and isomerization of the paraffinic hydrocarbons. The book is directed primarily to the chemist involved in research and development. It will also give the advanced student a picture of the many-sided possibilities of the use of the paraffinic hydrocarbons, which were long regarded as extraordinarily unreactive.
Download or read book Chlorinated Paraffins written by C. de Boer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2010-06-17 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chlorinated paraffins are one of the last classes of chlorinated compounds that are still being produced worldwide and used in high quantities in many applications. They are particularly used in cutting oils in the metal industry, but also as lubricants, plasticizers, flame retardants and as additives in adhesives, rubber, paints and sealants. This volume covers the state-of-the-art of methods for the synthesis and analysis of chlorinated paraffins. Experts in the field provide an overview of their worldwide occurrence and utilization and describe their toxicological properties. International regulations and production volumes are presented as well as an example of a risk assessment study that was carried out in Japan. This book is a valuable and comprehensive source of information for environmental scientists interested in the occurrence and toxicology of chlorinated paraffins and for authorities and producers.
Download or read book Human Exposure to Chlorinated Paraffins in Scandinavia written by Yuan, Bo and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2023-04-17 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have received global attention by the authorities as well as the industries using or producing CPs. In late 2017, a group of short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and replacement CPs were found in both Norwegian and Swedish mothers’ milk and, later, in mothers’ milk from over 50 countries across the world. his project focused on a comprehensive understanding of body burden and multiple human exposure pathways to both legacy CPs and current-use CPs in a Norwegian cohort. The cohort provided a rare opportunity to explore human exposure to CPs compared to the other consumer chemical contaminants. Combining both internal and external information, it was studied how much and to what extent people are exposed to the chemicals via different pathways, and what the differences are between the legacy CPs and the current CPs in human exposure and accumulation.
Download or read book Paraffin Products written by G. Mózes and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1983-01-01 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Paraffin Products
Download or read book Paraffin written by Fathi Samir Soliman and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-09-09 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Paraffin waxes make up the majority of commercial waxes. Waxes are characterized by the carbon number, hardness, crystal shape, composition, and molecular weight. These characteristics determine the condition of separating the wax. Paraffin wax is widely used in different industries such as ink, paper, cosmetics, ceramics using powder injection molding and energy storage as phase change materials. Consumption of wax products has increased in the world; especially for food, pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, as well as specialty products. The increase of profitability of wax production will lie in the improvement of blending and modification techniques for macro and micro-crystalline waxes used as the base materials.
Download or read book Principles of Organic Chemistry written by Robert J. Ouellette and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-02-13 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Class-tested and thoughtfully designed for student engagement, Principles of Organic Chemistry provides the tools and foundations needed by students in a short course or one-semester class on the subject. This book does not dilute the material or rely on rote memorization. Rather, it focuses on the underlying principles in order to make accessible the science that underpins so much of our day-to-day lives, as well as present further study and practice in medical and scientific fields. This book provides context and structure for learning the fundamental principles of organic chemistry, enabling the reader to proceed from simple to complex examples in a systematic and logical way. Utilizing clear and consistently colored figures, Principles of Organic Chemistry begins by exploring the step-by-step processes (or mechanisms) by which reactions occur to create molecular structures. It then describes some of the many ways these reactions make new compounds, examined by functional groups and corresponding common reaction mechanisms. Throughout, this book includes biochemical and pharmaceutical examples with varying degrees of difficulty, with worked answers and without, as well as advanced topics in later chapters for optional coverage. Incorporates valuable and engaging applications of the content to biological and industrial uses Includes a wealth of useful figures and problems to support reader comprehension and study Provides a high quality chapter on stereochemistry as well as advanced topics such as synthetic polymers and spectroscopy for class customization
Download or read book Handbook of Fillers Extenders and Diluents written by Michael Ash and published by Synapse Info Resources. This book was released on 2007 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Catalytic Naphtha Reforming Revised and Expanded written by George J. Antos and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-02-23 with total page 626 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Catalytic Naphtha Reforming, Second Edition presents modern, crystal-clear explanations of every aspect of this critical process for generating high-octane reformate products for gasoline blending and production of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) aromatics. The book details the chemistry of naphtha reforming, the preparation and characterization
Download or read book Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 840 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Chlorinated Paraffins written by K. Kenne and published by Environmental Health Criteria. This book was released on 1996 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summary Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by exposure to chlorinated paraffins. These complex mixtures are widely used throughout the world as a secondary plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride, as extreme pressure lubricant additives in the metal-working industry, and in fire-retardant and water-repellent fabric treatment. Chlorinated paraffins are also added to paints, coatings, and sealants to improve resistance to water and chemicals. The most extensive section assesses findings from toxicity studies in experimental mammals and in vitro test systems. Studies demonstrate low acute oral toxicity and suggest that acute toxicity by the inhalation and dermal routes is also low. Repeated dose toxicity studies by the oral route consistently show that the liver, kidney and thyroid are the primary targets of toxic action. Long-term carcinogenicity studies in rodents have demonstrated increases in the incidence of hepatic, renal, and thyroid tumours following exposure to a short-chain compound. Following exposure to a long-chain compound, an increased incidence of malignant lymphomas and tumours of the adrenal gland has been observed. In reviewing the limited data on human health effects, the report notes that, despite widespread use of these compounds, no case reports of skin irritation or sensitization have been recorded. This observation is supported by studies of dermal exposure in human volunteers. The report concludes that, when proper personal hygiene and safety procedures are followed, risks to the health of exposed workers should be minimal. Since chlorinated paraffins bioaccumulate and are toxic to environmental organisms, the report recommends that use and disposal of these compounds should be controlled to avoid release to the environment.
Download or read book Proposed Five year OCS Oil and Gas Lease Sale Schedule March 1980 February 1985 written by United States. Bureau of Land Management and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 708 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Annual Report on Carcinogens written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Low Temperature Lubricant Rheology Measurement and Relevance to Engine Operation written by Robert B. Rhodes and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1992 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Papers were presented at a symposium held in Austin, Texas, in December 1991. Subjects include a history of ASTM accomplishments in low temperature engine oil rheology from 1966-1992, critical aspects of pumping viscosity by mini-rotary viscometer, the scanning Brookfield technique of low temperatur
Download or read book Separation Technologies for the Industries of the Future written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-02-08 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Separation processesâ€"or processes that use physical, chemical, or electrical forces to isolate or concentrate selected constituents of a mixtureâ€"are essential to the chemical, petroleum refining, and materials processing industries. In this volume, an expert panel reviews the separation process needs of seven industries and identifies technologies that hold promise for meeting these needs, as well as key technologies that could enable separations. In addition, the book recommends criteria for the selection of separations research projects for the Department of Energy's Office of Industrial Technology.
Download or read book Coke oven and By product Works Chemistry written by Thomas Biddulph-Smith and published by . This book was released on 1921 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry written by Society of Chemical Industry (Great Britain) and published by . This book was released on 1919 with total page 1610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes list of members, 1882-1902 and proceedings of the annual meetings and various supplements.
