Download or read book Oxidative Transformation of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances PFAS written by Eniola Oye-Bamgbose and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic chemicals with unique properties and wide applications in industrial and consumer products. However, studies have shown that the once highly valued PFAS are persistent pollutants, ubiquitous in the environment, and are developmental and reproductive toxins. To meet the stringent drinking water guidelines for PFAS, technologies that can destroy PFAS are urgently sought for. As multiple carbon-fluorine bonds render many conventional destruction processes ineffective, advanced oxidation-based treatment methods are some of the very promising methods for the destruction of PFAS in contaminated environmental matrices. Nevertheless, if effective oxidation-based treatment methods are to be developed, it is essential to know all the transformations PFAS can undergo during oxidation. This thesis focused on PFAS oxidation with and without the addition of external oxidants divided into two studies. The first study focused on the non-additive oxidation and degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) using nonthermal plasma, and the second on the additive oxidation of unknown PFAS using persulfate-based total oxidizable precursor assay.The first study was centered on plasma-based water treatment of perfluorooctanoic acid, which relies on only an electrical discharge to convert water and gas molecules to a mixture of highly reactive oxidative species. The objective was to achieve a complete mass balance of PFOA after treatment by performing a total fluorine mass balance analysis. A 16 [mu]M PFOA solution was treated with a nonthermal plasma generated in nanosecond long pulses. After 30 min of treatment, a 42% reduction in PFOA concentration was achieved. The degradation of PFOA also led to the generation of shorter chain perfluorocarboxylic acids. Specifically, 0.08 [mu]M of perfluorobutanoic acid, 0.2 [mu]M of perfluoropentanoic acid, 0.5 [mu]M of perfluorohexanoic acid, 1.5 [mu]M of perfluoroheptanoic acid and 9.1 [mu]M of free fluoride ions were produced. Total fluorine mass balance analysis using combustion ion chromatography suggested that in addition to the measured degradation products, other unmeasured compounds possibly such as gaseous fluorinated products, trifluoroacetic acid, and perfluoropropionic acid were also produced. In the second study, conventional uses of persulfate oxidation process, which degrades selected PFAS under very restrictive conditions, was repurposed for the measurement of many unidentifiable PFAS, through the total oxidizable precursor assay. The study was aimed at investigating how the presence of co-contaminants affects PFAA precursor oxidation and finding solutions to improve precursor oxidation during the assay. Seventy aqueous film-forming foam impacted groundwater samples received from Environment and Climate Change Canada were subjected to the assay. Initial analysis of the groundwater samples showed a diverse range of PFAS levels with the maximum sum of concentrations measured to be 2.33 mg/L, and several PFAA precursors were detected. The results after oxidation showed a direct correlation between matrix complexities (i.e. the presence of co-contaminants) and the extent of PFAA precursor oxidation. There was incomplete oxidation of PFAA precursors in samples with a high concentration of co-contaminants. The implementation of a previously developed clean-up procedure improved precursor oxidation during TOP assay by an average of +52%.To further investigate how the presence of co-contaminants affect PFAA precursor oxidation during the TOP assay, mixtures of 6:2 FTSA or 6:2 FTAB and natural organic matter were prepared respectively. Only at low and intermediate COD levels of no more than 230 mgO2/L, 100% loss of the precursors can be largely accounted for by the generation of C3-C7 PFCAs. The results showed that the presence of co-contaminants in TOP assay not only affects the oxidation loss of precursors but also the type of products generated"--

Download or read book Polyfluorinated Chemicals and Transformation Products written by Thomas P. Knepper and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-21 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to their unparalleled effectiveness and efficiency, polyfluorinated chemicals (PFC) have become essential in numerous technical applications. However, many PFCs brought to market show limited biodegradability, and their environmental persistence combined with toxic and bioaccumulative potential have become a matter of concern in some instances. This volume highlights the synthesis of PFCs, focusing on substances with improved application and environmental properties, which are a challenge for synthetic chemists. Further, modern mass spectrometric techniques for the detection and identification of biotransformation products of PFCs are described. The sorption and leaching behavior of PFC in soil is also addressed in order to predict their fate in the environment. Several contributions discuss the monitoring of PFCs in European surface, ground and drinking waters, treatment options for PFC removal from drinking water, occurrence in food, and the human biomonitoring of PFCs.

Download or read book Characterization and Identification of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances PFAS in the Environment and Consumer Products Via High resolution Mass Spectrometry and Oxidative Conversion written by Jonathan Zweigle and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of anthropogenic organic chemicals that are characterized by their carbon fluorine bonds. Due to their unique characteristics that include high stability, oil- and water-repellent properties and more, they are used in countless consumer products and industrial processes. While in perfluorinated compounds every C-H bond is substituted by a C-F bond, polyfluorinated compounds are only partially fluorinated and consist also of a hydrocarbon part. The fully fluorinated moieties of PFAS, usually perfluoroalkyl or perfluoroether chains, are extremely persistent in the environment. As a result of this persistence combined with the extensive use, PFAS can be detected everywhere in the environment as well as in humans. While some polyfluorinated compounds are partially transformed in the environment, they eventually form persistent end products such as perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) which is why they are also referred to as precursors. The sheer number of individual PFAS makes their analytical detection very challenging. Since PFAS are industrial chemicals, the availability of reference standards is limited. Therefore, chromatographic techniques coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) are necessary for a more comprehensive characterization of the PFAS in the environment. In the first part of this dissertation, methods for a prioritization and subsequent identification of PFAS in both environmental and consumer product samples were developed and validated in selected case studies. Since during so-called non-target screening (NTS), large datasets are acquired, an efficient prioritization is crucial to isolate the analytes of interest from background signals and other detected compounds. In case of PFAS, their intrinsic properties were used to separate them from other organic compounds in the HRMS datasets. The novel MD/C-m/C approach that uses the chemical mass defect (MD) and the mass (m) normalized to the carbon number (C) was theoretically evaluated with ~490,000 chemical formulas from online database to show that a wide range of PFAS can efficiently be separated from non-PFAS in the presence of other substances. PFAS with at least 55 mass percent of fluorine, a F/C ratio > 0.8, or a H/F ratio 0.8 were separable from other compound classes showing the great potential to remove unwanted compounds from HRMS datasets. To also prioritize PFAS fragmentation spectra, important fragment mass difference (or neutral losses) of common PFAS were determined, evaluated, and used to detect MS/MS spectra and identify PFAS in both extracts of coated papers and soils. This approach, combined with other NTS techniques was used to identify and semi-quantify several novel PFAS in a highly contaminated agricultural soil from north-western Germany where over 70 PFAS were detected that were previously unknown on this site. The total concentration was estimated to be 30 mg/kg total identified PFAS. Furthermore, the contamination was almost entirely dominated by perfluorinated compounds including SF5-perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids which indicated a unique source of contamination. Eventually, several existing and here developed NTS techniques were combined into PF∆Screen, an open-source Python-based NTS tool for a vendor-independent prioritization and partial annotation of PFAS in HRMS raw data. The functionality of PF∆Screen was demonstrated by its application to four contaminated soils from south-western Germany where over 80 PFAS were identified including novel transformation products. In the second part, a photocatalytic oxidation method (PhotoTOP) was developed that allows the quantitative conversion of unknown precursors to their terminal end products perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). The PhotoTOP uses the production of hydroxyl radicals from irradiation of TiO2 (UV/TiO2) for the conversion of precursors in different samples and is complementary to the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay. Known precursors could be quantitatively oxidized to PFCAs and the PhotoTOP was shown to be able to almost completely conserve the perfluoroalkyl chain lengths of the oxidized precursors. This allows the prediction of chain-lengths of unknown precursors and was demonstrated by oxidation of pre-characterized PFAS-coated paper samples. A second promising advantage of the PhotoTOP is the absence of salts which simplified subsequent sample preparation and makes further direct injection with electrospray ionization MS possible. To this end, the PhotoTOP was compared with the performance of complementary methods such as the direct TOP assay, hydrolysis (total hydrolysable precursors) and fluorine sum parameters (extractable organic fluorine and total fluorine; measured by the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)) to characterize non-extractable side-chain fluorinated polymers (SFPs) in functional textiles. It was shown that several textiles contained high concentrations of short and long-chain perfluoroalkyl side chains that are not extractable and therefore not amenable to mass spectrometry without prior chemical conversion.

Download or read book Assessment of Water Treatment Technologies for Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances PFAS in Multiple Matrices written by Vanessa Maldonado and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ubiquitous presence of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment resulted in extensive water contamination that poses a significant risk to human health and biota. Continuous research efforts aim to develop efficient treatment technologies to treat PFAS in water, break the PFAS accumulation cycle in the environment, and improve the efficiency of emerging technologies. In this thesis work, selected treatment technologies including electrochemical oxidation and dielectrophoresis-enhanced adsorption were used to assess and advance the state-of-the-art for PFAS remediation in multiple matrices, not previously addressed.A boron-doped diamond (BDD) flow-through cell was used to evaluate the electrochemical oxidation of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in landfill leachates. Multiple leachates with a concentration of individual PFAAs in the range of 102 -104 ng/L were treated. The effect of current density and variability of the composition of leachates was investigated. Non-detect levels and >90% removal of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were reached for all leachates tested after electrochemical treatment. Although high removal efficiencies for long-chain PFAAs were obtained, high concentrations of short-chain PFAAs were generated and associated with the transformation of perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursor compounds.In the second part of this thesis research, the oxidative transformation of PFAA-precursors typically present in leachates was addressed for the first time. Target and suspect PFAS were identified in a landfill leachate and their concentrations during electrochemical treatment were quantified over time. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF) measurements of the leachate identified 53 PFAS compounds and 19 PFAS classes. Multiple PFAS were reported for the first time in landfill leachates. The evaluation of the intermediate and final products generated during the electrochemical treatment showed evidence of known electrochemical degradation pathways.Coupling destructive technologies (e.g., electrochemical oxidation) with concentration technologies (e.g., ion exchange (IX), adsorption) in a treatment train approach could reduce the treatment cost of destructive technologies and increase their feasibility. Therefore, in the next part of this work, electrochemical oxidation of PFAAs from the concentrated waste of IX still bottoms was assessed at laboratory and semi-pilot scales. The concentrated waste resulted from the treatment of PFAAs-impacted groundwater with IX resins. Multiple current densities were evaluated at laboratory scale and the optimum current density was used at the semi-pilot scale. The results at the laboratory and semi-pilot scales allowed for >99% and >94% removal of total PFAAs with 50 mA/cm2, respectively. Defluorination values, energy consumption, and implications were discussed.The third matrix addressed for PFAS remediation was drinking water. Dielectrophoresis-enhanced adsorption was used for the removal of low concentrations of PFOA. This study introduced a coaxial-electrode cell (CEC) that allowed for the generation of a non-uniform electric field to enhance the adsorption of PFOA. Experiments were performed in batch and continuous-flow modes. The dielectrophoretic-enhanced adsorption in batch mode resulted in a 4, 7, and 8-fold increase in the removal of PFOA with 5, 25, and 50 V when compared to adsorption only. The performance of the CEC in continuous-flow mode allowed for an increase of up to 2.4-fold in the PFOA removal with 25 V. The results highlighted the benefits of using a dielectrophoresis-enhanced adsorption process for the removal of PFOA from water. Overall, results from this thesis contribute to the understanding of the electrochemical degradation of PFAS in multiple matrices and introduce an alternative process to enhance the widely used adsorption technology for PFAS removal. Treatment implications of each matrix are discussed and provide a clear baseline for future research, development, and scale-up of treatment technologies for PFAS remediation.

Download or read book Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Environment written by David M. Kempisty and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-08-06 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), often referred to as per- (and poly) fluorinated compounds (PFCs), have been used for years in many everyday3⁄4 and some lifesaving3⁄4 products. However, their use has been linked to adverse health effects in humans, a problem compounded by their persistence in the environment. This book discusses the various challenges of PFAS in our environment today, including their historical use as well as their chemical and toxicological properties. It also presents robust discussion of analytical challenges and special considerations in sampling. The work goes on to give practical recommendations for dealing with these compounds in today's dynamic regulatory landscape and includes several chapters on various remediation techniques. Key Features: Comprehensive overview of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) historical use and chemical/physical properties which help us understand their persistence, transport, and transformation pathways in the environment In-depth analysis of PFAS toxicology Detailed descriptions of conventional and state-of-the-art remediation technologies Practical recommendations for dealing with PFAS in a dynamic regulatory landscape Robust discussion of important sampling and analytical considerations Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Environment: Theory, Practice, and Innovation explores the challenges across the topical areas of regulation and management, toxicology, environmental remediation, and analytical sampling and analysis.Readers will find this text helpful in understanding complexities associated with PFAS and informing management strategies to effectively protect this and future generations.

Download or read book Development of Reductive oxidative Treatment Strategy for the Removal of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances PFAS in Water written by Akshay Chandrashekar Parenky and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The detrimental health effects of halogenated compounds in humans has been well documented, and the frequent occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)in the water environment is a recent global concern. Feasible and sensible treatment strategies are in dire need for environmental remediation and water treatment. Currently, efficient treatment is only obtained at a small scale and at a high energy cost. This research is presented in three subsections, where decomposition of selected PFAS was evaluated under advanced oxidation techniques. The first study involved decomposition of a polyfluoroalkyl substance, 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), in which 2 carbons of the alkyl chain are hydrogenated making the molecule more vulnerable to degradation. The 6:2 FTS was tested against some of the common oxidants such aspersulfate (PS), peroxymonosulfate and hydrogen peroxide. Interestingly, 6:2 FTS was degraded by PS alone under ambient conditions. Several byproducts and fluoride release were observed and quantified. A decomposition pathway was proposed, and certain reaction intermediates were identified. Upon achieving successful degradation of 6:2 FTS, a highly oxidized perfluorinated compound, perfluoroctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was investigated. The absence of C-H bonds makes the molecule more resilient to conventional oxidation, hence a synergistic approach of using reduction combined with advanced oxidation was envisioned. This strategy involved the use of electrons generated by zero valent iron as the reductive source in combination with highly reactive radical species such as sulfate radical and hydroxyl radicals as the oxidizing species. This combination of oxidation and reduction was evaluated under several conditions by changing factors such as concentration, pH, and temperature. Significant removal of PFOS was observed in most cases but no transformation was observed. However, when this system was tested for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), decomposition byproducts were observed consisting of short chain compounds demonstrating the potential for this treatment strategy. Although decomposition of PFOA was achieved through the synergistic approach, the constraints of heat requirement reduce the practical applicability of the system. Since oxidants can be activated efficiently by transition metals, several different combinations of metal-oxidants were evaluated. Amongst these combinations, silver-PS was successful in decomposing a variety of carboxylic PFAS under ambient conditions without the use of any external energy source such as heat, ultra-violet or microwave. Significant byproduct and fluoride release were observed upon decomposition of selected PFAS. This system shows great potential for in situ application of PFAS remediation. The reaction mechanism for the system is complex and future studies should: i) investigate the role of silver and identify the reactive species responsible for the reaction, ii) identify an appropriate metal-oxidant pair capable of decomposing sulfonic PFAS, and iii) evaluate the efficacy of these systems for a wider range of PFAS.

Download or read book Two step Transformation of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances PFAS written by Miranda Marini and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this project, I evaluated a two-step approach to breakdown of long-chain PFAS chemicals into innocuous byproducts. Ideally, UV-activated nanoparticles will cleave long-chain PFAS chemicals into shorter chains, and microbes will remove the fluorines from the smaller compounds. PFAS causes a variety of health problems, and current methods of PFAS transformation have high energy requirements. In contrast, a combination of UV-activated nanoparticles and microbes could transform PFAS with lower energy requirements and would take advantage of infrastructure already in place at wastewater treatment plants. I found that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) can be transformed by 100-nm nanoparticles in a basic pH solution. In addition, microbes from wastewater treatment plants defluorinated smaller PFAS chemicals like MFA. In conclusion, this work provides promising results that a two-step transformation process of long-chain PFAS chemicals could be feasible.

Download or read book Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in the Environment written by Dimitra A. Lambropoulou and published by Wiley. This book was released on 2014-03-17 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last 15 years, the focus of chemical pollution has shifted from conventional pollutants to so-called “emerging” or “new” unregulated contaminants. These include pharmaceuticals and personal care products, hormones, UV filters, perfluorinated compounds, poylybrominated flame retardants (BFRs), pesticides, plasticizers, artificial sweeteners, illicit drugs, and endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs). Despite the increasing number of published studies covering emerging contaminants, we know almost nothing about the effects of their transformation products and/or metabolites. This two-volume set provides a unique collection of research on transformation products, their occurrence, fate and risks in the environment. It contains 32 chapters, organised into 7 parts, each with a distinct focus: • General Considerations • Transformation Processes and Treatment Strategies • Analytical Strategies • Occurrence, Fate and Effects in the Environment • Global Speciality and Environmental Status • Risk Assessment, Management and Regulatory Framework • Outlook Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in the Environment is a valuable resource for researchers and industry professionals in environmental chemistry, analytical chemistry, ecotoxicology, environmental sciences, and hydrology, as well as environmental consultants and regulatory bodies.

Download or read book Per and polyfluorinated substances in the Nordic Countries written by Stefan Posner and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2013-06-19 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Tema Nord report presents a study based on open information and custom market research to review the most common perfluorinated substances (PFC) with less focus on PFOS and PFOA. The study includes three major parts:1) Identification of relevant per-and polyfluorinated substances and their use in various industrial sectors in the Nordic market by interviews with major players and database information; 2) Emissions to and occurence in the Nordic environment of the substances described in 1); 3) A summary of knowledge of the toxic effects on humans and the environment of substances prioritized in 2); There is a lack of physical chemical data, analystical reference substances, human and environmental occurrence and toxicology data, as well as market information regarding PFCs other than PFOA and PFOS and the current legislation cannot enforce disclosure of specific PFC substance information.

Download or read book Perfluorinated Chemicals PFCs written by Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-11-29 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new volume provides a timely study on the environmental challenges from a specific class of perfluorinated chemical compounds (PFCs) that are now being recognized as a worldwide health threat. Recent studies report that levels of classes of PFCs known as polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl (PFASs) exceed federally recommended safety levels in public drinking-water supplies for 6 million people in the United States and that as many as 100 million people could be at risk from exposure to these chemicals. These chemicals occur globally in wildlife and humans. Both PFCAs and PFSAs have been produced for more than 50 years, but have only become of interest to regulators and environmentalists since the late 1990s. Recent advances in analytical methodology has enabled widespread detection in the environment and humans at trace levels. These toxic chemicals have been found in outdoor and indoor air, surface and drinking water, house dust, animal tissue, human blood serum, and human breast milk. Of great concern to communities is the presence of these compounds in a number of drinking water supplies in the U.S. and other countries. This new volume provides a timely explanation of the chemicals, provides a detailed review of the regulations both in the US and European Community, explains the health risk literature, and then explores in great detail available treatment technologies. The volume is a must for public water supply facilities, industrial operations that have historically used these chemicals and face legacy pollution issues, policy makers and the general public.

Download or read book Fluorinated Surfactants and Repellents Second Edition written by Erik Kissa and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-02-09 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A discussion of the synthesis, problems, theories and applications of fluorinated surfactants, this second edition is updated with four new chapters on repellency and protection against soiling and staining and over 2900 references, equations, and drawings (800 more than the previous edition). It lists alphabetically and explores numerous applications of fluorinated surfactants. Called "...a most useful introduction to these fascinating materials" by the Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology and "...a coherent and stimulating handbook...the most useful book in the fluorinated surfactants field to date. Recommended." by the Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions - this book is a source of factual data, methods of manufacture, and chemical structures for the surfactant scientist and user.

Download or read book Toxicological Effects of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances written by Jamie C. DeWitt and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2015-04-14 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book serves as a timely and comprehensive overview of the latest science for perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), covering the development of methods for assessing PFASs in biological fluids and tissues as well as the current knowledge regarding their toxicity to vertebrate organisms. This book includes chapters on human and wildlife exposure/body burdens, reviews of metabolism and toxicological effects by organ system/developmental stage and aspects of PFAS toxicity that are driving PFAS research and regulatory oversight. Toxicological Effects of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances provide critical assessments of the most controversial topics surrounding toxicological evaluation of PFASs to give readers an expert perspective on the issues. Emphasis is placed on the integration of modes and mechanisms of action with functional endpoints that are relevant to human and wildlife health. This book will be a useful resource for toxicologists, environmental chemists, risk assessors and researchers with an interest in the class of compounds known as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances.

Download or read book Electro Fenton Process written by Minghua Zhou and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-25 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume discusses the theoretical fundamentals and potential applications of the original electro-Fenton (EF) process and its most innovative and promising versions, all of which are classified as electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. It consists of 15 chapters that review the latest advances and trends, material selection, reaction and reactor modeling and EF scale-up. It particularly focuses on the applications of EF process in the treatment of toxic and persistent organic pollutants in water and soil, showing highly efficient removal for both lab-scale and pre-pilot setups. Indeed, the EF technology is now mature enough to be brought to market, and this collection of contributions from leading experts in the field constitutes a timely milestone for scientists and engineers.

Download or read book Stantec s Water Treatment written by John C. Crittenden and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-11-08 with total page 1956 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The updated third edition of the definitive guide to water treatment engineering, now with all-new online content Stantec's Water Treatment: Principles and Design provides comprehensive coverage of the principles, theory, and practice of water treatment engineering. Written by world-renowned experts in the field of public water supply, this authoritative volume covers all key aspects of water treatment engineering, including plant design, water chemistry and microbiology, water filtration and disinfection, residuals management, internal corrosion of water conduits, regulatory requirements, and more. The updated third edition of this industry-standard reference includes an entirely new chapter on potable reuse, the recycling of treated wastewater into the water supply using engineered advanced treatment technologies. QR codes embedded throughout the book connect the reader to online resources, including case studies and high-quality photographs and videos of real-world water treatment facilities. This edition provides instructors with access to additional resources via a companion website. Contains in-depth chapters on processes such as coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, ion exchange, adsorption, and gas transfer Details membrane filtration technologies, advanced oxidation, and potable reuse Addresses ongoing environmental concerns, pharmacological agents in the water supply, and treatment strategies Describes reverse osmosis applications for brackish groundwater, wastewater, and other water sources Includes high-quality images and illustrations, useful appendices, tables of chemical properties and design data, and more than 450 exercises with worked solutions Stantec's Water Treatment: Principles and Design, Updated Third Edition remains an indispensable resource for engineers designing or operating water treatment plants, and is an essential textbook for students of civil, environmental, and water resources engineering.

Download or read book Electrochemical Science and Technology written by Keith Oldham and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-11-21 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrochemistry is a discipline of wide scientific and technological interest. Scientifically, it explores the electrical properties of materials and especially the interfaces between different kinds of matter. Technologically, electrochemistry touches our lives in many ways that few fully appreciate; for example, materials as diverse as aluminum, nylon, and bleach are manufactured electrochemically, while the batteries that power all manner of appliances, vehicles, and devices are the products of electrochemical research. Other realms in which electrochemical science plays a crucial role include corrosion, the disinfection of water, neurophysiology, sensors, energy storage, semiconductors, the physics of thunderstorms, biomedical analysis, and so on. This book treats electrochemistry as a science in its own right, albeit resting firmly on foundations provided by chemistry, physics, and mathematics. Early chapters discuss the electrical and chemical properties of materials from which electrochemical cells are constructed. The behavior of such cells is addressed in later chapters, with emphasis on the electrodes and the reactions that occur on their surfaces. The role of transport to and from electrodes is a topic that commands attention, because it crucially determines cell efficiency. Final chapters deal with voltammetry, the methodology used to investigate electrode behavior. Interspersed among the more fundamental chapters are chapters devoted to applications of electrochemistry: electrosynthesis, power sources, “green electrochemistry”, and corrosion. Electrochemical Science and Technology is addressed to all who have a need to come to grips with the fundamentals of electrochemistry and to learn about some of its applications. It will constitute a text for a senior undergraduate or graduate course in electrochemistry. It also serves as a source of material of interest to scientists and technologists in various fields throughout academia, industry, and government – chemists, physicists, engineers, environmentalists, materials scientists, biologists, and those in related endeavors. This book: Provides a background to electrochemistry, as well as treating the topic itself. Is accessible to all with a foundation in physical science, not solely to chemists. Is addressed both to students and those later in their careers. Features web links (through www.wiley.com/go/EST) to extensive material that is of a more tangential, specialized, or mathematical nature. Includes questions as footnotes to support the reader’s evolving comprehension of the material, with fully worked answers provided on the web. Provides web access to Excel® spreadsheets which allow the reader to model electrochemical events. Has a copious Appendix of relevant data.

Download or read book Groundwater Geochemistry written by Sughosh Madhav and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-06-14 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains both practical and theoretical aspects of groundwater resources relating to geochemistry. Focusing on recent research in groundwater resources, this book helps readers to understand the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater resources. Dealing primarily with the sources of ions in groundwater, the book describes geogenic and anthropogenic input of ions into water. Different organic, inorganic and emerging contamination and salinity problems are described, along with pollution-related issues affecting groundwater. New trends in groundwater contamination remediation measures are included, which will be particularly useful to researchers working in the field of water conservation. The book also contains diverse groundwater modelling examples, enabling a better understanding of water-related issues and their management. Groundwater Geochemistry: Pollution and Remediation offers the reader: An understanding of the quantitative and qualitative challenges of groundwater resources An introduction to the environmental geochemistry of groundwater resources A survey of groundwater pollution-related issues Recent trends in groundwater conservation and remediation Mathematical and statistical modeling related to groundwater resources Students, lecturers and researchers working in the fields of hydrogeochemistry, water pollution and groundwater will find Groundwater Geochemistry an essential companion.

Download or read book Organofluorine Chemistry Principles and Commercial Applications written by R.E. Banks and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1994-09-30 with total page 680 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The industry's leading researchers contribute an extremely wide range of articles to provide comprehensive coverage of this burgeoning field. Well illustrated, the volume will become a standard reference work for chemists and materials scientists interested in virtually all aspects of carbon-fluorine bonds.