Download or read book Origin and Evolution of Arthropod Visual System written by Roland R. Melzer and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Origin and Evolution of Arthropod Visual Systems Part I written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Origin and Evolution of Arthropod Visual Systems written by Doekele G. Stavenga and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Origin and Evolution of Arthropod Visual Systems Part II written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Arthropod Brains written by Nicholas James Strausfeld and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2012-01-02 with total page 849 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In The Descent of Man, Charles Darwin proposed that an ant’s brain, no larger than a pin’s head, must be sophisticated to accomplish all that it does. Yet today many people still find it surprising that insects and other arthropods show behaviors that are much more complex than innate reflexes. They are products of versatile brains which, in a sense, think. Fascinating in their own right, arthropods provide fundamental insights into how brains process and organize sensory information to produce learning, strategizing, cooperation, and sociality. Nicholas Strausfeld elucidates the evolution of this knowledge, beginning with nineteenth-century debates about how similar arthropod brains were to vertebrate brains. This exchange, he shows, had a profound and far-reaching impact on attitudes toward evolution and animal origins. Many renowned scientists, including Sigmund Freud, cut their professional teeth studying arthropod nervous systems. The greatest neuroanatomist of them all, Santiago Ramón y Cajal—founder of the neuron doctrine—was awed by similarities between insect and mammalian brains. Writing in a style that will appeal to a broad readership, Strausfeld weaves anatomical observations with evidence from molecular biology, neuroethology, cladistics, and the fossil record to explore the neurobiology of the largest phylum on earth—and one that is crucial to the well-being of our planet. Highly informative and richly illustrated, Arthropod Brains offers an original synthesis drawing on many fields, and a comprehensive reference that will serve biologists for years to come.
Download or read book Exploring Sensory Function and Evolution in the Crustacean Visual System written by Ana Patricia Parracho Filipe Ramos and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The wide diversity of eye designs present in arthropods makes them a unique group for studying the diversity and evolution of the visual system. However, most of our knowledge on the development and the neural architecture of the visual system comes from few model organisms. My project aims to contribute to the study of the diversity and evolution of the arthropod visual system by studying the eye of the crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis; focusing on its development, neuroarchitecture and function. In particular, my work aims to characterize the structure of the visual system, to map the connections between photoreceptors (PR) and optic lobe (OL) and to understand the functional adaptations of the eye, in relation to the eyes of other arthropods.A description of the basic anatomy of the visual system was performed by means of electron microscopy, immunostainings and by generating transgenic reporter lines. I found that Parhyale has an apposition-type compound eye with 8 (in hatchlings) to 50 (in adults) ommatidia, each one formed by 5 PR cells (R1-R5).Two opsins were found in Parhyale, named Ph-Opsin1 and Ph-Opsin2, which are exclusively expressed in the retina. Using the genome sequence as a guide, I cloned upstream regulatory sequences from each opsin genes and generated transgenic reporters that recapitulate the expression patterns of Ph-Opsin1 and Ph-Opsin2. These reporters revealed that R1-R4 express Ph-Opsin1 while R5 expresses Ph-Opsin2.Immunostainings and live imaging of the two transgenic lines showed that PR cells send long projections from the retina to the OL, via an optic nerve. Three optic neuropils were identified: lamina, medulla and a deeper neuropil, possibly the lobula or lobula plate. Following the axonal projections of the PR into the brain, revealed that all PR project to the lamina. This differs from what has been shown in dipterans and crustaceans, where at least one PR per ommatidium projects to the medulla. Electron microscopy showed that the rhabdomeres of two pairs of PR, R1+R3 and R2+R4, are orthogonally aligned to each other in each ommatidium, and that the rhabdom does not rotate. These features render the PR intrinsically sensitive to specific directions of light polarisation. Therefore, I tried to understand whether and how Parhyale respond to polarised light. I developed two experimental setups to address whether Parhyale shows behavioural responses triggered by light polarisation. The data I have collected suggest that Parhyale are phototactic to dim white light but show no response to polarised light in these specific experimental assays. Potential problems with these behavioural assays are discussed.Finally I show that the eye of Parhyale quickly adapts to different conditions of light intensity. This is achieved by movement of the shielding pigment granules, located inside the PR cells and by morphological changes of the PR basal membrane.This project is pioneering the study of the visual system in Parhyale. It is the first time that genetic tools have been introduced to study the crustacean visual system. It establishes Parhyale as a powerful experimental system for in vivo studies of compound eye development and axonal targeting, a field currently dominated by studies in a single species of fruitfly.
Download or read book Evolution of the Eye and Visual System written by J. Cronly-Dillon and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Arthropod Phylogeny written by A. P. Gupta and published by Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. This book was released on 1979 with total page 792 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Drosophila Eye Development written by Kevin Moses and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002-03-12 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 1 Kevin Moses It is now 25 years since the study of the development of the compound eye in Drosophila really began with a classic paper (Ready et al. 1976). In 1864, August Weismann published a monograph on the development of Diptera and included some beautiful drawings of the developing imaginal discs (Weismann 1864). One of these is the first description of the third instar eye disc in which Weismann drew a vertical line separating a posterior domain that included a regular pattern of clustered cells from an anterior domain without such a pattern. Weismann suggested that these clusters were the precursors of the adult ommatidia and that the line marks the anterior edge of the eye. In his first suggestion he was absolutely correct - in his second he was wrong. The vertical line shown was not the anterior edge of the eye, but the anterior edge of a moving wave of patterning and cell type specification that 112 years later (1976) Ready, Hansen and Benzer would name the "morphogenetic furrow". While it is too late to hear from August Weismann, it is a particular pleasure to be able to include a chapter in this Volume from the first author of that 1976 paper: Don Ready! These past 25 years have seen an astonishing explosion in the study of the fly eye (see Fig.
Download or read book Arthropod Biology and Evolution written by Alessandro Minelli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-11 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than two thirds of all living organisms described to date belong to the phylum Arthropoda. But their diversity, as measured in terms of species number, is also accompanied by an amazing disparity in terms of body form, developmental processes, and adaptations to every inhabitable place on Earth, from the deepest marine abysses to the earth surface and the air. The Arthropoda also include one of the most fashionable and extensively studied of all model organisms, the fruit-fly, whose name is not only linked forever to Mendelian and population genetics, but has more recently come back to centre stage as one of the most important and more extensively investigated models in developmental genetics. This approach has completely changed our appreciation of some of the most characteristic traits of arthropods as are the origin and evolution of segments, their regional and individual specialization, and the origin and evolution of the appendages. At approximately the same time as developmental genetics was eventually turning into the major agent in the birth of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo), molecular phylogenetics was challenging the traditional views on arthropod phylogeny, including the relationships among the four major groups: insects, crustaceans, myriapods, and chelicerates. In the meantime, palaeontology was revealing an amazing number of extinct forms that on the one side have contributed to a radical revisitation of arthropod phylogeny, but on the other have provided evidence of a previously unexpected disparity of arthropod and arthropod-like forms that often challenge a clear-cut delimitation of the phylum.
Download or read book Treatise on Zoology Anatomy Taxonomy Biology The Myriapoda written by Alessandro Minelli and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2011-03-21 with total page 547 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Myriapoda” is the first comprehensive monograph ever on all aspects of myriapod biology, including external and internal morphology, physiology, reproduction, development, distribution, ecology, phylogeny and taxonomy. It is thus of major interest for all zoologists and soil biologists.
Download or read book Crustacea and Arthropod Relationships written by Stefan Koenemann and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-04-27 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Compared to other arthropods, crustaceans are characterized by an unparalleled disparity of body plans. Traditionally, the specialization of arthropod segments and appendages into distinct body regions has served as a convenient basis for higher classification; however, many relationships within the phylum Arthropoda still remain controversial.
Download or read book Evolution s Witness written by Ivan R. Schwab and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-01-05 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The evolution of the eye spans 3.75 billion years from single cell organisms with eyespots to Metazoa with superb camera style eyes. At least ten different ocular models have evolved independently into myriad optical and physiological masterpieces. The story of the eye reveals evolution's greatest triumph and sweetest gift. This book describes its journey"--Provided by publisher.
Download or read book Arthropod Relationships written by Richard A. Fortey and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The arthropods contain more species than any other animal group, but the evolutionary pathways which led to their current diversity are still an issue of controversy. Arthropod Relationships provides an overview of our current understanding, responding to the new data arising from sequencing DNA, the discovery of new Cambrian fossils as direct evidence of early arthropod history, and developmental genetics. These new areas of research have stimulated a reconsideration of classical morphology and embryology. Arthropod Relationships is the first synthesis of the current debate to emerge: not since the volume edited by Gupta was published in 1979 has the arthropod phylogeny debate been, considered in this depth and breadth. Leaders in the various branches of arthropod biology have contributed to this volume. Chapters focus progressively from the general issues to the specific problems involving particular groups, and thence to a consideration of embryology and genetics. This wide range of disciplines is drawn on to approach an understanding of arthropod relationships, and to provide the most timely account of arthropod phylogeny. This book should be read by evolutionary biologists, palaeontologists, developmental geneticists and invertebrate zoologists. It will have a special interest for post-graduate students working in these fields.
Download or read book Structure and Evolution of Invertebrate Nervous Systems written by Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015-12-17 with total page 776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The nervous system is particularly fascinating for many biologists because it controls animal characteristics such as movement, behavior, and coordinated thinking. Invertebrate neurobiology has traditionally been studied in specific model organisms, whilst knowledge of the broad diversity of nervous system architecture and its evolution among metazoan animals has received less attention. This is the first major reference work in the field for 50 years, bringing together many leading evolutionary neurobiologists to review the most recent research on the structure of invertebrate nervous systems and provide a comprehensive and authoritative overview for a new generation of researchers. Presented in full colour throughout, Structure and Evolution of Invertebrate Nervous Systems synthesizes and illustrates the numerous new findings that have been made possible with light and electron microscopy. These include the recent introduction of new molecular and optical techniques such as immunohistochemical staining of neuron-specific antigens and fluorescence in-situ-hybridization, combined with visualization by confocal laser scanning microscopy. New approaches to analysing the structure of the nervous system are also included such as micro-computational tomography, cryo-soft X-ray tomography, and various 3-D visualization techniques. The book follows a systematic and phylogenetic structure, covering a broad range of taxa, interspersed with chapters focusing on selected topics in nervous system functioning which are presented as research highlights and perspectives. This comprehensive reference work will be an essential companion for graduate students and researchers alike in the fields of metazoan neurobiology, morphology, zoology, phylogeny and evolution.
Download or read book Animal Eyes written by Michael F. Land and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-03 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the way that all known types of eyes work, from their optics to the behaviour they guide. The ways that eyes sample the world in space and time are considered, and the evolutionary origins of eyes are discussed. This new edition incorporates discoveries made since the first edition published in 2001.
Download or read book Vertebrate Photoreceptors written by Takahisa Furukawa and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-23 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a series of comprehensive views on various important aspects of vertebrate photoreceptors. The vertebrate retina is a tissue that provides unique experimental advantages to neuroscientists. Photoreceptor neurons are abundant in this tissue and they are readily identifiable and easily isolated. These features make them an outstanding model for studying neuronal mechanisms of signal transduction, adaptation, synaptic transmission, development, differentiation, diseases and regeneration. Thanks to recent advances in genetic analysis, it also is possible to link biochemical and physiological investigations to understand the molecular mechanisms of vertebrate photoreceptors within a functioning retina in a living animal. Photoreceptors are the most deeply studied sensory receptor cells, but readers will find that many important questions remain. We still do not know how photoreceptors, visual pigments and their signaling pathways evolved, how they were generated and how they are maintained. This book will make clear what is known and what is not known. The chapters are selected from fields of studies that have contributed to a broad understanding of the birth, development, structure, function and death of photoreceptor neurons. The underlying common word in all of the chapters that is used to describe these mechanisms is “molecule”. Only with this word can we understand how these highly specific neurons function and survive. It is challenging for even the foremost researchers to cover all aspects of the subject. Understanding photoreceptors from several different points of view that share a molecular perspective will provide readers with a useful interdisciplinary perspective.
