Download or read book Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1991-02-01 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At least 10.7 million American women use oral contraceptives (OCs). The potential connection with breast cancer has caused concern among these OC users and uncertainty among many of their physicians. This new volume offers the most up-to-date information available on this critical topic. While the best available knowledge does not support any fundamental change in clinical practice with respect to the use of OCs, this book offers specific recommendations for more research to fully resolve the relationship between OCs and breast cancer. Noting consumer confusion, the volume includes a concise summary of benefits, risks, and other practical information for contraceptive users and their doctors. The volume presents current data on changes in patterns of OC use, differences in risk at different ages, the benefits of OCs, and more. Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer will be important reading for obstetricians/gynecologists and other health professionals, their patients who use OCs, contraceptive manufacturers, women's health advocates, policymakers, and researchers.
Download or read book Oral Contraceptives and Neoplasia written by WHO Scientific Group on Oral Contraceptives and Neoplasia and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Oral Contraceptives and Neoplasia written by World Health Organization. Scientific Group on Oral Contraceptives and Neoplasia and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Oral Contraceptive Use for the Primary Prevention of Ovarian Cancer written by U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-07 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ovarian cancer is the eighth most common cancer in women and is the fifth leading cause of cancer death, with an age-adjusted rate of 8.2 deaths per 100,000 women. Given current age-specific incidence and demographic projections, the number of cases of ovarian cancer will almost double over the next 35 years as women born between 1946 and 1964 (“baby boom” generation) reach the age of highest incidence (60 years & older). While advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy over the past 20 years have led to improved outcomes, overall 5-year survival is only 42% for ovarian cancer compared with 88% for breast cancer and 63% for colorectal cancer. The high mortality rate in women with ovarian cancer is largely attributed to the later stage at presentation compared with other common cancers. This has led to intense research efforts to identify effective screening strategies for ovarian cancer, but results have been disappointing, particularly with regard to decreases in mortality. There is consistent evidence from a variety of sources that oral contraceptive (OC) use reduces ovarian cancer risk. This evidence includes declining age-specific ovarian cancer incidence and mortality in cohorts of women who had access to OCs throughout their reproductive life, and there are several biologically plausible mechanisms for a protective effect. The potential benefit of using OCs solely to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer must be weighed with knowledge of other potential noncontraceptive health benefits of OCs and potential harms. The combination of systematic review and decision-analytic modeling presented in this report allows us to estimate the tradeoff between the harms and benefits of OC use for the overall population and for individual women, accounting for the potential influence of other factors, such as timing of OC use or presence of risk factors such as family history. This report was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in conjunction with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and was designed to evaluate the benefits and harms of the use of oral contraceptives as a primary preventive measure against ovarian cancer. We focused on synthesizing the available evidence for the effectiveness of this strategy in a general population and in groups at elevated risk. We also evaluated benefits and harms of OC use that are not related to the development of ovarian cancer. Finally, we designed a comparative effectiveness model to inform the questions generated by this review. The Key Questions considered in this review are: KQ1: What is the effectiveness of combined (estrogen and progestin containing) and progestin-only OCs for reducing the risk of ovarian cancer? KQ2: Do specifics of OC use (e.g., dose/formulation, age at initiation, duration of use) affect the relative risk of developing ovarian cancer? KQ3: Does the use of OCs by specific populations of women (e.g., those defined by age, family history of breast and ovarian cancer, BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation status, parity) affect the relative risk of developing ovarian cancer? KQ4: Aside from pregnancy prevention, are there other benefits of OC use in reducing the risks of endometrial cancer or colorectal cancer? KQ5: What are the harms of OC use, including breast cancer incidence, cervical cancer incidence, venous thromboembolic disease, stroke, or myocardial infarction? How do these harms vary by dose or formulation, duration of use, or specific population? KQ6: Based on the comprehensive literature review, what are the benefits and harms from the use of OCs to reduce the incidence of ovarian cancer for specific populations? Based on the decision model, what is the estimated effect of these benefits and harms on life expectancy and quality-adjusted life expectancy? KQ7: Based on the systematic review and decision model, what research gaps need to be filled to better understand whether OCs are effective for the primary prevention of ovarian cancer?
Download or read book Oral Contraceptives and Cervical Neoplasia written by David Bartlett Thomas and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hormonal Contraception and Post menopausal Hormonal Therapy written by IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 1999 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evaluates evidence for an increased risk of cancer in women using combined oral contraceptives, progestogen-only hormonal contraceptives, post-menopausal estrogen therapy, and post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy. Although the carcinogenicity of these preparations has been extensively investigated, the book stresses the many complex methodological issues that must be considered when interpreting findings and weighing results. Evidence of an association between use of these preparations and positive effects on health, including a reduced risk of some cancers, is also critically assessed. The first and most extensive monograph evaluates evidence of an association between the use of combined oral contraceptives and cancer at nine sites. Concerning breast cancer, the evaluation concludes that, even if the association is causal, the excess risk for breast cancer associated with patterns of use that are typical today is very small. Studies of predominantly high-dose preparations found an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of hepatitis viruses. Citing these findings, the evaluation concludes that there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of combined oral contraceptives. The evaluation also found sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of some, but not all, combined preparations in animals. Combined oral contraceptives were classified as carcinogenic to humans. The evaluation also cites conclusive evidence that these agents have a protective effect against cancers of the ovary and endometrium. Progestogen-only contraceptives are evaluated in the second monograph, which considers the association with cancer at six sites. The evaluation found no evidence of an increased risk for breast cancer. Although the evaluation found sufficient evidence in animals for the carcinogenicity of medroxyprogesterone acetate, evidence for the carcinogenicity of progestogen-only contraceptives in humans was judged inadequate. Progestogen-only contraceptives were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. The third monograph, on post-menopausal estrogen therapy, considers evidence of an association with cancer at eight sites. Findings from a large number of epidemiological studies indicate a small increase in the risk of breast cancer in women who have used these preparations for five years or more. Studies consistently show an association between use of post-menopausal estrogen therapy and an increased risk for endometrial cancer. Data on the association with other cancers were either inconclusive or suggested no effect on risk. The evaluation concludes that post-menopausal estrogen therapy is carcinogenic to humans. The final monograph evaluates the association between the use of post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy and cancer at four sites. The evaluation of limited data on breast cancer found an increased relative risk observed with long-term use. Data were judged insufficient to assess the effects of past use and of different progestogen compounds, doses, and treatment schedules. For endometrial cancer, the evaluation found an increase in risk relative to non-users when the progestogen was added to the cycle for 10 days or fewer. Post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy was classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Concerning post-menopausal therapy in general, the book notes that evidence of carcinogenic risks must be placed in perspective of potential benefits. The prevention of osteoporotic fractures is cited as the best-established benefit. Evidence also suggests that estrogen prevents heart disease and may prevent memory loss and dementia.
Download or read book Population Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Debate on Oral Contraceptives and Neoplasia Continues written by Ward Rinehart and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Relationship Between Oral Contraceptives and Intraepithelial Neoplasia of the Uterine Cervix written by Barbara Jeannette Fox and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Carcinogenicity Tests of Oral Contraceptives written by Great Britain. Committee on Safety of Medicines and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Steroid Contraception and the Risk of Neoplasia written by World Health Organization. Scientific Group on Steroid Contraception and the Risk of Neoplasia and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer The Implications of the Present Findings for Informed Consent and Informed Choice written by R.D. Mann and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1990-01-15 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A collection of the proceedings presented at the Royal Society of Medicine by American and European researchers involved in longterm studies on oral contraceptives. Topics include reviews of case-control studies on contraceptive use before the age of 25 or the first full-term pregnancy.
Download or read book A Clinical Guide for Contraception written by Leon Speroff and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2011 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thoroughly updated Fifth Edition of this practical handbook provides the essential information that clinicians and patients need to choose the best contraceptive method for the patient's age and medical, social, and personal characteristics.
Download or read book Contraceptive Use and Controlled Fertility written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1989-02-01 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These four papers supplement the book Contraception and Reproduction: Health Consequences for Women and Children in the Developing World by bringing together data and analyses that would otherwise be difficult to obtain in a single source. The topics addressed are an analysis of the relationship between maternal mortality and changing reproductive patterns; the risks and benefits of contraception; the effects of changing reproductive patterns on infant health; and the psychosocial consequences to women of controlled fertility and contraceptive use.
Download or read book Technical Report Series written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Clinical Gynecology written by Eric J. Bieber and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-04-23 with total page 1127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written with the busy practice in mind, this book delivers clinically focused, evidence-based gynecology guidance in a quick-reference format. It explores etiology, screening, tests, diagnosis, and treatment for a full range of gynecologic health issues. The coverage includes the full range of gynecologic malignancies, reproductive endocrinology and infertility, infectious diseases, urogynecologic problems, gynecologic concerns in children and adolescents, and surgical interventions including minimally invasive surgical procedures. Information is easy to find and absorb owing to the extensive use of full-color diagrams, algorithms, and illustrations. The new edition has been expanded to include aspects of gynecology important in international and resource-poor settings.
Download or read book Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis in Risk Identification written by Harri Vainio and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 644 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive, authoritative volume includes a consensus document drawn up by a working group of international experts in various fields of carcinogenesis. It describes the multistage and multifactorial nature of carcinogenesis, the different mechanisms of action of carcinogens, epidemiological and laboratory means for their identification, and proposed principles and procedures for their possible use in the prediction and evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Other chapters cover critical molecular targets in chemical carcinogenesis; mechanisms of carcinogenicity; animal carcinogenicity tests and their interpretations; biological markers in exposed humans; and data analysis and modelling. This work will be a valuable reference for cancer researchers and toxicologists.
