Download or read book Hormonal Contraception and Post menopausal Hormonal Therapy written by IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 1999 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evaluates evidence for an increased risk of cancer in women using combined oral contraceptives, progestogen-only hormonal contraceptives, post-menopausal estrogen therapy, and post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy. Although the carcinogenicity of these preparations has been extensively investigated, the book stresses the many complex methodological issues that must be considered when interpreting findings and weighing results. Evidence of an association between use of these preparations and positive effects on health, including a reduced risk of some cancers, is also critically assessed. The first and most extensive monograph evaluates evidence of an association between the use of combined oral contraceptives and cancer at nine sites. Concerning breast cancer, the evaluation concludes that, even if the association is causal, the excess risk for breast cancer associated with patterns of use that are typical today is very small. Studies of predominantly high-dose preparations found an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of hepatitis viruses. Citing these findings, the evaluation concludes that there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of combined oral contraceptives. The evaluation also found sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of some, but not all, combined preparations in animals. Combined oral contraceptives were classified as carcinogenic to humans. The evaluation also cites conclusive evidence that these agents have a protective effect against cancers of the ovary and endometrium. Progestogen-only contraceptives are evaluated in the second monograph, which considers the association with cancer at six sites. The evaluation found no evidence of an increased risk for breast cancer. Although the evaluation found sufficient evidence in animals for the carcinogenicity of medroxyprogesterone acetate, evidence for the carcinogenicity of progestogen-only contraceptives in humans was judged inadequate. Progestogen-only contraceptives were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. The third monograph, on post-menopausal estrogen therapy, considers evidence of an association with cancer at eight sites. Findings from a large number of epidemiological studies indicate a small increase in the risk of breast cancer in women who have used these preparations for five years or more. Studies consistently show an association between use of post-menopausal estrogen therapy and an increased risk for endometrial cancer. Data on the association with other cancers were either inconclusive or suggested no effect on risk. The evaluation concludes that post-menopausal estrogen therapy is carcinogenic to humans. The final monograph evaluates the association between the use of post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy and cancer at four sites. The evaluation of limited data on breast cancer found an increased relative risk observed with long-term use. Data were judged insufficient to assess the effects of past use and of different progestogen compounds, doses, and treatment schedules. For endometrial cancer, the evaluation found an increase in risk relative to non-users when the progestogen was added to the cycle for 10 days or fewer. Post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy was classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Concerning post-menopausal therapy in general, the book notes that evidence of carcinogenic risks must be placed in perspective of potential benefits. The prevention of osteoporotic fractures is cited as the best-established benefit. Evidence also suggests that estrogen prevents heart disease and may prevent memory loss and dementia.
Download or read book Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1991-02-01 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At least 10.7 million American women use oral contraceptives (OCs). The potential connection with breast cancer has caused concern among these OC users and uncertainty among many of their physicians. This new volume offers the most up-to-date information available on this critical topic. While the best available knowledge does not support any fundamental change in clinical practice with respect to the use of OCs, this book offers specific recommendations for more research to fully resolve the relationship between OCs and breast cancer. Noting consumer confusion, the volume includes a concise summary of benefits, risks, and other practical information for contraceptive users and their doctors. The volume presents current data on changes in patterns of OC use, differences in risk at different ages, the benefits of OCs, and more. Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer will be important reading for obstetricians/gynecologists and other health professionals, their patients who use OCs, contraceptive manufacturers, women's health advocates, policymakers, and researchers.
Download or read book Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer The Implications of the Present Findings for Informed Consent and Informed Choice written by R.D. Mann and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1990-01-15 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A collection of the proceedings presented at the Royal Society of Medicine by American and European researchers involved in longterm studies on oral contraceptives. Topics include reviews of case-control studies on contraceptive use before the age of 25 or the first full-term pregnancy.
Download or read book Breast Cancer written by Chris Kahlenborn and published by One More Soul. This book was released on 2000 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Modern Oral Contraception written by Melinda Wallach and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Female and Male Contraception written by Maria Cristina Meriggiola and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-06-01 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides healthcare professionals, the medical community, residents and students with an up-to-date handbook on current female and male contraceptive options. It illustrates the process of contraceptive development, from ancient times to steroid discovery up to the most recent formulations that provide not only an optimal contraceptive efficacy but also complimentary health benefits for women. It offers a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on this topic, ranging from biological contraceptive mechanisms to the challenges of contraceptive use in different clinical conditions. It also presents reviews of the current latest, including preclinical and clinical research, to provide detailed and up-to-date information on recently developed contraceptives. It also features a section on counseling, which is highly relevant to optimal contraceptive provision and compliance. Each chapter has been written by a leading expert in the field and provides a comprehensive reference on the topic as well as practical implications. As such, this book provides accessible and authoritative information for clinicians in their everyday practice and for students interested in expanding their knowledge on the topic.
Download or read book Current Contraceptive Status Among Women Aged 15 44 United States 2011 2013 written by Kimberly Daniels and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Oral Contraceptive Use for the Primary Prevention of Ovarian Cancer written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Oral Contraceptive Use for the Primary Prevention of Ovarian Cancer written by U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-07 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ovarian cancer is the eighth most common cancer in women and is the fifth leading cause of cancer death, with an age-adjusted rate of 8.2 deaths per 100,000 women. Given current age-specific incidence and demographic projections, the number of cases of ovarian cancer will almost double over the next 35 years as women born between 1946 and 1964 (“baby boom” generation) reach the age of highest incidence (60 years & older). While advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy over the past 20 years have led to improved outcomes, overall 5-year survival is only 42% for ovarian cancer compared with 88% for breast cancer and 63% for colorectal cancer. The high mortality rate in women with ovarian cancer is largely attributed to the later stage at presentation compared with other common cancers. This has led to intense research efforts to identify effective screening strategies for ovarian cancer, but results have been disappointing, particularly with regard to decreases in mortality. There is consistent evidence from a variety of sources that oral contraceptive (OC) use reduces ovarian cancer risk. This evidence includes declining age-specific ovarian cancer incidence and mortality in cohorts of women who had access to OCs throughout their reproductive life, and there are several biologically plausible mechanisms for a protective effect. The potential benefit of using OCs solely to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer must be weighed with knowledge of other potential noncontraceptive health benefits of OCs and potential harms. The combination of systematic review and decision-analytic modeling presented in this report allows us to estimate the tradeoff between the harms and benefits of OC use for the overall population and for individual women, accounting for the potential influence of other factors, such as timing of OC use or presence of risk factors such as family history. This report was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in conjunction with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and was designed to evaluate the benefits and harms of the use of oral contraceptives as a primary preventive measure against ovarian cancer. We focused on synthesizing the available evidence for the effectiveness of this strategy in a general population and in groups at elevated risk. We also evaluated benefits and harms of OC use that are not related to the development of ovarian cancer. Finally, we designed a comparative effectiveness model to inform the questions generated by this review. The Key Questions considered in this review are: KQ1: What is the effectiveness of combined (estrogen and progestin containing) and progestin-only OCs for reducing the risk of ovarian cancer? KQ2: Do specifics of OC use (e.g., dose/formulation, age at initiation, duration of use) affect the relative risk of developing ovarian cancer? KQ3: Does the use of OCs by specific populations of women (e.g., those defined by age, family history of breast and ovarian cancer, BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation status, parity) affect the relative risk of developing ovarian cancer? KQ4: Aside from pregnancy prevention, are there other benefits of OC use in reducing the risks of endometrial cancer or colorectal cancer? KQ5: What are the harms of OC use, including breast cancer incidence, cervical cancer incidence, venous thromboembolic disease, stroke, or myocardial infarction? How do these harms vary by dose or formulation, duration of use, or specific population? KQ6: Based on the comprehensive literature review, what are the benefits and harms from the use of OCs to reduce the incidence of ovarian cancer for specific populations? Based on the decision model, what is the estimated effect of these benefits and harms on life expectancy and quality-adjusted life expectancy? KQ7: Based on the systematic review and decision model, what research gaps need to be filled to better understand whether OCs are effective for the primary prevention of ovarian cancer?
Download or read book Obesity and Gynecology written by Tahir A. Mahmood and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-06-11 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Obesity and Gynecology, Second Edition, presents updated chapters on a variety of topics, ranging from adolescent obesity, contraception, assisted reproduction and sexual dysfunction, to bariatric surgery and improving semen parameters. The prevalence of obesity in men and women continues to dramatically increase around the world. Obesity presents specific challenges in relation to male and female infertility and general gynecology. Patients who are obese require specific considerations and knowledge. Presents an essential reference on the significant risks of obesity related to contraception, male and female infertility, and general gynecology Builds foundational knowledge, showing how obesity relates to general gynecology, including menstrual disorders, breasts cancer, menopause and sexual dysfunction Assembles critically evaluated chapters that focus on obesity and gynecology to meet the practical needs of gynecologists, endocrinologists and general practitioners
Download or read book Breast Cancer Biology written by Dil Afroze and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-07-08 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of breast cancer biology. It is a complete and descriptive reference on motioning pathways and new treatment options for the future transnational scientists and clinicians working on cancer research and treatment. We greatly appreciate the work of all the contributors to this book. They have brought with them tremendous diversity of perspectives and fields, which is truly reflective of the complexity of the topic, and they have come together in this project to serve as the node of multidisciplinary collaboration in this field. Finally, we must acknowledge the thousands of cancer patients who have participated in the studies, and who have inspired us to gather information to significantly progress knowledge in the field in recent years.
Download or read book Clinical Gynecology written by Eric J. Bieber and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-04-23 with total page 1127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written with the busy practice in mind, this book delivers clinically focused, evidence-based gynecology guidance in a quick-reference format. It explores etiology, screening, tests, diagnosis, and treatment for a full range of gynecologic health issues. The coverage includes the full range of gynecologic malignancies, reproductive endocrinology and infertility, infectious diseases, urogynecologic problems, gynecologic concerns in children and adolescents, and surgical interventions including minimally invasive surgical procedures. Information is easy to find and absorb owing to the extensive use of full-color diagrams, algorithms, and illustrations. The new edition has been expanded to include aspects of gynecology important in international and resource-poor settings.
Download or read book Oral Contraceptives and Neoplasia written by WHO Scientific Group on Oral Contraceptives and Neoplasia and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Contraceptive Methods Women Have Ever Used United States 1982 2010 written by Kimberly Daniels and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2010 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use reviews the medical eligibility criteria for use of contraception, offering guidance on the safety and use of different methods for women and men with specific characteristics or known medical conditions. The recommendations are based on systematic reviews of available clinical and epidemiological research. It is a companion guideline to Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use. Together, these documents are intended to be used by policy-makers, program managers, and the scientific community to support national programs in the preparation of service delivery guidelines. The fourth edition of this useful resource supersedes previous editions, and has been fully updated and expanded. It includes over 86 new recommendations and 165 updates to recommendations in the previous edition. Guidance for populations with special needs is now provided, and a new annex details evidence on drug interactions from concomitant use of antiretroviral therapies and hormonal contraceptives. To assist users familiar with the third edition, new and updated recommendations are highlighted. Everyone involved in providing family planning services and contraception should have the fourth edition of Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use at hand.
Download or read book Breast Cancer written by I. Craig Henderson and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2015 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides an in-depth understanding of the biology of breast cancer, the natural history of the disease, the use of molecular markers, the interpretation of clinical trial data, and the integration of multiple therapeutic modalities. Outcomes of clinical trials and details about commonly used drug regimens, drug dosage, and the expected side effects are summarised.
Download or read book Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology written by Neil N. Turner and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015-10-29 with total page 3045 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fourth edition of the Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology builds on the success and international reputation of the publication as an important resource for the practising clinician in the field. It provides practical, scholarly, and evidence-based coverage of the full spectrum of clinical nephrology, written by a global faculty of experts. The most relevant and important reference to clinical nephrology, this is an authoritative and comprehensive textbook combining the clinical aspects of renal disease essential to daily clinical practice with extensive information about the underlying basic science and current evidence available. Each section of the textbook has been critically and comprehensively edited under the auspices of a leading expert in the field. This new edition has been significantly expanded and reapportioned to reflect developments and new approaches to topics, and includes treatment algorithms to aid and enhance patient care where possible. The fourth edition offers increased focus on the medical aspects of transplantation, HIV-associated renal disease, and infection and renal disease, alongside entirely new sections on genetic topics and clinical and physiological aspects of fluid/electrolyte and tubular disorders. The emphasis throughout is on marrying advances in scientific research with clinical management. Richly illustrated throughout in full colour, this is a truly modern and attractive edition which reinforces the Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology's position as an indispensable reference work of consistent quality and reliability. Enriched and refined by careful revision, this new edition continues the tradition of excellence. This print edition of The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology comes with a year's access to the online version on Oxford Medicine Online. By activating your unique access code, you can read and annotate the full text online, follow links from the references to primary research materials, and view, enlarge and download all the figures and tables. Oxford Medicine Online is mobile optimized for access when and where you need it.
