Download or read book Optimized Heavy Oil in water Emulsions for Flow in Pipelines written by Nabijan Nizamidin and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 714 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oilfield operations such as drilling, reservoir management, and production require the injection and/or production of complex fluids to improve the extraction of crude oils. Some of these complex fluids such as drilling muds, fracking fluids, foams, emulsions, surfactants, and polymers, fall under the classification of colloidal suspensions which is one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles suspended throughout another substance. These colloidal suspensions show complex rheological properties that are dependent on the suspension properties, flow conditions, and flow conduit dimensions. Rheology of colloidal suspensions is a complex subject that is still being investigated. The focus of this study is on heavy oil-in-water emulsions. Heavy oil and bitumen resources account for approximately 70% of the remaining oil discovered to date in the world. Heavy crude oils are costly to produce, transport, and refine compared to light crude oils due to the high viscosity of heavy crude oils. To improve the economic viability of producing heavy oils, especially in a time with low crude oil prices, operational expenses must be reduced. One of the main areas to improve is the cost associated with transporting produced heavy oils from production wells to refineries. Currently, heavy oils are diluted with low viscosity diluents such as condensates and light crude oils to lower the mixture viscosity below 350 cSt before heavy oils can be transported through pipelines. The diluted mixtures require up to 50% (vol.) diluents to lower the heavy oil viscosity. High demand and low supply of condensates and constrained pipeline capacities have resulted in pipeline transportation costs of up to $22/bbl of diluted heavy oil from Canada to refineries in the U.S. An alternative method of transporting heavy oils is to transport heavy oils in an emulsified form, heavy oil-in-water emulsions, which can show orders of magnitude lower viscosities compared to the viscosity of heavy oils. In this study, a simple, one-step method of preparing heavy oil-in-water emulsions was developed. The physical properties of heavy oil-in-water emulsions are controlled and modified by optimizing the chemical formulation used to prepare emulsions. Stable heavy oil-in-water emulsions can be prepared with chemical formulations that are tailored to the type of heavy oils and available water sources which can range from freshwater to softened seawater. The rheology of heavy oil-in-water emulsions has been characterized with a rotational viscometer. Heavy oil-in-water emulsions, especially concentrated emulsions, showed complex rheological properties such as shear thinning behavior, two-step yield stresses, two-step wall slips, and rheopexy. A rheological equation and a wall slip equation have been developed to model the rheology of heavy oil-in-water emulsions over a range of shear rates and flow conduit dimensions. Heavy oil-in-water emulsions characterized with capillary tube viscometers showed drastically different viscosity measurements compared to the viscosity measurements obtained with a rotational viscometer. This is important because the flow of emulsions in pipelines are similar to the flow of emulsions in capillary tube viscometers, not rotational viscometers. The lower viscosities measured with capillary tube viscometers are attributed to oil droplet migration away from the tube walls due to the shear heterogeneity observed in Poiseuille (tube) flow. A scaling equation was proposed to relate the viscosity measurements of emulsions with a rotation viscometer to the viscosity measurements of emulsions with capillary tube viscometers. The rheological measurements of heavy oil-in-water emulsions are used to estimate the flow of emulsions in crude oil pipelines with various radii. Viscosity measurements of optimized heavy oil-in-water emulsions with a rotational viscometer showed that heavy oil-in-water emulsions with up to 75% dispersed heavy oil can be successfully transported in crude oil pipelines. Adding the effect of oil droplet migration measured with capillary tube viscometers, heavy oil-in-water emulsions with up to 85-90% dispersed heavy oil can be successfully transported in crude oil pipelines. The cost of chemicals used to prepare 85% heavy oil-in-water emulsion is approximately $1-3/bbl of emulsion. Heavy oil-in-water emulsions also showed drag reduction properties which can significantly increase the maximum flow capacity of crude oil pipelines. Transporting heavy oils as concentrated heavy oil-in-water emulsions appeared to be a competitive if not a better method of lowering heavy oil viscosity compared to the diluent method in terms of cost and flow performance in pipelines.

Download or read book Oil in water Emulsion Technique Enhancement for Viscous Crude Oil Flow in Pipelines written by Muhammad Fawwaz Abdul Wahab and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The production of heavy crude oil is limited due to its high viscosity. It is expected to increase in the future as low viscosity crudes are depleted. The high viscosity lead to the increasing of pump energy as it creates high pressure drop. In order to reduce the viscosity of the heavy crude, it is suggested to mix it with water and optimum emulsifiers to create a lower viscous fluid, oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. In this study, both chemical and physical properties of O/W emulsion that is prepared by using cocoamide DEA (non-ionic and biodegradable surfactant that synthesis from coconut oil) and two types of conventional chemical emulsifiers (Span 80 and Triton X-100) were investigated. O/W emulsions with three different ratios (50 - 50% and 65 - 35% and 80 - 20%) were prepared at a mixing speed of 2000 rpm with the concentrations of (1.0 wt%, 1.5 wt% and 2.0 wt%) of each emulsifier. These emulsions were tested for relative rates of water separation (stability test), viscosity, shear stress and shear rate at room temperature and stirring speed of Brookfield viscometer. While the droplet size was carried out by using Carl Zeiss Research Microscope and its software. Result shows that Span 80 at 1.0 wt% mixed at each ratio of 50 - 50%, 65 - 35% and 80 - 20% O/W with 2000 rpm mixing speed obtained the most stable emulsions for transportation compared to the other emulsifiers. Demulsification is the process of separation of water from crude oil. Crude oil needs to be separated efficiently and quickly from the water to allow further treatment. This is to ensure the crude oil value can be maximized and the operating cost can be minimized. Demulsifiers (Hexylamine, Cocamide MEA and Dioctylamine) with different concentrations (1.0 wt%, 1.5% and 2.0 wt%) were used for demulsification. The relative rates of water separation were characterized via beaker test.

Download or read book Pipe line Transportation of Heavy Oil in water Emulsion written by Vickneswaran Nagaratnam and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The diverse factors affecting the viscosity of a viscous crude oil-in-water emulsion for pipeline transportation were studied. The factors that are taken into account is effect of oil content, type and concentration of the surfactant, and speed of mixing, Agent in water method is used in the preparation of oil in water emulsions. The oil content ratio used in this study is 50-50, 70-30, and 90-10 by volume. Different surfactants, namely Triton X-100, Span 80 and Tween 80 are used to determine the best surfactant to emulsify heavy oil. The speed of mixing used in this study is 1000rpm, 1500rpm and 2000rpm. This study is conducted in room temperature. Amine functional group demulsifier are used to study the destabilization of heavy oil in water emulsions. The demulsifier used in this study is hexylamine and dioctylamine. The viscosity of the oil in water emulsion was found to decrease as the oil content of the emulsion decreased, and the speed of mixing decreased. The stability of the crude oil-in-water emulsions increases as the oil content of the emulsions increases, the surfactant concentration increases, and the speed of mixing increases. Hexylamine remove more water over time in the destabilization process. Hence, hexylamine is a better demulsifier than dioctlamine. From this research it can be concluded that oil in water emulsion method can reduce the viscosity of heavy crude oil greatly.

Download or read book Pipeline Transportation for Heavy Crude Oil Via Oil in Water Emulsions written by Abdurahman Nour and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2011 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the combination of an increase in world energy demand and the decline of conventional oils, heavy crude oils have been presented as a relevant hydrocarbons resource for use in the future. Hydrocarbon resources are very important given that they account for approximately 65% of the world's overall energy resources. Currently, there are three general approaches for transportation of heavy and extra heavy oil: viscosity reduction, drag minimization and in-situ oil upgrading. This book introduces Another promising pipeline technique is the transport of viscous crudes as concentrated oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions.

Download or read book Practical Advances in Petroleum Processing written by Chang Samuel Hsu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-01-10 with total page 894 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes topics not found together in books on petroleum processing: economics, automation, process modeling, online optimization, safety, environmental protection Combines overviews of petroleum composition, refinery processes, process automation, and environmental protection with comprehensive chapters on recent advances in hydroprocessing, FCC, lubricants, hydrogen management Gives diverse perspectives, both geographic and topical, because contributors include experts from eight different countries in North America, Europe and Asia, representing oil companies, universities, catalyst vendors, process licensors, consultants and engineering contractors

Download or read book Flow Enhancement in Pipeline Transportation for Heavy Crude Oil Emulsion written by Nurul Hafiza Norden and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Processing of Heavy Crude Oils written by Ramasamy Marappa Gounder and published by . This book was released on 2019-12-18 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Pipeline Transportation of Heavy Crude Oil in water Emulsion written by Liyana Nadirah Mat Suli and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increasing world energy demand, heavy crude oils represent a significant energy supply that will play an important role. However these petroleum products are known to present technical challengers in all phase operation which is reservoir, transportation, and refining. The crude oil has high viscosity that would be challenge and difficult to transport via pipeline. This researched focus on two parts, first factors that effect stability of crude oil in water during transportation part. Second part is breaking oil in water emulsions. These investigations used 4 different types of surfactant to study stability part, and two types of demulsifiers for breaking the emulsion. The result showed increasing of oil content, the speed and temperature mixing of the emulsion resulted in increased emulsion stability. Span 80 is the most stable emulsifier for emulsion stability compared to the other surfactant. The graph plot between shear rate and shear stress shows the behavior of the crude oil. Demulsification of the stable crude oil in water emulsion was achieved by using hexylamine with 2% concentration which is the best demusifier.

Download or read book Emulsions and Oil Treating Equipment written by Maurice Stewart and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2008-12-30 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The problem of removing water which is emulsified with produced oil has grown more widespread and often times more difficult as producers attempt to access more difficult reserves. This practical guide is designed to help engineers and operators develop a "feel" for selection, sizing, and troubleshooting emulsion equipment. These skills are of vital importance to ensure low operating costs and to meet crude export quality specifications. The book is written for engineers and operators, who need advanced knowledge of the numerous techniques and the equipment used to destabilize and resolve petroleum emulsions problems. In Emulsions and Oil Treating Equipment: Selection, Sizing and Troubleshooting the author provides engineers and operators with a guide to understanding emulsion theory, methods and equipment, and practical design of a treating system. Comprehensive in its scope, the author explains methods such as: demulsifiers, temperature, electrostatics and non-traditional methods of modulated or pulsed voltage control, as well as equipment such as: electrostatic treater (dehydrator), separator, gunbarr heater-treater and free water knockout. Written in a "how to" format, it brings together hundreds of methods, handy formulas, diagrams and tables in one convenient book. - Detailed coverage emulsion equipment and removal methods - Tips for selecting, sizing, and operating emulsion equipment - Overview of emulsion theory and factors affecting treatment methods - Packed with equipment diagrams, worked out calculations covers equipment and removal methods

Download or read book Guide to the Practical Use of Chemicals in Refineries and Pipelines written by Johannes Karl Fink and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2016-05-09 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Guide to Practical Use of Chemicals in Refineries and Pipelines delivers a well-rounded collection of content, references, and patents to show all the practical chemical choices available for refinery and pipeline usage, along with their purposes, benefits, and general characteristics. Covering the full spectrum of downstream operations, this reference solves the many problems that engineers and managers currently face, including corrosion, leakage in pipelines, and pretreatment of heavy oil feedstocks, something that is of growing interest with today's unconventional activity. Additional coverage on special refinery additives and justification on why they react the way they do with other chemicals and feedstocks is included, along with a reference list of acronyms and an index of chemicals that will give engineers and managers the opportunity to recognize new chemical solutions that can be used in the downstream industry. - Presents tactics practitioners can use to effectively locate and utilize the right chemical application specific to their refinery or pipeline operation - Includes information on how to safely perform operations with coverage on environmental issues and safety, including waste stream treatment and sulfur removal - Helps readers understand the composition and applications of chemicals used in oil and gas refineries and pipelines, along with where they should be applied, and how their structure interacts when mixed at the refinery

Download or read book Wax Deposition written by Zhenyu Huang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-03-09 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wax Deposition: Experimental Characterizations, Theoretical Modeling, and Field Practices covers the entire spectrum of knowledge on wax deposition. The book delivers a detailed description of the thermodynamic and transport theories for wax deposition modeling as well as a comprehensive review of laboratory testing for the establishment of appropr

Download or read book Enhancement of Flow in Pipeline Transportation for Crude Oil Emulsion written by Sue Ann Khoo and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study presents the flow enhancement of crude oil in pipeline transportation using emulsion. High viscosity and low pour point of crude oil often hinder transportation from processing wells to the enhanced oil recovery reservoir. Therefore, a stable oil-in-water emulsion is desired, by comparing different types of surfactant. Demulsification process too is necessary to separate the oil in water. Emulsion was prepared using Span 80, Span 83, and Triton X-100 each respectively in a ratio of 70-30% o/w and 50-50% o/w. Parameters include varying mixing speed in emulsion preparation, temperature and rheological properties of the emulsion were studied by carrying out stability tests. Interfacial properties such as surface tension and interfacial tension of the emulsion were also measured. The effect of droplet diameter with surfactant concentration in the emulsion was also studied. The most stable emulsion was used for transportation in a 3meter pipeline. Rheological data on the emulsion was used to correlate to the laminar flow during transportation. Three demulsifiers: dioctylamine, cocoamine, hexylamine were used to compare for their effectiveness in demulsification. The study reveals that the stability of o/w emulsion increases when an anionic surfactant, Span 83, was used. By increasing the oil content, the speed and mixing temperature resulted in an increased emulsion stability, and a reduced droplet diameter. Dioctylamine proved to be the best demulsifier among cocoamine and hexylamine.

Download or read book Petroleum Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 1752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Oil in water Emulsion Enhancement for Viscious Crude Oil Flow in Pipeline written by Liyana Nadhirah Mat Suli and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 852 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Characterization Demulsification and Transportation of Heavy Crude Oil written by Abdurahman H. Nour and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2012-02 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stable concentrated oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared and their application for heavy oil pipeline transportation was investigated using very viscous Malaysian heavy crude oil. Two Malaysian heavy crude oil samples, Tapis and a blend of Tapis and Masilla, were used to produce heavy crude oil-in-water emulsions. The diverse factors affecting the properties and stability of emulsions were investigated. There was a restricted limit of 68 vol. % and 72 vol. % for crude oil content in the emulsions, and beyond that limit, the emulsion underwent phase inversion. The study revealed that the stability of the oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by Triton X-100 increases as the surfactant concentration increases, with a subsequent decrease in the crude oil-water interfacial tension (IFT). Increasing the oil content, the speed and duration of mixing, the salt concentration and the pH of the aqueous phase of the emulsion; resulted in increased emulsion stability, while increases in the temperature of the homogenization process substantially reduced the viscosity of the prepared emulsions.

Download or read book Rheological Characterization of Heavy Oil in Water Emulsions and Their Flowing Behaviour in Pipelines written by José G. Paternó N. and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: