Download or read book Operational Cost Estimates Space Shuttle written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Operational Cost Estimates Space Shuttle written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Operational Cost Estimates Space Shuttle Prepared by the Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications of the Committee on Science and Technology U S House of Representatives Ninety Fourth Congress Second Session written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Pricing Options for the Space Shuttle written by David H. Moore and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Space Transportation written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Space Transportation written by U S Government Accountability Office (G and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-06 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) estimates of the space shuttle's average cost per flight and marginal cost per flight, focusing on: (1) the costs NASA included or excluded from each estimate; and (2) how NASA should allocate these costs to payload missions that are transported to space in the shuttle. GAO found that: (1) the average cost per flight, estimated at $413.5 million in fiscal year 1993, includes most costs that NASA budgets as shuttle operations; (2) the average cost does not include any of the $30.2 billion spent through 1992 to develop the shuttle, acquire reusable hardware, and construct and modify facilities; (3) the average cost per flight does not include the more than $1 billion that NASA estimates will be needed annually for future shuttle upgrades and for improvements; (4) NASA estimated the marginal cost savings associated with deleting a single flight at $44.4 million; (5) NASA states that fixed costs required to maintain the capability to fly the shuttle eight or nine times per year account for 90 percent of the total operations cost of a flight; and (6) NASA uses the marginal cost per flight when attributing shuttle transportation costs to payloads because the elimination of a single flight in a given year would allow NASA to avoid only incremental costs.
Download or read book Upgrading the Space Shuttle written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-02-21 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The space shuttle is a unique national resource. One of only two operating vehicles that carries humans into space, the space shuttle functions as a scientific laboratory and as a base for construction, repair, and salvage missions in low Earth orbit. It is also a heavy-lift launch vehicle (able to deliver more than 18,000 kg of payload to low Earth orbit) and the only current means of returning large payloads to Earth. Designed in the 1970s, the shuttle has frequently been upgraded to improve safety, cut operational costs, and add capability. Additional upgrades have been proposed-and some are under way-to combat obsolescence, further reduce operational costs, improve safety, and increase the ability of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to support the space station and other missions. In May 1998, NASA asked the National Research Council (NRC) to examine the agency's plans for further upgrades to the space shuttle system. The NRC was asked to assess NASA's method for evaluating and selecting upgrades and to conduct a top-level technical assessment of proposed upgrades.
Download or read book NASA Must Reconsider Operations Pricing Policy to Compensate for Cost Growth on the Space Transportation System written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Analysis of Cost Estimates for the Space Shuttle and Two Alternate Programs of The National Aeronautics and Space Administration written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Analysis of Cost Estimates for the Space Shuttle and Two Alternate Programs written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book GAO Report on Analysis of Cost of Space Shuttle Program written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Astronautics. Subcommittee on Manned Space Flight and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Space Shuttle Cost Performance and Schedule Review written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Space Shuttle written by U S Government Accountability Office (G and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-08 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) efforts to reduce space shuttle operating costs, focusing on the: (1) potential for further cost reductions; and (2) impact of cost reductions on shuttle safety. GAO found that: (1) NASA has reduced its cumulative funding for shuttle operations by 22 percent from fiscal years (FY) 1992 to 1995 and its actual operating costs by 8.5 percent between FY 1992 and 1994; (2) additional funding reductions are needed to achieve NASA future budget projections, since program requirements will exceed budget estimates by at least 10 percent in FY 1996 through 2000; (3) it is unclear how NASA will further reduce its funding for shuttle operations; (4) if NASA cannot reduce its shuttle operating costs to match available funds in FY 1996 through 1999, the NASA budget must be increased or other program funding will have to be cut; and (5) although NASA has adequately considered shuttle safety in implementing these cost reductions, it is difficult for NASA to know how much further it can reduce costs without affecting safety.
Download or read book The Space Shuttle Decision written by T. A. Heppenheimer and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Long before the NASA was the throes of planning for the Apollo voyages to the Moon, many people had seen the need for a vehicle that could access space routinely. The idea of a reusable space shuttle dates at least to the theoretical rocketplane studies of the 1930s, but by the 1950s it had become an integral part of a master plan for space exploration. The goal of efficient access to space in a heavy-lift booster prompted NASA's commitment to the space shuttle as the vehicle to continue human space flight. By the mid-1960s, NASA engineers concluded that the necessary technology was within reach to enable the creation of a reusable winged space vehicle that could haul scientific and applications satellites of all types into orbit for all users. President Richard M. Nixon approved the effort to build the shuttle in 1972 and the first orbital flight took place in 1981. Although the development program was risky, a talented group of scientists and engineers worked to create this unique space vehicle and their efforts were largely successful. Since 1981, the various orbiters -Atlantis, Columbia, Discovery, Endeavour, and Challenger (lost in 1986 during the only Space Shuttle accident)- have made early 100 flights into space. Through 1998, the space shuttle has carried more than 800 major scientific and technological payloads into orbit and its astronaut crews have conducted more than 50 extravehicular activities, including repairing satellites and the initial building of the International Space Station. The shuttle remains the only vehicle in the world with the dual ability to deliver and return large payloads to and from orbit, and is also the world's most reliable launch system. The design, now almost three decades old, is still state-of-the-art in many areas, including computerized flight control, airframe design, electrical power systems, thermal protection system, and main engines. This significant new study of the decision to build the space shuttle explains the shuttle's origin and early development. In addition to internal NASA discussions, this work details the debates in the late 1960s and early 1970s among policymakers in Congress, the Air Force, and the Office of Management and Budget over the roles and technical designs of the shuttle. Examining the interplay of these organizations with sometimes conflicting goals, the author not only explains how the world's premier space launch vehicle came into being, but also how politics can interact with science, technology, national security, and economics in national government.
Download or read book NASA Program Costs written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Analysis of Cost Estimates for the Space Shuttle and Two Alternate Programs written by United States Accounting Office (GAO) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-06-25 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analysis of Cost Estimates for the Space Shuttle and Two Alternate Programs
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
