Download or read book OECD Economic Surveys Estonia 2019 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2019-12-17 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Estonia’s economy continues to perform well, and growing incomes support well-being. However, the expansion has peaked, and growth is set to soften due to weak international demand. Prudent fiscal policy has resulted in low debt, but spending pressures related to meeting infrastructure needs and ageing are mounting. Old age poverty is high and the proposal to allow early withdrawal of pension funds threatens macroeconomic stability and pension adequacy. The gender wage gap is among the highest in the OECD, and inequalities in income and health are considerable, reflecting gaps in the social safety net. The oil-shale sector is highly energy-intensive and is the main culprit behind Estonia’s high greenhouse gas emissions, but reducing dependence on the sector is challenging, as it is an important employer and meets 70% of Estonia’s energy needs.
Download or read book Oecd Economic Surveys Estonia 2019 written by Oecd and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book OECD Economic Surveys Japan 2019 written by OECD and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Japan's current economic expansion is its longest of the post-war era, with per capita output growth nearly matching the OECD area since 2012. However, the expansion has peaked and global uncertainties weigh on the outlook. Growth is projected to continue at a moderate rate, supported by expansionary monetary policies and fiscal measures to offset the 2019 consumption tax rate hike. Notwithstanding rising female participation, labour shortages are intensifying, reflecting Japan's shrinking and ageing population, thus underlining the importance of labour market reform. Traditional labour practices, such as seniority-based wages and mandatory retirement, are poorly suited to the era of 100-year lives. Comprehensive reforms, including abolishing the right of firms to set mandatory retirement and removing obstacles to female employment, are essential. Population ageing also puts further upward pressure on public social spending and government debt, which relative to GDP is already the highest ever recorded in the OECD area. Japan needs a comprehensive fiscal consolidation plan covering specific spending cuts and revenue increases to ensure fiscal sustainability. It is essential to contain the rise in health and long-term care spending, while expanding the joint provision of local public services across jurisdictions and developing compact cities in the context of depopulation. SPECIAL FEATURES: LABOUR REFORM IN AN AGEING SOCIETY; ENSURING FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY
Download or read book OECD Economic Surveys India 2019 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2019-12-24 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: India has been a growth champion in recent years and has succeeded in taming inflation, the current account deficit and non-performing loans. India's participation in the global economy has risen, with outstanding performances in some services, while the largest diaspora in the world is an asset in developing new markets. India has also lifted many millions of people out of poverty and has made access to housing for all a priority. Ambitious structural reforms -- including better targeted household support, financial inclusion initiatives, the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax, the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, the new approach to federalism and the corporate income tax reform -- have played a key role.
Download or read book OECD Economic Surveys Switzerland 2019 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2019-11-04 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Swiss citizens continue to enjoy high living standards on a range of dimensions. Economic growth has slowed but the healthy labour market is still supporting incomes and consumption. However, risks to the outlook are building. Monetary policy has been very accommodative but low interest rates are adding to financial risks. Fiscal policy is sound and debt low. There is scope to make greater use of available fiscal space. Adapting to population ageing is becoming pressing. This trend, along with digital transformation, will bring new opportunities for the economy and society, but challenges as well. Policies have not kept up with rising life expectancy, particularly the statutory retirement age. Updating the pension system and lowering barriers to working longer would ensure that workers continue to receive adequate incomes during retirement.
Download or read book OECD Economic Surveys Estonia 2024 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2024-05-07 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Estonian living standards have doubled since 2000 and income convergence was steady prior to the pandemic, although per capita GDP and productivity remain below the OECD averages. The economy experienced a severe downturn due to disruptions in trade, weaker export demand, high inflation and tight monetary conditions. With improvements in external demand, growth should start to recover this year.
Download or read book OECD Economic Surveys Estonia 2011 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2011-04-18 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 2011 edition of OECD's periodic economic survey of Estonia's economy. This edition includes chapters covering emerging from the recessions, fiscal policy, public sector spending efficiency, and making the most of globalisation.
Download or read book OECD Economic Surveys New Zealand 2019 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2019-06-25 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Well-being in New Zealand is generally high, although there is room for improvement in incomes, housing affordability, distribution, water quality and GHG emissions. Economic growth is projected to remain around 21⁄2 per cent. The main risks to the outlook are rising trade restrictions and a housing market correction. Labour market reforms have been initiated to increase wages for the low paid but will need to be implemented cautiously to minimise potential adverse effects. Substantial planned increases in bank capital requirements should reduce the expected costs of financial crises but might reduce economic activity.
Download or read book OECD Economic Surveys Mexico 2019 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2019-05-14 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mexico’s robust macroeconomic policy framework has supported moderate growth despite several headwinds in recent years. However, low productivity growth has hindered Mexico’s convergence to higher-income OECD countries and inequalities remain high. These factors call for a renewed strategy to boost productivity and inclusiveness.
Download or read book OECD Economic Surveys written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book OECD Economic Surveys Latvia 2019 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2019-06-18 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Latvia enjoys strong economic growth and the catch up with living standards in higher income OECD countries continues. Much remains to be done, though, to close the remaining gap and improve equal access to social protection and economic opportunities. Latvia faces one of the fastest declines in its working age population among OECD countries due to ageing and migration. Strong productivity growth is needed to counter this demographic challenge and improve living standards faster.
Download or read book OECD Economic Surveys China 2019 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2019-05-16 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Economic Survey of China assesses the country’s recent macroeconomic performance and proposes policy measures to promote higher-quality growth. Policy recommendations relate to how to integrate product and labour markets and enhance inclusiveness.
Download or read book OECD Economic Surveys Estonia 2015 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2015-01-28 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: OECD's 2015 Economic Survey of Estonia examines recent economic developments, prospects and policy. Special chapters cover openness and raising productivity and making the most of human capital.
Download or read book OECD Economic Surveys Estonia 2022 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2022-06-28 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its independence, Estonia has made tremendous progress towards greater economic prosperity. Estonia enjoys solid institutions, political stability, a strong and credible fiscal policy, as well as a robust financial sector. Estonia is also a frontrunner in digital governance and innovation. Stable and secure digital services are in fact one of the factors that have allowed Estonia to cushion better than others the sanitary and economic shock from the pandemic.
Download or read book OECD Economic Surveys Estonia 2017 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2017-09-15 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Estonian economy displays numerous strengths, including an excellent business environment, high educational attainment, and solid public finances. However, around a quarter of the population is still at risk of poverty and productivity growth has slowed down.
Download or read book OECD Economic Surveys Estonia 2012 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2012-10-01 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: OECD's 2012 Economic Survey of Estonia examines recent economic developments, policy, and prospects. In addition it includes special chapters covering macroeconomic volatility and skills and poverty.
Download or read book OECD Economic Surveys Estonia 2022 written by OECD. and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
