Download or read book Ocean Current and Wave Effects on Wind Stress Drag Coefficient Over the Global Ocean written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of ocean surface currents and dominant waves on the wind stress drag coefficient (C0) are examined over the global ocean. Major findings are as follows: (2) the combination of both ocean wave and current speeds can result in reductions in daily C0 (>10%), but the notable impact of the latter is only evident in the tropical Pacific Ocean; (2) the presence of waves generally makes winds weaker and C0 lower almost everywhere over the global ocean; (3) strong ocean currents near the western boundaries (Kuroshio and Gulf Stream) do not substantially influence C0 since the winds and currents are not always aligned; and (4) the change in speed used in bulk flux parameterization also causes large changes in fluxes. Globally, the combined outcome of ocean currents and waves is to reduce C0 by about (2%), but spatial variations (0% to 14%) do exist.
Download or read book Wind Stress Over the Ocean written by Ian S. F. Jones and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2001-09-24 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive 2001 volume for researchers and graduate students in oceanography, meteorology, fluid dynamics and coastal engineering.
Download or read book Wind Stress Drag Coefficient Over the Global Ocean written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interannual and climatological variations of wind stress drag coefficient are examined over the global ocean from 1998 to 2004. Here CD is calculated using high temporal resolution (3- and 6-hourly) surface atmospheric variables from two datasets: 1)the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and 2) the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System. The stability-dependent CD algorithm applied to both datasets gives almost identical values over most of the global ocean, confirming the validity of results. Overall, major findings of this paper are as follows: 1) the CD value can change significantly (e.g, greater than 50%) on 12-hourly time scales around the Kuroshio and Gulf Stream current systems: 2) there is strong seasonal variability in CD, but there is not much interannual change in the spatial variability for a given month; 3) a global mean Cd ~ 1.25 x 10-3 is found in all months, while CD is less than or equal to 1.5 x 10-3 is prevalent over the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans and in southern high-latitude regions as well. and CD is less than or equal to 1.0 x 10-3 is typical in the eastern equatorial Pacific cold tongue; and 4) including the effects of air-sea stability on CD generally causes an increase of less than 20% in comparison to the one calculated based on neutral conditions in the tropical regions. Finally, spatially and temporally varying CD fields are therefore needed for a variety of climate and air-sea interaction studies.
Download or read book Wind and Wave Forcing of Longshore Currents Across a Barred Beach written by Dennis James Whitford and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Previous investigations of longshore currents have included simplifying assumptions and restriction (such as a planar beach, a steady and depth uniform flow, spatially-variant bed shear stress and turbulent momentum exchange, and the exclusion of surface wind stress. These assumptions are quantitatively investigated by calculating the relative importance of each term in the longshore momentum balance with an emphasis on the relative importance of wind forcing across the barred nearshore. Wind and wave forcing of longshore currents across a barred beach are examined using both a numerical model and field measurements. A local momentum balance was measured at various locations across the surf zone during the SUPERDUCK experiment held at the USACE CERC Field Research Facility, Duck, N.C. in October 1986. A moveable sled was instrumented with pressure, current, and wind sensors to measure the various terms in the longshore momentum equation. Stability-dependent atmospheric drag coefficients for the surf zone are determined from wind stress measurements acquired just beyond the surf zone and wind speed measurements acquired from an anemometer atop the 9 m sled mast. Breaking waves were visually identified and electronically marked on the data tapes. Keywords: Ocean currents; Air water interactions; Nearshore surf zone; Wind stress; Theses. (EDC).
Download or read book Ice Mechanics for Geophysical and Civil Engineering Applications written by Ryszard Staroszczyk and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-29 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the concepts and tools of ice mechanics, together with examples of their application in the fields of glaciology, climate research and civil engineering in cold regions. It starts with an account of the most important physical properties of sea and polar ice treated as an anisotropic polycrystalline material, and reviews relevant field observations and experimental measurements. The book focuses on theoretical descriptions of the material behaviour of ice in different stress, deformation and deformation-rate regimes on spatial scales ranging from single ice crystals, those typical in civil engineering applications, up to scales of thousands of kilometres, characteristic of large, grounded polar ice caps in Antarctica and Greenland. In addition, it offers a range of numerical formulations based on either discrete (finite-element, finite-difference and smoothed particle hydrodynamics) methods or asymptotic expansion methods, which have been used by geophysicists, theoretical glaciologists and civil engineers to simulate the behaviour of ice in a number of problems of importance to glaciology and civil engineering, and discusses the results of these simulations. The book is intended for scientists, engineers and graduate students interested in mathematical and numerical modelling of a wide variety of geophysical and civil engineering problems involving natural ice.
Download or read book The Interaction of Ocean Waves and Wind written by Peter Janssen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2004-10-28 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book was published in 2004. The Interaction of Ocean Waves and Wind describes in detail the two-way interaction between wind and ocean waves and shows how ocean waves affect weather forecasting on timescales of 5 to 90 days. Winds generate ocean waves, but at the same time airflow is modified due to the loss of energy and momentum to the waves; thus, momentum loss from the atmosphere to the ocean depends on the state of the waves. This volume discusses ocean wave evolution according to the energy balance equation. An extensive overview of nonlinear transfer is given, and as a by-product the role of four-wave interactions in the generation of extreme events, such as freak waves, is discussed. Effects on ocean circulation are described. Coupled ocean-wave, atmosphere modelling gives improved weather and wave forecasts. This volume will interest ocean wave modellers, physicists and applied mathematicians, and engineers interested in shipping and coastal protection.
Download or read book Ocean Engineering Science written by Bernard Le Méhauté and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2005-06-28 with total page 1340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Global Ocean Wind Stress Climatology Based on ECMWF Analyses written by Kevin E. Trenberth and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Influences of Surface Waves on the Open Ocean Wind Stress Vector written by Karl Frederik Rieder and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Wind Waves in Oceans written by Igor Lavrenov and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of sea waves has always been in the focus of mankind's atten tion. This is attributed not only to a desire to understand the behaviour in seas and oceans, but also, it has some practical necessity. Developing up-to date wind wave numerical methods requires detailed mathematical modelling, starting with wave generation, development, propagation and transformation on the surface in different water areas under quasi-stationary conditions, up to a synthesis of climatic features observed under different wave generation conditions in oceans, sea or coastal areas. The present monograph considers wind waves in terms of the most general formulation of the problem as a probable hydrodynamic process with wide spatial variability. It ranges between the global scale of the oceans, whose typical size is comparable with the Earth's radius, to the regional and local scales of the seas, including water areas limited in space with significant current or depth gradients in coastal zones, where waves cease their existence having propagated tens of thousand miles.
Download or read book Waves in Oceanic and Coastal Waters written by Leo H. Holthuijsen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-02-04 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Waves in Oceanic and Coastal Waters describes the observation, analysis and prediction of wind-generated waves in the open ocean, in shelf seas, and in coastal regions with islands, channels, tidal flats and inlets, estuaries, fjords and lagoons. Most of this richly illustrated book is devoted to the physical aspects of waves. After introducing observation techniques for waves, both at sea and from space, the book defines the parameters that characterise waves. Using basic statistical and physical concepts, the author discusses the prediction of waves in oceanic and coastal waters, first in terms of generalised observations, and then in terms of the more theoretical framework of the spectral energy balance. He gives the results of established theories and also the direction in which research is developing. The book ends with a description of SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore), the preferred computer model of the engineering community for predicting waves in coastal waters.
Download or read book Wind Over Wave Couplings written by S. G. Sajjadi and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 1999-04-29 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the most familiar phenomena on the planet, water waves remain an elusive question for science. The way in which wind blows over water and causes waves is a very active area of research for applied mathematicians, as well as for oceanographers and engineers. The basic mechanisms are still a matter of controversy, although the use of modern techniques of asymptotic and non-linear analysis and large-scale computation, as well as experimental structures, are beginning to reveal the underlying mechanics. These studies are resulting in increasingly powerful methods of forecasting waves and of gauging and controlling their effects on such things as sediment, pollution, and offshore structures. This volume covers the wide range of current research on the relationship between wind and waves and includes contributions from many of the leading authorities in the field.
Download or read book Ocean Atmosphere Interactions written by Y. Toba and published by The Rosen Publishing Group. This book was released on 2003-08-31 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an up-to-date analysis of ocean-atmosphere interaction. Well known experts examine diverse subjects such as ocean surface waves, air-sea exchange processes, ocean surface mixed layer, water-mass formation, as well as general circulation of the oceans, El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the deep-ocean circulation. Other areas described are basic dynamics, data analysis techniques, numerical modelling, and remote sensing. This book is primarily aimed at graduate and senior undergraduate courses in the area of ocean-atmosphere research.
Download or read book Wind Over Waves written by S G Sajjadi and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2003-07-01 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses ocean wave processes and turbulence as they affect oceanography, meteorology, marine and coastal engineering. It will enable applied mathematicians, seafarers, and all others affected by these phenomena to predict and control wave effects on shipping safety, weather forecasting, offshore structures, sediment pollution, and ice dynamics in polar regions. The focus is on analytical and computational methods for solving equations of motion and studying non-linear aspects of waves and turbulence. Results included show how sudden gusts and winds over waves can modify the mechanisms of wave-breaking and oceanic turbulence. The book records the proceedings of the Wind Over Waves conference of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications at Churchill College, Cambridge. Co-sponsors with the IMA are the Institute of Civil Engineers and the Royal Meteorological Society. Addresses ocean wave processes and turbulence as they affect oceanography, meteorology, marine and coastal engineering Focuses on analytical and computational methods for solving equations of motion and studying non-linear aspects of waves and turbulence Records the proceedings of the Wind Over Waves conference of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications at Churchill College, Cambridge
Download or read book Nearshore Wind stress Measurements written by Charles E. Long and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wind stress, as a forcing term in nearshore circulation and wave generation models, is commonly represented as a product of the square of representative mean wind speed times a closure (or drag) coefficient. Specification of a drag coefficient then becomes a problem of great concern because it contains implicitly all of the physics of air-sea interaction and atmospheric boundary layer flow. A review of recent observations indicates that drag coefficients can vary by a factor of ten or more. In the simple case of steady, uniform winds blowing over the open ocean, the drag coefficient is simply a function of sea surface roughness and total mass flux. However, in the more common cases of interest to the Corps of Engineers, water depths are frequently shallow (in the sense of wind-wave behavior) and conditions are often unsteady and nonuniform. From a survey of recent theoretical considerations and associated field experiments, it is evident that drag coefficients in shallow and nearshore waters depend on a broader suite of parameters than in the open ocean case. Among these are more detailed characterizations of sea state, water surface currents, wind direction, water depth, and distance from shore as well as buoyancy parameters. To help clarify this dependency, a two-part experiment has been conducted wherein all of the hypothetically relevant parameters have been measured. (FR).
Download or read book Ocean Dynamics written by Dirk Olbers and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-04-27 with total page 717 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ocean Dynamics’ is a concise introduction to the fundamentals of fluid mechanics, non-equilibrium thermodynamics and the common approximations for geophysical fluid dynamics, presenting a comprehensive approach to large-scale ocean circulation theory. The book is written on the physical and mathematical level of graduate students in theoretical courses of physical oceanography, meteorology and environmental physics. An extensive bibliography and index, extensive side notes and recommendations for further reading, and a comparison with the specific atmospheric physics where applicable, makes this volume also a useful reading for researchers. Each of the four parts of the book – fundamental laws, common approximations, ocean waves, oceanic turbulence and eddies, and selected aspects of ocean dynamics – starts with elementary considerations, blending then classical topics with more advanced developments of fluid mechanics and theoretical oceanography. The last part covers the theory of the global wind-driven circulation in homogeneous and stratified regimes, the circulation and overturning in the Southern Ocean, and the global meridional overturning and thermohaline-driven circulation. Emphasis is placed on simple physical models rather than access to extensive numerical results, enabling students to understand and reproduce the complex theory mostly by analytical means. All equations and models are derived in detail and illustrated by numerous figures. The appendix provides short excursions into the mathematical background, such as vector analysis, statistics, and differential equations
Download or read book Breaking and Dissipation of Ocean Surface Waves written by Alexander Babanin and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-05-19 with total page 479 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wave breaking represents one of the most interesting and challenging problems for fluid mechanics and physical oceanography. Over the last fifteen years our understanding has undergone a dramatic leap forward, and wave breaking has emerged as a process whose physics is clarified and quantified. Ocean wave breaking plays the primary role in the air-sea exchange of momentum, mass and heat, and it is of significant importance for ocean remote sensing, coastal and ocean engineering, navigation and other practical applications. This book outlines the state of the art in our understanding of wave breaking and presents the main outstanding problems. It is a valuable resource for anyone interested in this topic, including researchers, modellers, forecasters, engineers and graduate students in physical oceanography, meteorology and ocean engineering.
