Download or read book Ocean Bottom Seismometer Measurements on the Gorda Ridge written by L. Dale Bibee and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Gorda Ridge written by Gregory R. McMurray and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 509 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gorda Ridge presents a primarily technical summary of recent advances in seafloor research related to mineral exploration of the only seafloor spreading center within the United States' Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Spreading centers are known to be the locus of hydrothermal activity and to host mineral deposits of hydrothermal origin. The book includes sections on the results of mineral exploration on Gorda Ridge, the newest technologies for mineral exploration and sampling on the seafloor, and the evolving field of hydrothermal vent biology and ecology. What makes the book unique is that it is: 1) a site book, 2) a truly multidisciplinary summation of the state of the art in complementary areas of deep ocean geology and biology, and 3) a marker in the evolution of federal-state relations concerning ocean development.
Download or read book Geologic Hydrothermal and Biologic Studies at Escanaba Trough Gorda Ridge Offshore Northern California written by Geological Survey (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book U S Geological Survey Bulletin written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Gorda Ridge Area Proposed Polymetallic Sulfide Minerals Lease Offering written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Thermally Driven Circulation written by Haim Nelkien and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 762 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several problems connected by the theme of thermal forcing are addressed herein. The main topic is the stratification and flow field resulting from imposing a specified heat flux on a fluid that is otherwise confined to a rigid insulating basin. In addition to the traditional eddy viscosity and diffusivity, turbulent processes are also included by a convective overturning adjustment at locations where the local density field is unstable. Two classes of problems are treated. The first is the large scale meridional pattern of a fluid in an annulus. The detailed treatment is carried out in two steps. In the beginning (chapter 2) it is assumed that the fluid is very diffusive, hence, to first approximation no flow field is present. It is found that the convective overturning adjustment changes the character of the stratification in all the regions that are cooled from the top, resulting in a temperature field that is nearly depth independent in the northernmost latitudes. The response to a seasonal cycle in the forcing, and the differences between averaging the results from the end of each season compared to driving the fluid by a mean forcing are analyzed. In particular, the resulting sea surface temperature is warmer in the former procedure. This observation is important in models where the heat flux is sensitive to the gradient of air to sea surface temperatures. The analysis of the problem continues in chapter 5 where the contribution of the flow field is included in the same configuration. The dimensionless parameter controlling the circulation is now the Rayleigh number, which is a measure of the relative importance of gravitational and viscous forces. The effects of the convective overturning adjustment is investigated at different Rayleigh numbers. It is shown that not only is the stratification now always stable, but also that the vigorous vertical mixing reduces the effective Rayleigh number; thereby the flow field is more moderate, the thermocline deepens, and the horizontal surface temperature gradients are weaker. The interior of the fluid is colder compared to cases without convective overturning, and, because the amount of heat in the system is assumed to be fixed, the surface temperature is warmer. The fluid is not only forced by a mean heat flux, or a seasonally varying one, but its behavior under permanent winter and summer conditions is also investigated. A steady state for the experiments where the net heat flux does not vanish is defined as that state where the flow field and temperature structure are not changing with time except for an almost uniform temperature decrease or increase everywhere. It is found that when winter conditions prevail the circulation is very strong, while it is rather weak for continuous summer forcing. In contrast to those results, if a yearly cycle is imposed, the circulation tends to reach a minimum in the winter time and a maximum in the summer. This suggests that, depending on the Rayleigh number, there is a phase leg of several months between the response of the ocean and the imposed forcing. Differences between the two averaging procedures mentioned before are also observed when the flow field is present, especially for large Rayleigh numbers. The circulation is found to be weaker and the sea surface temperature colder in the mean of the seasonal realizations compared to the steady state derived by the mean forcing. As an extension to the numerical results, an analytic model is presented in chapter 4 for a similar annular configuration. The assumed dynamics is a bit different, with a mixed layer on top of a potential vorticity conserving interior. It is demonstrated that the addition of the thermal wind balance to the conservation of potential vorticity in the axially symmetric problem leads to the result that typical fluid trajectories in the interior are straight lines pointing downward going north to south. The passage of information in the system is surprisingly in the opposite sense to the clockwise direction of the flow. A model for water mass formation by buoyancy loss in the absence of a flow field is introduced in chapter 3. The idea behind it is to use the turbulent mixing parameterization to generate chimney-like structures in open water, followed by along-isopycnal advection and diffusion. This model can be applied to many observations of mode water. In particular, in this work it is related to the chimneys observed by the MEDOC Group (1970), and the Levantine Intermediate Water in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin. An analytic prediction of the depth of the water mass is derived and depends on the forcing and initial stratification. It suggests that the depth of shallow mode water like the 18°C water or the Levantine Intermediate Water would not be very sensitive to reasonable changes in atmospheric forcing. Similar conclusions were also reached by Warren (1972) by assuming that the temperature in the thermocline decreases linearly with depth, and by approximating the energy balance in a water column by a Newtonian cooling law.
Download or read book Open file Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bibliography and Index of Geology written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 1416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Summary Report Fiscal Year written by Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Annual Report of Ad Hoc Committee on Geodynamics to the Federal Council for Science and Technology written by Federal Council for Science and Technology (U.S.). Ad Hoc Committee on Geodynamics and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Structure and Development of the Greenland Scotland Ridge written by Martin H. P. Bott and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 675 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A group of geoscientists from a number of NATO countries met under NATO sponsorship in Copenhagen on February 27 and 28, 1978, and formulated a proposal entitled "EVOLUTION OF THE GREENLAND ICELAND-FAEROE-SCOTLAND RIDGE, A KEY AREA IN MARINE GEOSCIENCE". This part of the North Atlantic Ocean is of particular interest because of its anomalously shallow bathymetry which has profoundly influenced many aspects of the evolution of the North Atlantic. The proposed investigations therefore aim to study the deep crustal structure including relationship of continental and oceanic crust, history of subsidence of the ridge including its past role as a land bridge, age of the oceanic basement along it and its history of formation, and the influence of the ridge on Tertiary and Quaternary depositional palaeoenvironments. In furtherance of this proposal, it is intended to carry out a series of seismic and drilling operations on the Ridge during the coming years. These major marine investigations will be mainly funded from national sources. An important preliminary stage to the project is the collec tion and synthesis of available data. NATO has already approved a small budget for this purpose which has enabled a geoscientist to work partly at the Department of Geological Sciences of Durham University, UK, and partly at Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, USA, for about six months to compile the data. The most important map showing magnetic anomalies and lineations in the area, is included in a pocket at the back of this volume.
Download or read book Evolution of Mid Ocean Ridges written by John M. Sinton and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 1989 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Outgrowth of IUGG Union Symposium 9 held during the 1987 IUGG General Assembly at Vancouver, Canada, and jointly sponsored by IAVCEI and others.
Download or read book Bibliography and Index of the Geology and Mineral Resources of Washington 1963 1980 written by Connie Manson and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Solid Earth written by C. M. R. Fowler and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 746 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fully up-dated edition of this acclaimed undergraduate geophysics textbook.
Download or read book Mid Ocean Ridges written by Johnson Robin Cann and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1999-07-22 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covers the most important problems that arise at mid-ocean ridges; for researchers working in the earth sciences.
Download or read book Annual Report Fiscal Year written by Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Annual Report written by Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
