Download or read book Occurrence and Fate of Trace Organic Contaminants in Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems and Implications for Water Quality Management written by Kathleen E. Conn and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Occurrence and Fate of Trace Organic Chemicals in Soil Treatment Units Associated with Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems written by Jennifer Teerlink and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Organic Contaminants in Waste Water Sludge and Sediment written by D. Quaghebeur and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-09-02 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of a workshop held in Brussels, Belgium, 26-27 October 1988, under the auspices of COST European Cooperation in Scientific and Technology Research - COST 641 and 681.
Download or read book Fate and Transport of Trace Organic Compounds in Various Ecosystems written by Alandra Kahl and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For perhaps eleven months of the year, surface water flow in the Santa Cruz River consists entirely of wastewater effluent from the Roger Road Wastewater Treatment Plant (RRWTP) and the Ina Road Water Pollution Control Facility (IRWPCF). Like other conventional plants that treat primarily domestic wastewater, effluents from the RRWTP and IRWPCF contain numerous trace organic contaminants--an unintended consequence of our reliance on water to carry waste from points of generation to central treatment facilities. The fates of these compounds in the environment are not entirely clear since the instruments necessary to measure process-dependent changes in concentrations at levels relevant to environmental health are just now coming into widespread use. Chemical fate during planned or incidental infiltration and transport to points of recovery is therefore relevant to the quality of delivered water, as water and contaminants are transported in surface waters and unintentionally reused. Interventions that reduce human and environmental exposures to contaminants present in this water, including natural processes, are thus important to protect human health. Here, it is hypothesized that there is a reasonably continuous discharge of trace organics from wastewater treatment effluents to the Santa River. Because the river is effluent dependent, and travel times can be determined from gauging station flows, some measure of fate and transport of trace organics in the surface water can be obtained. The relative levels of trace contaminants in wastewater treatment plant effluent and downstream waters will provide compound specific attenuations due to dilution with native ground water, sorption on sediments, biodegradation, etc. If destructive mechanisms can be distinguished from dilution, the resultant analysis will be of general interest--an indication of the combination of travel distance and time of travel that is necessary to protect the public when recovered water is eligible for unrestricted potable use without additional treatment. Primary Objectives. *To measure the time-dependent changes in trace organic composition of Santa Cruz River water. *To determine if correlations between known quantities such as biodegradation can be correlated to compound attenuation or persistence during travel. *To apply conclusions from the Tucson data set to other location where dilution and time of travel are also contributing factors; Austin TX and Boston MA. In Tucson, the data suggests that relatively biodegradable compounds are removed by natural processes on a time scale of hours. In areas where dilution and time of travel differ from the Tucson area; such as the Boston area, greater transport distances and times of travel in the Charles River (Boston area) resulted in natural attenuation of most compounds measured, suggesting that even biochemically persistent compounds such as carbamazepine, TCEP and sulfamethoxazole are attenuated to a degree during in-stream transport over periods of days to weeks. The mechanism(s) for these removals is not clear, and the effects of dilution from tributaries are uncertain despite efforts to account for those flows. The limited data from a dry period in a short stream reach in the Little Colorado River (Austin), which was also analyzed, generally support this picture. With one or two exceptions (e.g. DEET), there is limited evidence of compound attenuation between the two proximate monitoring points. Overall, the data indicate that natural mechanisms can be counted on to biochemically degrade or physiochemically transform many of the trace contaminants that are added to surface streams in municipal wastewater effluents. Time scales for compound disappearance range from hours (for relatively biodegradable compounds) to weeks. Although none of the contaminants reported on here is now subject to US federal drinking water regulations, the human health effects of long-term chronic exposure to multiple trace organic contaminants at sub-ppb levels remain uncertain. Environmental impacts are generally acknowledged. Cost effective risk management due to trace organic exposure may eventually include reliance on natural attenuation during in-stream transport to downstream points of reuse.
Download or read book Comprehensive Water Quality and Purification written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-09-24 with total page 1537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive Water Quality and Purification, Four Volume Set provides a rich source of methods for analyzing water to assure its safety from natural and deliberate contaminants, including those that are added because of carelessness of human endeavors. Human development has great impact on water quality, and new contaminants are emerging every day. The issues of sampling for water analysis, regulatory considerations, and forensics in water quality and purity investigations are covered in detail. Microbial as well as chemical contaminations from inorganic compounds, radionuclides, volatile and semivolatile compounds, disinfectants, herbicides, and pharmaceuticals, including endocrine disruptors, are treated extensively. Researchers must be aware of all sources of contamination and know how to prescribe techniques for removing them from our water supply. Unlike other works published to date that concentrate on issues of water supply, water resource management, hydrology, and water use by industry, this work is more tightly focused on the monitoring and improvement of the quality of existing water supplies and the recovery of wastewater via new and standard separation techniques Using analytical chemistry methods, offers remediation advice on pollutants and contaminants in addition to providing the critical identification perspective The players in the global boom of water purification are numerous and varied. Having worked extensively in academia and industry, the Editor-in-Chief has been careful about constructing a work for a shared audience and cause
Download or read book Potable Water written by Tamim Younos and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-09-15 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a unique and comprehensive glimpse of current and emerging issues of concern related to potable water. The themes discussed include: (1) historical perspective of the evolution of drinking water science and technology and drinking water standards and regulations; (2) emerging contaminants, water distribution problems and energy demand for water treatment and transportation; and (3) using alternative water sources and methods of water treatment and distribution that could resolve current and emerging global potable problems. This volume will serve as a valuable resource for researchers and environmental engineering students interested in global potable water sustainability and a guide to experts affiliated with international agencies working toward providing safe water to global communities.
Download or read book Occurrence fate and transport of trace organic contaminants in the soil aquifer treatment process of water reclamation written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This manual contains overview information on treatment technologies, installation practices, and past performance."--Introduction.
Download or read book Effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Drivers on Emerging Organic Contaminants in Wastewater and Drinking Water Systems written by Faith Awino Kibuye and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Indirect potable water reuse is considered an effective management practice for augmenting declining water resources. However, the occurrence of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) such as prescription and non-prescription drugs, health and beauty products, among others in wastewater effluent challenges reuse practices due to the underlying risk to aquatic ecosystem health and potential human health impacts. It is important therefore to understand the fate, transport and risks of EOCs in surface and groundwater drinking water sources that are impacted by various indirect potable reuse practices. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the occurrence and removal of selected EOCs during wastewater treatment, assess their fate, transport and risks in impacted surface and groundwater sources, and evaluate their removal during conventional drinking water treatment. While land application of wastewater effluent is beneficial for recharging groundwater aquifers and avoiding direct pollutant discharges to surface waters, it provides a pathway of EOCs that persist in wastewater effluent to underlying aquifers. The extent to which effluent irrigation activities at the Penn State Living Filter has impacted groundwater was investigated. Commonly used pharmaceuticals (acetaminophen, ampicillin, caffeine, naproxen, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim) were targeted for analysis in wastewater influent, effluent and monitoring wells at the spray irrigation site. In wastewater influent, acetaminophen and trimethoprim were the most frequently detected (93%) above the limit of quantification (LOQ), while in the effluent, caffeine and trimethoprim were detected most frequently (70%). Acetaminophen and caffeine were generally well removed (>88%) during wastewater treatment while other compounds including antibiotics and the anti-inflammatory drug naproxen were removed to a lesser extent and in some cases, were present at higher concentrations in effluent samples. The removal efficiencies of the pharmaceuticals varied seasonally with the least removals recorded in colder months. The impact of long-term wastewater irrigation on groundwater was observed through the presence of studied compounds at levels above the LOQ. Detection frequencies were however lower in groundwater samples compared to the effluent, with sulfamethoxazole (40%) and caffeine (32%) as the most frequently detected compounds. Similarly, average concentrations of pharmaceuticals in groundwater were nearly two orders of magnitude lower than concentrations in the effluent. Effluent irrigation performs an ecosystem service by mitigating an ecosystem risk to aquatic organisms as wastewater effluent posing medium to high risk to aquatic systems is not discharged directly in streams but allowed to infiltrate through the soil and decrease in concentration before recharging groundwater. Furthermore, human health risk assessments indicate that concentrations of studied EOCs in groundwater, which is used as a drinking water source, appear to pose minimal risk.Domestic drinking water wells are common in the U.S. and serve about 1 million homes and farms in the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. These private wells are often located in areas served by onsite wastewater treatment systems such as septic systems where treated domestic wastewater effluent is discharged in subsurface leach fields for further treatment before recharging groundwater. The occurrence, range of concentrations, and potential human health risks of seven pharmaceutical compounds (acetaminophen, ampicillin, caffeine, naproxen, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim) in 26 private wells located in central PA were evaluated. Ofloxacin (100%) and sulfamethoxazole (58%) were the most frequently detected compounds while naproxen was not detected in any sample and other pharmaceuticals were present in
Download or read book Contaminants in Drinking and Wastewater Sources written by Manish Kumar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-06-29 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume takes a multidisciplinary approach to study and evaluate the global human vulnerability to the exposure of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in the natural environment. It provides a comprehensive resource on structurally diverse groups of chemical compounds that have adverse effects on the aquatic environment. It explores the global strength, environmental status, chemical risk assessment and management strategies of CECs with relevant modern techniques. The principle focus is on concurrent emerging water quality issues. It defines the impacts of the environmental exposure of trace concentrations of CECs and/or their metabolites and discusses possible technological advances to combat the emerging pollutants. It will be useful to researchers, multi-stakeholder expert groups, policymakers, and graduate students.
Download or read book A Pilot Study on the Assessment of Trace Organic Contaminants Including Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products from On site Wastewater Treatment Systems Along Skaneateles Lake in New York State USA written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Water and Wastewater written by Arturo Hernandez-Maldonado and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2019-10-19 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Water and Wastewater: Advanced Treatment Processes presents the state-of-the-art in the design and use of adsorbents, membranes, and UV/oxidation processes, along with the challenges that will need to be addressed to close the gap between development and implementation in water/wastewater treatment applications. Chapters cover adsorbent and membrane design and performance, direct comparison of performance data between new (inorganic and metal organic nanoporous materials) and classic adsorbents and membranes, a list of advantages, disadvantages, and challenges related to performance limitations, regenerability, and upscaling. In addition, users will find sections on the identification of potential site and off-site applications that are listed according to adsorbent and membrane types, transformation of CECs in low- and/or medium-pressure UV irradiation processes used for disinfection, the oxidation of CECs by chlorine and ozone, and a comparison of advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of a variety of CECs in water and wastewater. Addresses the advantages/disadvantages of select technologies, including energy resource needs and waste management issues of reverse osmosis, amongst other issues Presents information on the advancements of technology within the realm of Engineered Treatments of CECs Focuses on the inherent science and technology of advanced treatment processes
Download or read book Organic Wastewater Compounds Pharmaceuticals and Coliphage in Ground Water Receiving Discharge from Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Near La Pine Oregon written by Stephen R. Hinkle and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Occurence Fate and Transport of Trace Organic Contaminants in the Soil Aquifer Treatment Process of Water Reclamation written by Liang Yu and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Control of Organic Substances in Water and Wastewater written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Technical Brief written by Paul D. Anderson and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Technical Brief has been prepared in response to concerns over the presence of trace organic compounds (TOrC) in wastewater, water supplies, and the receiving environment. The purpose of this brief is to summarize available scientific data on TOrC in wastewater and the receiving environment that can put these concerns into perspective.
Download or read book Low Molecular Weight Organic Contaminants in Advanced Treatment written by Eva Agus and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water reuse and desalination are increasingly considered as viable sources of potable water because improvements in materials and designs have decreased the cost of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes and their operation. Although most contaminants are efficiently rejected by reverse osmosis membranes, compounds with neutral charge and low molecular weight have proven to be difficult to remove. Depending on the characteristics of the membrane and the feed water, some contaminants may be present in reverse osmosis permeate at concentrations that are high enough to compromise water quality. When chemical disinfection is applied in desalination systems, compounds that pose potential risks to the human health and aquatic ecosystems or impact the aesthetic quality of drinking water may be formed. In particular, several compounds of concern are produced when chlorine is used as pretreatment. The formation and speciation of chlorination byproducts in desalination systems is affected by the elevated concentrations of bromide and iodide in seawater and desalinated product water. To gain insight into byproducts most likely to be formed in desalination systems, disinfection byproduct formation studies conducted in saline source waters, coastal power stations and existing desalination systems were reviewed. These prior studies suggested that chlorine, chloramine and chlorine dioxide all pose potential risks in desalinated water systems. Chlorination of seawater intakes to prevent membrane fouling and disinfection of blended product water both pose potential risks to water quality. To assess the formation and fate of chlorination byproducts under different conditions likely to be encountered in desalination systems, trihalomethanes, dihaloacetonitriles, haloacetic acids, and bromophenols were analyzed in water samples from a pilot-scale seawater desalination plant. In the pilot plant, the rejection of neutral, low-molecular-weight byproducts ranged from 45% to 92%, while charged species of similar molecular weights ranged between 77% to 97% rejection. Bench-scale chlorination experiments conducted on seawater from various locations indicated significant temporal and spatial variability for chlorination byproduct formation that could not be explained by bulk measurements of dissolved organic carbon concentration and UV absorbance. When desalinated water was blended with freshwater, elevated concentrations of bromide in the blended water enhanced dihaloacetonitrile formation through a shift in the active disinfecting agent from hypochlorous acid (HOCl) to hypobromous acid (HOBr). In most situations, data from the pilot plant and bench-scale studies indicated that chlorination byproducts formed from continuous chlorination of seawater or blending of desalinated water and freshwater will not compromise water quality or pose significant risks to aquatic ecosystems. However, blends of desalinated seawater with water rich in humic substances could lead to higher-than-expected production of haloacetonitriles and other chlorination byproducts. When reverse osmosis is used for the treatment of municipal wastewater effluent, compounds that exhibit low taste and odor thresholds could compromise water quality. To assess potential for odors in wastewater effluent to compromise potable water reuse schemes, we evaluated odors in secondary effluent using flavor profile analysis and gas chromatography with olfactometry detection (GC/Olfactometry or GC/Olf). The primary odor reported in secondary effluent samples was classified as earthy/musty and was typically present at an intensity well above the odor threshold. Using GC/Olfactometry on samples prior to reverse osmosis, we identified sixteen peaks present at high intensity in more than 80% of the wastewater effluent samples. Odor descriptors reported in GC/Olfactometry analysis of secondary effluent were categorized as fragrant, sulfide, rancid, and hydrocarbon/chemical. Potential odorants associated with olfactometry peaks were identified by comparing the odorant with sensory descriptors and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of an authentic standard of the putative compound. Other than organosulfide, aldehydes and volatile acid odorants previously identified in wastewater treatment, compounds including 2-pyrrolidone, lactones, chlorophenol, and vanillins were also identified as odorants associated with olfactometry peaks. Potent odorous compounds were detected in secondary effluent by quantitative GC/MS. The most prominent compounds were 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (median concentration 9.5 ng/L) and geosmin (median 7 ng/L). Both compounds exhibited earthy/musty sensory profiles at these concentrations. During advanced treatment, olfactometry peaks exhibited variable fate depending on their abundance, molecular structures and odor thresholds. Reverse osmosis significantly decreased the concentrations of low molecular weight odorous compounds in wastewater, but did not eliminate all odors. Odor peaks were typically reduced to below their odor thresholds during advanced oxidation processes (i.e., UV/H2O2¬) but also in a system employing biologically activated carbon (BAC) with ozone pretreatment. Odors can be removed from secondary effluent by applying multiple barrier treatment trains that combine reverse osmosis or another physical treatment method with chemical oxidation.
