Download or read book Observations on Heavy Primary Cosmic Ray Nuclei Above the Atmosphere written by Herman Yagoda and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Observations on Heavy Primary Cosmic Ray Nuclei Above the Atmosphere written by Herman Joseph Yagoda and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Observations on Heavy Primary Cosmic Ray Nuclei Above the Atmosphere written by Herman Yagoda and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Satellite Observations of Low energy Primary Cosmic Ray Nuclei of Charges Z greater Than Or Equal To 6 written by Y. K. Lim and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Time Correlation of Heavy Cosmic Ray Nuclei written by Starnes Elbert Walker and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The time variation of heavy cosmic ray nuclei over a 4.5 hour period has been investigated. The results were obtained from a balloon flight from Ft. Churchill, Manitoba, 73 degrees North geomagnetic latitude, on July 22, 1972. Identifying the charge and kinetic energy/nucleon of incident, heavy cosmic ray nuclei by four simultaneous dE/dx measurements and an active time of flight measurement, a detector was lifted by balloon to the top of the atmosphere where only 0.4% of residual atmosphere remained. During the 19 hours at float altitude, a continuous 4.5 hours were allocated to the heavy nuclei experiment. The magnitude of the galactic, heavy nuclei flux is perturbed during solar activity. With the high event rate capability of the particle spectrometer, the results of the time correlation showed no statistically significant evidence of small pertubations from the average intensity for the incident heavy nuclei with kinetic energies> 350 MeV/nucleon over the 4.5 hour exposure period. Minimal solar activity from July 17 through July 23 of 1972 supports this result. In addition, no evidence of a direct diurnal anisotropy consistent with the corotation of galactic heavy nuclei with the solar magnetic field was observed. (Modified author abstract).

Download or read book Cosmic Rays at Earth written by P.K.F. Grieder and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2001-07-27 with total page 1117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1912 Victor Franz Hess made the revolutionary discovery that ionizing radiation is incident upon the Earth from outer space. He showed with ground-based and balloon-borne detectors that the intensity of the radiation did not change significantly between day and night. Consequently, the sun could not be regarded as the sources of this radiation and the question of its origin remained unanswered. Today, almost one hundred years later the question of the origin of the cosmic radiation still remains a mystery.Hess' discovery has given an enormous impetus to large areas of science, in particular to physics, and has played a major role in the formation of our current understanding of universal evolution. For example, the development of new fields of research such as elementary particle physics, modern astrophysics and cosmology are direct consequences of this discovery. Over the years the field of cosmic ray research has evolved in various directions: Firstly, the field of particle physics that was initiated by the discovery of many so-called elementary particles in the cosmic radiation. There is a strong trend from the accelerator physics community to reenter the field of cosmic ray physics, now under the name of astroparticle physics. Secondly, an important branch of cosmic ray physics that has rapidly evolved in conjunction with space exploration concerns the low energy portion of the cosmic ray spectrum. Thirdly, the branch of research that is concerned with the origin, acceleration and propagation of the cosmic radiation represents a great challenge for astrophysics, astronomy and cosmology. Presently very popular fields of research have rapidly evolved, such as high-energy gamma ray and neutrino astronomy. In addition, high-energy neutrino astronomy may soon initiate as a likely spin-off neutrino tomography of the Earth and thus open a unique new branch of geophysical research of the interior of the Earth. Finally, of considerable interest are the biological and medical aspects of the cosmic radiation because of it ionizing character and the inevitable irradiation to which we are exposed. This book is a reference manual for researchers and students of cosmic ray physics and associated fields and phenomena. It is not intended to be a tutorial. However, the book contains an adequate amount of background materials that its content should be useful to a broad community of scientists and professionals. The present book contains chiefly a data collection in compact form that covers the cosmic radiation in the vicinity of the Earth, in the Earth's atmosphere, at sea level and underground. Included are predominantly experimental but also theoretical data. In addition the book contains related data, definitions and important relations. The aim of this book is to offer the reader in a single volume a readily available comprehensive set of data that will save him the need of frequent time consuming literature searches.

Download or read book The Very Heavy Nuclei in the Primary Cosmic Radiation Part I Observations on the Energy Spectrum written by P. S. Freier and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The intensities and energy spectrum of the medium and very heavy, MH- and VH-nuclei, 16 less than Z less than 30, present in the primary cosmic radiation have been studied using three stacks of nuclear emulsions exposed on high altitude balloons flown over Fort Churchill, Texas and India. Integral intensities of Z greater than 20 nuclei above energies of 0.225, 1.58 and 7.1 BeV per nucleon were respectively 1.50 plus or minus 0.06, 0.403 plus or minus 0.023 and 0.090 plus or minus 0.006 VH-nuclei/sq m ster.sec. In addition the shape of the energy spectrum of these nuclei was observed in detail for 0.225 less than T less than 1.0 BeV per nucleon. The intensities and energy spectra of those nuclei with 16 less than Z less than 19 were also studied although with less statistical accuracy. Among approximately 1600 VH-nuclei observed in this study there were none with Z greater than 32. (Author).

Download or read book The Charge Distribution of the Energetic Very Heavy Nuclei in the Primary Cosmic Radiation written by O. Mathiesen and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fully digitized, semi-automated photodensitometer has been employed to study the detailed charge composition of primary cosmic ray nuclei having Z less than 16 detected in a stack of nuclear emulsions flown from Hyderabad, India under approximately 4g/sq cm of residual atmosphere. One hundred and twenty nuclei heavier than phosphorus have been analyzed. These nuclei all had energies exceeding 7.1 GeV per nucleon and have had their charges measured with an accuracy estimated to be plus or minus 0.4 of a unit charge. It has consequently been possible to resolve the individual charges and to determine the elemental abundances. The observed charge distribution has been corrected to the top of the atmosphere and compared with various cosmological abundance compilations. After deriving values for the fragmentation parameters in hydrogen, it is concluded that the data are consistent with the charge distribution predicted if an initially pure example of iron nuclei had traversed some 4 g/sq cm of matter since the initial acceleration. The cosmologically abundant elements sulphur, argon and calcium appear to be relatively absent from the source, while nickel is only present with the predicted abundance. (Author).

Download or read book Solar Cosmic Rays written by L.I. Miroshnichenko and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It turned out to be really a rare and happy occasion that we know exact1y when and how a new branch of space physics was born, namely, a physics of solar cosmic rays. It happened on February 28 and March 7, 1942 when the fIrst "cosmic ray bursts" were recorded on the Earth, and the Sun was unambiguously identifIed for the fIrst time as the source of high-velocity 10 particles with energies up to > 10 eV. Just due to such a high energy these relativistic particles have been called "solar cosmic rays" (SCR), in distinction from the "true" cosmic rays of galactic origin. Between 1942 and the beginning ofthe space era in 1957 only extremely high energy solar particle events could be occasionally recorded by cosmic ray ground-Ievel detectors and balloon borne sensors. Since then the detection techniques varied considerably and the study of SCR turned into essential part of solar and solar-terrestrial physics.

Download or read book Observations of Cosmic Ray Nuclei and Their Propagation Through the Atmosphere written by Heber Regal Norckauer and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Investigation of the Relative Abundance of Heavy Versus Light Nuclei in Primary Cosmic Rays Using Underground Muon Bundles written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We study multiple muon events (muon bundles) recorded underground at a depth of 2090 mwe. To penetrate to this depth, the muons must have energies above 0.8 TeV at the Earth's surface; the primary cosmic ray nuclei which give rise to the observed muon bundles have energies at incidence upon the upper atmosphere of 10 to 105TeV. The events are detected using the Soudan 2 experiment's fine grained tracking calorimeter which is surrounded by a 14 m x 10 m x 31 m proportional tube array (the ''active shield''). Muon bundles which have at least one muon traversing the calorimeter, are reconstructed using tracks in the calorimeter together with hit patterns in the proportional tube shield. All ionization pulses are required to be coincident within 3 microseconds. A goal of this study is to investigate the relative nuclear abundances in the primary cosmic radiation around the ''knee'' region (103 - 104 TeV) of the incident energy spectrum. Four models for the nuclear composition of cosmic rays are considered: The Linsley model, the Constant Mass Composition model (CMC), the Maryland model and the Proton-poor model. A Monte Carlo which incorporates one model at a time is used to simulate events which are then reconstructed using the same computer algorithms that are used for the data. Identical cuts and selections are applied to the data and to the simulated events.

Download or read book Cosmic Rays in the Earth s Atmosphere and Underground written by Lev Dorman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-19 with total page 891 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present monograph as well as the next one (Dorman, M2005) is a result of more than 50 years working in cosmic ray (CR) research. After graduation in December 1950 Moscow Lomonosov State University (Nuclear and Elementary Particle Physics Division, the Team of Theoretical Physics), my supervisor Professor D. I. Blokhintsev planned for me, as a winner of a Red Diploma, to continue my education as an aspirant (a graduate student) to prepare for Ph. D. in his very secret Object in the framework of what was in those time called the Atomic Problem. To my regret the KGB withheld permission, and I, together with other Jewish students who had graduated Nuclear Divisions of Moscow and Leningrad Universities and Institutes, were faced with a real prospect of being without any work. It was our good fortune that at that time there was being brought into being the new Cosmic Ray Project (what at that time was also very secret, but not as secret as the Atomic Problem), and after some time we were directed to work on this Project. It was organized and headed by Prof. S. N. Vernov (President of All-Union Section of Cosmic Rays) and Prof. N. V. Pushkov (Director of IZMIRAN); Prof. E. L. Feinberg headed the theoretical part of the Project.

Download or read book Geophysical Research Papers written by and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 1378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Electrons Hydrogen and Helium Nuclei Observed in the Primary Cosmic Radiation During 1963 written by P. S. Freier and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Singly and doubly charged particles in the cosmic radiation were observed during a balloon flight made over Fort Churchill on the 28th July 1963. These particles were detected in nuclear emulsions mounted in a mechanical device which imposed unique temporal resolution between those entering during the balloon ascent and those entering while the balloon floated at ceiling altitude. The integral intensity at the top of the atmosphere of protons having E> 74 MeV was determined to be 2440 = 160 protons/sq-m ster.sec. while that of helium nuclei having E> 62 MeV per nucleon was 272 = 13 nuclei/sq.m ster. sec. The differential energy spectra of the protons and helium nuclei have been studied over the energy ranges of 74 MeV

Download or read book Nuclear Science Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 680 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 828 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Literature 1975 Part 1 written by S. Böhme and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-18 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts, which has appeared in semi-annual volumes since 1969, is de voted to the recording, summarizing and indexing of astronomical publications throughout the world. It is prepared under the auspices of the International Astronomical Union (according to a resolution adopted at the 14th General Assembly in 1970). Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts aims to present a comprehensive documentation of literature in all fields of astronomy and astrophysics. Every effort will be made to ensure that the average time interval between the date of receipt of the original literature and publication of the abstracts will not exceed eight months. This time interval is near to that achieved by monthly abstracting journals, com pared to which our system of accumulating abstracts for about six months offers the advantage of greater convenience for the user. Volume 13 contains literature published in 1975 and received before August 15, 1975; some older literature which was received late and which is not recorded in earlier volumes is also included. We acknowledge with thanks contributions to this volume by Dr. J. Bouska, who surveyed journals and publications in the Czech language and supplied us with abstracts in English, and by the Common wealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (C.S.I.R.O.), Sydney, for providing titles and abstracts of papers on radio astronomy. We want to acknowledge valuable contributions to this vol ume by Zentralstelle ftir Atomkemenergie-Dokumentation, Leopoldshafen, which supported our ab stracting service by sending us retrospective literature searches.