Download or read book Observations of the Infrared Emission of Planets and Determination of Their Temperatures written by WILLIAM M. SINTON and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 1 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern infrared techniques were applied to the measurement of the spectrum of thermal radiation received from the planets, and determination of their temperatures. Observations were made in the transparent region 8 - 13 microns. Corrections of the observations for the lack of full transmission of the earth's atmosphere were determined by extrapolation of observed planetary emission to outside of the atmosphere, using the square-root law. The radiometric observations were made with a 200-in telescope. On reduction, these observations yielded temperatures at the center of the disks of Venus and of Mars of -39 and 15 C, respectively. Interesting temperature situations on the planets were found and correlated with photographic appearances. The diurnal temperature variations of both Mars and Venus was determined. Spectra of Venus and Mars in the 8 - 13 micron spectral region were obtained with both prism and grating spectrometers. (Author).
Download or read book Celestial Infrared Calibration Sources in the 8 14 Micrometer Region written by Thomas E. Cecil and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Venus and Jupiter are often used as long wavelength infrared (LWIR) calibration sources. The authors have reviewed the literature on radiometric and spectrometric measurements of these two planets and adopted reasonable brightness temperatures and spectral dependencies for their thermal radiation. Using these data, irradiance coefficients that can be used to determine the irradiance reaching the earth from these planets at any time were calculated. A crucial factor in the utility of these planets as calibration sources is the constancy with which they radiate in the infrared. The authors conclude that Jupiter may be a variable source. Venus, on the other hand, appears to be generally quite constant, but brief temporal variations may take place.
Download or read book Technical Abstract Bulletin written by Defense Documentation Center (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1961-04 with total page 1746 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Portraits of Distant Worlds written by Heather Ann Knutson and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents observational studies of the atmospheres of extrasolar planets, including the first longitudinal temperature profile of an extrasolar planet and the first detection of a temperature inversion in the atmosphere of an extrasolar planet. Our observations target four eclipsing gas-giant planets known as "hot Jupiters"; as a result of their short orbital periods we expect these planets to be tidally locked, with day-night circulation patterns and atmospheric chemistries that differ significantly from those of Jupiter. The first two chapters of this thesis describe infrared observations of the secondary eclipses of HD 209458b and TrES-4 with the Spitzer Space Telescope . By measuring the decrease in flux as the planet passes behind its parent star, we can characterize the infrared emission spectra of these planets and from that learn something about their dayside pressure-temperature profiles. Our observations reveal that these two planets have spectra with water bands in emission, requiring the presence of an atmospheric temperature inversion between 0.1 - 0.01 bars.
Download or read book Exploration of the Solar System by Infrared Remote Sensing written by R. A. Hanel and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1992-07-23 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes all aspects of the theory, instrumental techniques and observational results of the remote sensing of objects in our solar system through studies of infrared radiation. The theories of radiative transfer, molecular transfer, molecular spectroscopy and atmospheric physics are first combined to show how it is possible to calculate the infrared spectra of model planetary atmospheres. Next the authors describe the instrumental techniques, in order to assess the effect of real instruments on the measurement of the emerging radiation field. Finally, techniques that allow the retrieval of atmospheric and surface parameters from observations are examined. The book has plenty of examples from ground based and space observations. These demonstrate the methods of finding temperatures, gas compositions and certain parameters of the solid surface. All planets and many of their satellites are discussed, with the exception of Pluto. The presentation will appeal to advanced students and professional planetary science researchers, although some chapters are of wider interest. The authors have drawn on their extensive experience at the NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center to produce a definitive account of what can be learned from infrared studies of our planetary system.
Download or read book Principles of Planetary Climate written by Raymond T. Pierrehumbert and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-12-02 with total page 679 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces the reader to all the basic physical building blocks of climate needed to understand the present and past climate of Earth, the climates of Solar System planets, and the climates of extrasolar planets. These building blocks include thermodynamics, infrared radiative transfer, scattering, surface heat transfer and various processes governing the evolution of atmospheric composition. Nearly four hundred problems are supplied to help consolidate the reader's understanding, and to lead the reader towards original research on planetary climate. This textbook is invaluable for advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate students in atmospheric science, Earth and planetary science, astrobiology, and physics. It also provides a superb reference text for researchers in these subjects, and is very suitable for academic researchers trained in physics or chemistry who wish to rapidly gain enough background to participate in the excitement of the new research opportunities opening in planetary climate.
Download or read book Infrared Space Interferometry Astrophysics the Study of Earth Like Planets written by C. Eiroa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The past year has produced some of the most exciting results in the history of astronomy, particularly in the area of planets outside our solar system. Only a half-year before our meeting in Toledo, Spain, the first unambiguous detection of planet-sized masses orbiting main sequence stars were reported. Since that time, evidence for a new exo planet has been reported almost at the rate of about once per month. Some of these objects are likely to turn out to be very low-mass stars, but something like half show characteristics - Jupiter-like mass and near-zero orbital eccentricity - which appear to be unique to planets. Almost at the same time that giant planets were being discovered regularly, the two major space agencies, ESA and NASA, have iden tified searches for and detailed study of Earth-like planets as a major priority for the future. In ESA's "Horizon 2000 Plus" programme, an infrared interferometer has been proposed as a possible future Cor nerstone mission. Similarly, scientists in the US produced the "Road Map for the Exploration of Neighboring Planetary Systems (ExNPS)", which provided NASA with a long-term plan which leads also to an infrared interferometer in space to study hypothetical Earth-like worlds beyond our Solar System. Such an observatory is designed to search for the thermal emission from a family of planets, using interferometric nulling to remove the contaminating light from the central star.
Download or read book Planetary Atmospheres written by and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Thermal Models and Microwave Temperatures of the Planet Mercury written by David Morrison and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several physical properties of the epilith of Mercury can be investigated by a comparison of infrared and microwave brightness temperature with the predictions of theoretical thermal models of the planet. The results presented here have been obtained by numerical solution of the one-dimensional heat-conduction equation with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, using surface boundary conditions that include the modification of the insolation cycles by the spin-orbit coupling and large orbital eccentricity of the planet. For comparison with microwave observations, disk-averaged brightness temperatures are presented as a function of phase angle and heliocentric longitude of Mercury for wavelengths of 0.12, 0.34, 0.80, 1.90, 3.75, and 11.30 cm. These predictions are compared with calculations from simpler lunar-type models and are used to analyze the existing infrared and microwave observations of the planet. A means of determining observationally both the mean thermal parameter (Kpc)^-1/2 cal^-1 cm2 sec^1/2 deg and the significance of an effective conductivity due to radiative thermal-energy transport is presented. The observations of a microwave phase effect are all found to be compatible with a ratio of electrical to thermal skin depths approximately equal to the wavelength. The thermal parameter is, from infrared observations, larger than 200 cal^-1 cm2 sec^-1/2 deg, indicating a thermal conductivity less than 10^-4 cal cm^-1 sec^-1 deg. The loss tangent of the material is greater than 2 X 10^-3. Although some contradictions are present, the observations strongly suggest an increase of mean brightness temperature with wavelength, indicating a significant radiative contribution to the subsurface thermal conductivity. All these conclusions are consistent with the hypothesis that the epilith of Mercury is physically very similar to that of the Moon.
Download or read book The Warming Papers written by David Archer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-04-29 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chosen for the 2011 ASLI Choice - Honorable Mention (History Category) for a compendium of the key scientific papers that undergird the global warming forecast. Global warming is arguably the defining scientific issue of modern times, but it is not widely appreciated that the foundations of our understanding were laid almost two centuries ago with the postulation of a greenhouse effect by Fourier in 1827. The sensitivity of climate to changes in atmospheric CO2 was first estimated about one century ago, and the rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration was discovered half a century ago. The fundamentals of the science underlying the forecast for human-induced climate change were being published and debated long before the issue rose to public prominence in the last few decades. The Warming Papers is a compendium of the classic scientific papers that constitute the foundation of the global warming forecast. The paper trail ranges from Fourier and Arrhenius in the 19th Century to Manabe and Hansen in modern times. Archer and Pierrehumbert provide introductions and commentary which places the papers in their context and provide students with tools to develop and extend their understanding of the subject. The book captures the excitement and the uncertainty that always exist at the cutting edge of research, and is invaluable reading for students of climate science, scientists, historians of science, and others interested in climate change.
Download or read book The Global Circulation of the Atmosphere written by Tapio Schneider and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2022-12-13 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite major advances in the observation and numerical simulation of the atmosphere, basic features of the Earth's climate remain poorly understood. Integrating the available data and computational resources to improve our understanding of the global circulation of the atmosphere remains a challenge. Theory must play a critical role in meeting this challenge. This book provides an authoritative summary of the state of the art on this front. Bringing together sixteen of the field's leading experts to address those aspects of the global circulation of the atmosphere most relevant to climate, the book brings the reader up to date on the key frontiers in general circulation theory-including the nonlinear and turbulent global-scale dynamics that determine fundamental aspects of the Earth's climate. While emphasizing theory, as expressed through relatively simple mathematical models, it also draws connections to simulations with comprehensive general circulation models. Topics include the dynamics of storm tracks, interactions between wave dynamics and the hydrological cycle, monsoons, tropical and extratropical dynamics and interactions, and the processes controlling atmospheric humidity. An essential resource for graduate students in atmospheric, ocean, and climate sciences and for researchers seeking an overview of the field, The Global Circulation of the Atmosphere sets the standard for future research in a science that stands at a critical juncture. With a foreword by Edward Lorenz, the book includes chapters by Christopher Bretherton; Kerry Emanuel; Isaac Held; David Neelin; Raymond Pierrehumbert, Hélène Brogniez, and Rémy Roca; Alan Plumb; Walter Robinson; Tapio Schneider; Richard Seager and David Battisti; Adam Sobel; Kyle Swanson; and Pablo Zurita-Gotor and Richard Lindzen.
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 1050 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Infrared Spectral Emission and Its Application to the Detection of Organic Matter on Mars written by Graham R. Hunt and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Astronautics Information written by Jet Propulsion Laboratory (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 682 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book NASA Technical Memorandum written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Catalog of Infrared Observations written by Daniel Y. Gezari and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Long range Program in Space Astronomy written by United States. Astronomy Missions Board and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Potential for advancement of astronomy by space programs.
