Download or read book Observations of Internal Waves in the Upper Ocean written by Robert Pinkel and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Profiles of temperature versus depth in the top 440 m of the sea were taken repeatedly at three horizontal locations surrounding the Research Platform FLIP. The time fluctuation of the temperature profiles was used to determine isotherm displacement and slope variation in the region 60-400 m. Measurements were taken during three FLIP operations. Two were off the California coast, in November 1972 and June 1973. Horizontal and vertical coherence measurements indicate that the internal wavefield can be divided into two frequency regions. Above 2 cph the bandwidth of energetic horizontal and vertical wavenumbers is comparatively narrow. The isotherm displacement spectrum and slope spectrum have irregular slopes. A comparison of the two spectra indicate that first mode is strongly dominant. Below 2 cph, the bandwidth of energetic wavenumbers is broader, corresponding to many energetic modes.
Download or read book Towed Observations of Internal Waves in the Upper Ocean written by Thomas James Spoering and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Observations between 20 and 40 m depth were made with a towed thermister chain in the North Pacific. Despite the rapid vertical variation of buoyancy frequency, spectra of isotherm displacements are in fair agreement with other observations and with the Garrett-Munk model. The spectra show evidence of a shoulder and break in slope at a wavelength of 1 km. There is no evidence of significant variation of spectral levels as a function of buoyancy frequency, tow direction or wind speed. A peak at a wavelength of 1 km in coherence spectra between pairs of isotherms separated in the vertical suggests that internal wave energy at this wavelength is dominated by the low modes. (Author).
Download or read book Observation of High Frequency Internal Waves in the Pacific Ocean written by Robert Libman Zalkan and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Observations of high frequency internal waves were made from 1 to 14 December 1966, in the deep sea off Baja, California. The fluctuations of the depth of an isotherm were measured with a three-element horizontal array attached to a stable platform. The waves are characterized as a broad band phenomenon with a continuous distribution in frequency. For short intervals of time, a narrow frequency band within the continuum is adequately described as a horizontally plane wave of a single vertical mode. Furthermore, this simplified structure is stationary over time spans of several days. High modes are present in the low frequency waves. Above 4 cycles per hour, however, the first mode predominates. The spectral shape is consistent with the shear limited equilibrium spectrum proposed by Phillips (1966). In addition, the predominance of the first mode at high frequencies further emphasizes the importance of shear instability in internal wave propagation. The horizontal properties of the wave field indicate well-defined directions of narrow-band propagation. These directions and the dispersive properties of the propagation have led to the identification of local topographic features in generating areas of internal waves. (Author).
Download or read book Ocean Mixing written by Michael Meredith and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-09-16 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ocean Mixing: Drivers, Mechanisms and Impacts presents a broad panorama of one of the most rapidly-developing areas of marine science. It highlights the state-of-the-art concerning knowledge of the causes of ocean mixing, and a perspective on the implications for ocean circulation, climate, biogeochemistry and the marine ecosystem. This edited volume places a particular emphasis on elucidating the key future questions relating to ocean mixing, and emerging ideas and activities to address them, including innovative technology developments and advances in methodology. Ocean Mixing is a key reference for those entering the field, and for those seeking a comprehensive overview of how the key current issues are being addressed and what the priorities for future research are. Each chapter is written by established leaders in ocean mixing research; the volume is thus suitable for those seeking specific detailed information on sub-topics, as well as those seeking a broad synopsis of current understanding. It provides useful ammunition for those pursuing funding for specific future research campaigns, by being an authoritative source concerning key scientific goals in the short, medium and long term. Additionally, the chapters contain bespoke and informative graphics that can be used in teaching and science communication to convey the complex concepts and phenomena in easily accessible ways. Presents a coherent overview of the state-of-the-art research concerning ocean mixing Provides an in-depth discussion of how ocean mixing impacts all scales of the planetary system Includes elucidation of the grand challenges in ocean mixing, and how they might be addressed
Download or read book Oceanic Internal Tides Observations Analysis and Modeling written by Eugene G. Morozov and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-08 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a detailed study of the structure and variability of internal tides and their geographical distribution in the ocean. Based on experimental analysis of oceanic measurements combined with numerical modeling, it offers a comprehensive overview of the internal wave processes around the globe. In particular, it is based on moored buoys observations in many regions in all oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Southern) that have been carried out by researchers from different countries for more than 40 years as part of various oceanographic programs, including WOCE and CLIVAR. However, a significant portion of the data was collected by the author, who is a field oceanographer. The data was processed and interpreted on the basis of the latest knowledge of internal wave motion. The properties of internal waves were analyzed in relation to the bottom topography and mean state of the ocean in specific regions. Internal waves play a major role in the formation of seawater stratification and are responsible for the main processes of ocean dynamics, such as energy transfer and mixing. One of the most significant ideas presented in this book is the generation of internal tides over submarine ridges. Energy fluxes from submarine ridges related to tidal internal waves greatly exceed the fluxes from continental slopes. Submarine ridges form an obstacle to the propagation of tidal currents, which can cause the creation of large amplitude internal tides. Energy fluxes from submarine ridges account for approximately one fourth of the total energy dissipation of the barotropic tides. Model simulations and moored measurements have been combined to generate a map of global distribution of internal tide amplitudes. This book is of interest to oceanographers, marine biologists, civil engineers, and scientists working in climate research, fluid mechanics, acoustics, and underwater navigation.
Download or read book Upper Ocean Internal Waves in the Central Equatorial Pacific written by Timothy John Boyd and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Satellite Study of Ocean Internal Waves written by Constance Sawyer and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Internal Gravity Waves in the Shallow Seas written by Stanisław R. Massel and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-07-07 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains a comprehensive study of the internal ocean waves, which play a very important role in ocean physics providing mechanisms for ocean water mixing and circulation, as well as the transportation of gases, nutrients, and a very large number of marine organisms in the ocean body. In contrast to surface waves, the literature on internal waves is not so numerous, mainly due to the difficulties in experimental data collection and in the mathematical description of internal wave propagation. In this book, the basic mathematical principles, a physical description of the observed phenomena, and practical theoretical methods of determination of wave parameters as well as the original method of observation using moving sensors are presented. Special attention is paid to internal wave propagation over changing bottom topographies in shallow seas such as the Baltic Sea. The book is supplemented with an extended list of relevant and extended bibliographies, a subject index, and an author index.
Download or read book Observing the Oceans in Real Time written by R. Venkatesan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-17 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides contributions from leading experts on the integration of novel sensing technologies to yield unprecedented observations of coupled biological, chemical, and physical processes in the ocean from the macro to micro scale. Authoritative entries from experts around the globe provide first-hand information for oceanographers and researchers looking for solutions to measurement problems. Ocean observational techniques have seen rapid advances in the last few years and this book addresses the need for a single overview of present and future trends in near real time and real time. First the past, present and future scenarios of ocean observational tools and techniques are elucidated. Then this book divides into three modes of ocean observations: surface, upper ocean and deep ocean. This is followed by data quality and modelling. Collecting a summary of methods and applications, this book provides first-hand information for oceanographers and researchers looking for solutions to measurement problems. This book is also suitable for final year undergraduate students or beginning graduate students in ocean engineering, oceanography and various other engineering students (such as Mechanical, Civil, Electrical, and Bioengineering) who are interested in specializing their skills towards modern measurements of the ocean.
Download or read book Observations of Internal Waves and Eddies in the Beaufort Sea During the Winter of 1993 94 written by Christopher Michael Halle and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Acoustic Doppler current profiler observations obtained at the Sea Ice Mechanics Initiative (SIMI) ice camp in the Beaufort Sea during the winter of 1993/94 are used to document internal wave and mesoscale variability. The upper-ocean velocity was profiled to depths of approximately 250 meters. Initially (December 1993-January 1994), the camp drifted westward through the central Canada Basin (75N. 139 - 153W). During February-March 1994, the camp drifted meridionally along 156W (near the Northwind Ridge), reversing direction several times. A large population of typical Beaufort Sea vortices was observed in the central basin. These vortices extended between the base of the mixed layer and approximately 200 meters depth. The 10 kilometer diameters of these eddy cores appeared to be in solid body rotation, with the azimuthal velocity fields detectable over distances greater than 30 kilometers. These eddies rotated anticyclonically between 0.7 and 0.9 revolutions per day. In spite of the passage of atmospheric storms, internal wave energy in the central basin was low, averaging 1/25 of the Garrett-Munk (GM) standard. Shear variance averaged 1/17 GM. Near the Northwind Ridge, large baroclinic vortices were not detected. Smaller mesoscale features (60-100 meters in vertical extent), centered at a variety of depths in the upper water column, were encountered. Comparison to more recent observations suggests that the separation between the areas occupied by the large and the small mesoscale structures is a characteristic feature of the Canada Basin. Internal wave energy levels near the Northwind Ridge increased significantly, peaking at 1/6 GM. Shear variance peaked at 1/3 GM. Much of this increase was associated with (surface generated) downward propagating, near-inertial waves. High ice-to-water relative velocities (atmospheric storms), accompanied by ice deformation, appear in general to be necessary, but not sufficient, to assure a downward propagating wave generation event. The highly variable mesoscale has a significant effect on the near-inertial wavefield propagation. The increase in wave energy as the ice camp left the central basin is jointly associated with the passage of storms and the absence of large baroclinic vortices"--Leaves xvi-xvii.
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing written by Eni Njoku and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This first encyclopaedic reference on remote sensing describes the concepts, techniques, instrumentation, data analysis, interpretation, and applications of remote sensing, both airborne and space-based. Scientists, engineers, academics, and students can quickly access answers to their reference questions and direction for further study.
Download or read book Internal Gravity Waves written by Bruce R. Sutherland and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-09-02 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of internal gravity waves provides many challenges: they move along interfaces as well as in fully three-dimensional space, at relatively fast temporal and small spatial scales, making them difficult to observe and resolve in weather and climate models. Solving the equations describing their evolution poses various mathematical challenges associated with singular boundary value problems and large amplitude dynamics. This book provides the first comprehensive treatment of the theory for small and large amplitude internal gravity waves. Over 120 schematics, numerical simulations and laboratory images illustrate the theory and mathematical techniques, and 130 exercises enable the reader to apply their understanding of the theory. This is an invaluable single resource for academic researchers and graduate students studying the motion of waves within the atmosphere and ocean, and also mathematicians, physicists and engineers interested in the properties of propagating, growing and breaking waves.
Download or read book Physical Oceanography of the Southeast Asian Waters written by Klaus Wyrtki and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Internal Waves in the Western Arctic Ocean written by Hayley V. Dosser and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The importance of internal waves in the Western Arctic Ocean is assessed using a combination of observations from Ice-Tethered Profilers drifting in the Canada Basin between Fall 2005 and Fall 2014 and numerical simulations of internal wave propagation and stability in measured stratifications typical of the Western Arctic. The Ice-Tethered Profiler dataset provides the first decade-long record, with broad spatial coverage, for the near-inertial internal wave field in the Arctic Ocean. Since the Ice-Tethered Profiler sampling pattern only marginally resolves the near-inertial frequency, complex demodulation is used to estimate wave amplitudes from vertical isopycnal displacements. Using this technique, a seasonal cycle in average near-inertial wave vertical displacement amplitude is identified for the upper ocean. Waves are largest during summer when sea-ice extent and speed are at a minimum, with a second peak in early winter associated with strong storms. Seasonal variations in wave amplitude are connected to changes in sea-ice properties that affect how readily the ice responds to wind forcing. In addition to seasonal variability, near-inertial wave amplitude has a slight increasing trend paralleling the decline in sea-ice extent over the last decade. Variance in the distribution of wave amplitudes doubled between 2005-2007 and 2012-2014, with larger-than-average waves generated more frequently in both summer and winter. Numerical solutions for the vertical structure of internal waves propagating through observed stratification profiles from the Canada Basin indicate that the double-diffusive staircase within the Atlantic Water layer significantly modifies the internal wave field, causing reflection for discrete vertical wavenumber bands and amplifying wave energy at depths where constructive interference occurs. Near-inertial internal waves of average amplitude are predicted to be stable within the Atlantic Water layer, but the fraction of larger-than-average waves that are potentially shear unstable has more than doubled over the last decade. An increase in episodic internal wave mixing events is predicted in the Canada Basin. The internal wave field in the Western Arctic Ocean will likely continue to evolve as sea-ice extent and thickness decline, and multiyear ice is replaced by first-year ice.
Download or read book Nonlinear Ocean Dynamics written by Maged Marghany and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-02-09 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nonlinear Ocean Dynamics: Synthetic Aperture Radar delivers the critical tools needed to understand the latest technology surrounding the radar imaging of nonlinear waves, particularly microwave radar, as a main source to understand, analyze and apply concepts in the field of ocean dynamic surface. Filling the gap between modern physics quantum theory and applications of radar imaging of ocean dynamic surface, this reference is packed with technical details associated with the potentiality of synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The book also includes key methods needed to extract the value-added information necessary, such as wave spectra energy, current pattern velocity, internal waves, and more. This book also reveals novel speculation of a shallow coastal front: named as Quantized Marghany's Front. Rounding out with practical simulations of 4-D wave-current interaction patterns using using radar images, the book brings an effective new source of technology and applications for today’s coastal scientists and engineers. Solves specific problems surrounding the nonlinearity of ocean surface dynamics in synthetic aperture radar data Helps develop new algorithms for retrieving ocean wave spectra and ocean current movements from synthetic aperture radar Includes over 100 equations that illustrate how to follow examples in the book
Download or read book Internal Waves in the Upper Ocean written by M. W. Roth and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Coastal Acoustic Tomography written by Arata Kaneko and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-02-05 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coastal Acoustic Tomography begins with the specifics required for designing a Coastal Acoustic Tomography (CAT) experiment and operating the CAT system in coastal seas. Following sections discuss the procedure for data analyses and various application examples of CAT to coastal/shallow seas (obtained in various locations). These sections are broken down into four kinds of methods: horizontal-slice inversion, vertical-slice inversion, modal expansion method and data assimilation. This book emphasizes how dynamic phenomena occurring in coastal/shallow seas can be analyzed using the standard method of inversion and data assimilation. The book is relevant for physical oceanographers, ocean environmentalists and ocean dynamists, focusing on the event being observed rather than the intrinsic details of observational processes. Application examples of successful dynamic phenomena measured by coastal acoustic tomography are also included. Provides the information needed for researchers and graduate students in physical oceanography, ocean-fluid dynamics and ocean environments to apply Ocean Acoustic Tomography (OAT) to their own fields Presents the benefits of using acoustic tomography, including less disturbance to aquatic environments vs. other monitoring methods Includes the assimilation of CAT data into a coastal sea circulation model, a powerful tool to predict coastal-sea environmental changes
