Download or read book Nutrition Intervention in Developing Countries Study 2 Nutrition Education written by U.S. Agency For International Development. Development Support Bureau. Office of Nutrition and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nutrition Intervention in Developing Countries Study two Nutrition education written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nutrition Intervention in Developing Countries Study II Nutrition education written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nutrition Intervention in Developing Countries written by Harvard Institute for International Development and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: A handbook on nutrition intervention to reach preschool children identifies major factors that professionals should consider in planning, designing, funding, operating, and evaluating nutrition programs in developing countries. Conceptual frameworks are presented for the intervention design and evaluation. These frameworkscover definition of the problem, design questions, and cost/effectiveness considerations. Design questions are specific to type of intervention. The 7 types of intervention programs examined are: supplementary feeding; nutrition education; fortification; formulated foods; consumer subsidies; agricultural production, and integrated programs (i.e. integrated with health care). Much data is presented in tabular form and a bibliography is included. (rkm).
Download or read book Study II Nutrition Education written by Marian Zeitlin and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book What Can We Learn from Nutrition Impact Evaluations written by The World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2010-08-27 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evaluation Summary What Can We Learn from Nutrition Impact Evaluations? High levels of child malnutrition in developing countries contribute to mortality and have long-term consequences for children s cognitive development and earnings as adults. Recent impact evaluations show that many different interventions have had an impact on children s anthropometric outcomes (height, weight, and birth weight), but there is no simple answer to the question What works? to address the problem. Similar interventions have widely different results in different settings, owing to differences in local context, the causes and severity of malnutrition, and the capacity for program implementation. Impact evaluations of programs supported by the Bank, which are generally large-scale, complex inter-ventions in low-capacity settings, show equally variable results. The findings confirm that it should not be assumed that an intervention found effective in a randomized medical setting will have the same effects when implemented under field conditions. There are many robust experimental and quasi-experimental methods for assessing impact under difficult circumstances often found in field settings. The relevance and impact of nutrition impact evaluations could be enhanced by collecting data on service delivery, demand-side behavioral outcomes, and implementation processes to better understand the causal chain and what part of the chain is weak, in parallel with impact evaluations. It is also important to understand better the distribution of impacts, particularly among the poor, and to document better the costs and effectiveness of interventions. High levels of child malnutrition in developing countries are contributing to mortality and present long-term consequences for the survivors. An estimated 178 million children under age 5 in developing countries are stunted (low height for age) and 55 million are wasted (low weight for height). Malnutrition makes children more susceptible to illness and strongly affects child mortality. Beyond the mortality risk in the short run, the developmental delays caused by undernutrition affect children s cognitive outcomes and productive potential as adults. Micronutrient deficiencies vitamin A, iron, zinc, iodine, for example are also common and have significant consequences. Progress in reducing malnutrition has been slow: More than half of countries are not on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of halving the share of children who are malnou-rished (low weight for age) by 2015. The food price and financial crises are making achievement of this goal even more elusive. The World Bank has recently taken steps to ex-pand its support for nutrition in response to the underlying need and the increased urgency due to the crises. WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT REDUCING MALNUTRITION? The increased interest and resources focused on the problem of high and potentially increasing rates of undernutrition raises the question, what do we know about the causes of malnutrition and the in-terventions most likely to reduce it? The medical literature points to the need to inter-vene during gestation and the first two years of life to prevent child malnutrition and its consequences. It suggests that investments in interventions during this window of opportunity among children under 2 are likely to have the greatest benefits. Recently published meta-analyses of the impact evaluation literature point to several interventions found effective for reducing undernutrition in spe-cific settings. However, there are limitations to the generalizability of those reviews findings, particularly in the context of large-scale government programs most likely to be supported by the World Bank. The reviews tend to disproportionately draw on the findings of smaller, controlled experiments; there are few examples of evaluations of large-scale programs, over which there is less control in implementation. In reviewing a large number of studies, interventions, and outcomes, they tend to focus on average impacts. They generally do not explain the magnitude or variability of impacts across or within studies. Very few address the programmatic reasons why some interventions work or don t work, nor do they assess the cost-effectiveness of interventions. Objectives of the Review This paper reviews recent impact evaluations of interventions and programs to improve child anth-ropometric outcomes height, weight, and birth weight with an emphasis on both the findings and limitations of the literature and on understanding what might happen in a non-research setting. It further reviews in greater detail the experience and lessons from evaluations of the impact of World Bank-supported programs on nutrition outcomes. Specifically, the review addresses four questions. First, what can be said about the impact of different interventions on children s anthropometric outcomes? Second, how do these findings vary across settings and within target groups, and what accounts for this variability? Third, what is the evidence of the cost-effectiveness of these interventions? Finally, what have been the lessons from implementing impact evaluations of Bank-supported programs with anthropometric impacts? While there are different dimensions of child nutri-tion that could be explored, the report focuses on child anthropometric outcomes -- weight, height, and birth weight. These are the most common nutrition outcome indicators in the literature and the most frequently monitored by national nutrition programs supported by the World Bank. Low weight for age (underweight) is also the indicator for one of the MDGs. Methodology and Scope Forty-six nutrition impact evaluations published since 2000 were systematically reviewed. These evaluations assessed the impact of diverse interven-tions community nutrition programs, conditional and unconditional cash transfers, early child devel-opment programs, food aid, integrated health and nutrition services, and de-worming. All of the evaluations used research designs that compared the outcomes among those affected by the project to the counterfactual that is, what would have happened to a similar group of people in the absence of the intervention. About half used randomized assignment to create treatment and control groups, while the remainder used matching and various econometric techniques to construct a counterfactual. Among the 46 evaluations, twelve assessed the im-pact of World Bank-supported programs on nutri-tion outcomes in eight countries. While the broader review relies on the analysis of the published impact evaluations as the main source of data, for these twelve evaluations project documents and research outputs were reviewed and World Bank staff, country officials and the evaluators and re-searchers who conducted the studies were interviewed. Findings A wide range of interventions had a positive impact on indicators related to height, weight, wasting, and low birth weight. There were a total of 10 different outcome indica-tors for the four main anthropometric outcomes. A little more than half of the evaluations addressing a height-related indicator found program impacts on at least one group of children, and this was true for about the same share of interventions aimed at improving weight-related and wasting (low weight for height)-related indicators. About three-quarters of the 11 evaluations of interventions that aimed at improving birth weight indicators registered an impact in at least one specification, including five out of seven micronutrient interven-tions. There was no clear pattern of impacts across interventions in every intervention group there were examples of programs that did and did not have an impact on a given indicator, and with varying magnitude. Evaluations of the nutritional impact of programs supported by the World Bank, which are generally large-scale, complex, and implemented in low-capacity settings, show equally variable results. Even controlling for the specific outcome indicator, studies often targeted children of different age groups that might be more or less susceptible to the interventions. It is thus difficult to point to inter-ventions that are systematically more effective than others in reducing malnutrition across diverse set-tings and age groups. Differences in local context, variation in the age of the children studied, the length of exposure to the intervention, and differing methodologies of the studies account for much of the variability in results. Context includes factors like the level and local determinants of malnutrition, differences in the characteristics of beneficiaries (including their age), the availability of service infrastructure, and the implementation capacity of government. Outside of a research setting in the context of a large government program there are many things that can go wrong in either service delivery or the demand response that can compromise impact. Beyond this, there are social factors like the status of women or the presence of civil unrest that can affect outcomes. These findings underscore the conclusion that it should not be assumed that an intervention found effective in a randomized controlled trial in a re-search setting will have the same effects when im-plemented under field conditions in a different set-ting. They also point to the need to understand the prevailing underlying causes of malnutrition in a given setting and the age groups most likely to benefit in selecting an intervention. Further, impact evaluations need to supplement data measuring impact with data on service delivery and demand-side behavioral outcomes to demonstrate the plausibility of the findings, to understand what part of a program works, and to address weak links in the results chain to improve performance. There is scant evidence on the distribution of nutrition impacts who is benefiting and who is not or on the cost-effectiveness of interventions Just because malnutrition is more common among the poor does not mean that they will disproportio-nately benefit from an intervention, particularly if acting on new knowledge or different incentives relies on access to education or quality services. Only a third of the 46 evaluations looked at the distribution of impacts by gender, mother s education, poverty status, or availability of complementary health services. Only nine assessed the impacts on nutritional outcomes of the poor compared with the non-poor. Among the evaluations that did examine variation in results, several found that the children of more educated mothers or in better-off communities are be-nefitting the most. Bank-supported cash transfers, community nutrition, and early child development programs in six of eight countries had some impact on child anthropometric outcomes. Of the 12 impact evaluations of Bank support, all but one were of large-scale government programs with multiple interventions and a long results chain. Three-quarters found a positive impact on anthro-pometric outcomes of children in at least one age group, although the magnitude was in some cases not large or applied to a narrow age group. Most of the impact evaluations involved assessment of completely new programs and involved World Bank researchers. Most used quasi-experimental evaluation designs and two-thirds assessed impact after at most 3 years of program implementation. Only half of the evaluations documented the distribution of impacts and only a third presented information on the costs of the intervention (falling short of cost-effectiveness analysis). In two of the countries (Colombia and the Philippines) the evaluations likely had an impact on government policy or programs. Lessons A number of lessons for development practi-tioners and evaluators arose from the review of impact evaluations of World Bank nutrition support. For task managers: Impact evaluations of interventions that are clearly beyond the means of the government to sustain are of limited relevance. The complexity, costs, and fiscal sustainability of the intervention should figure into the decision as to whether an impact evaluation is warranted. Impact evaluations are often launched for the purpose of evaluating completely new pro-grams, but they may be equally or even more useful in improving the effectiveness of ongo-ing programs. There are methods for obtaining reliable impact evaluation results when randomized assignment of interventions is not possible for political, ethical, or practical reasons. For evaluators: In light of the challenges of evaluating large-scale programs with a long results chain, it is well worth the effort to assess the risks to disruption of the impact evaluation ahead of time and identify mitigation measures. The design and analysis of nutrition impact evaluations need to take into account the likely sensitivity of children of different ages to the intervention. For the purposes of correctly gauging im-pact, it is important to know exactly when delivery of an intervention took place in the field (as opposed to the official start of the program). Evaluations need to be designed to provide evidence for timely decision-making, but with sufficient elapsed time for a plausible impact to have occurred. The relevance of impact evaluations for po-licymakers would be greatly enhanced if im-pact evaluations were to document both the
Download or read book Nutrition Intervention Strategies in National Development written by Barbara Underwood and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nutrition Intervention Strategies in National Development reviews nutritional programs as key components of policy planning for national development in general and health programs in particular. It summarizes research on targeted application of nutrition knowledge in public health and efforts to reduce worldwide malnutrition, and it highlights the importance of planned controlled change in the quality of diet as a preventive strategy against widespread disease. Organized into seven sections encompassing 33 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the basic concepts of nutrition intervention and some elements of successful nutrition intervention strategies. It then discusses the economic effects of early malnutrition and economic considerations for nutrition intervention programs; the role of the government in income distribution and nutritional improvement; supplementary feeding programs; and strategies for addressing protein energy malnutrition. The reader is also introduced to the nutrition-infection cycle in relation to intervention techniques, nutrient-specific interventions including prevention of iron deficiency, and nutrition education. Scientists, nutritionists, policymakers, medical doctors, economists, education specialists, and health workers concerned with nutrition intervention programs will find this book extremely helpful.
Download or read book Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries written by Richard David Semba and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-06-26 with total page 938 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This updated and expanded book was written with the underlying conviction that global health and nutrition problems can only be solved through a firm understanding of the different levels of causality and the interactions between the various determinants. This volume provides policy makers, nutritionists, students, scientists, and professionals with the most recent and up-to-date knowledge regarding major health and nutritional problems in developing countries.
Download or read book Nutrition Intervention in Developing Countries written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nutrition Intervention in Developing Countries Study 7 Integrated Nutrition and Primary Health Care Programs written by U.S. Agency For International Development. Development Support Bureau. Office of Nutrition and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Double Burden of Malnutrition written by and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2006 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In several developing countries, undernourishment is still prevalent while obesity and its related co-morbidities, including chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart disease, diabetes and cancer, are emerging and contributing increasingly to morbidity and mortality. Several countries are now facing a double burden of malnutrition, i.e. caloric (energy) and micronutrient deficiencies and, at the same time, obesity and diet-related chronic diseases. This "nutrition transition" is associated with rapid economic development, urbanization and global changes, which lead to shifts towards a more energy dense diet, including more fat and sugar and more processed foods, and at the same time dramatic alterations in physical activity patterns and lifestyles. While infectious diseases and maternal and child undernutrition continue to take an enormous toll in lives and health worldwide, the rapid rise of NCDs represents one of the major health challenges to global development in the twenty-first century and threatens economic and social development of nations as well as the lives and health of millions globally. This publication explores the situation of the double burden of malnutrition in six geographically and culturally diverse case study countries and presents conclusions and recommendations from a follow-up workshop with the case study authors.
Download or read book Nutrition Intervention in Developing Countries written by U.S. Agency For International Development. Development Support Bureau. Office of Nutrition and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
- Author : James E. Austin
- Publisher :
- Release : 1981
- ISBN : 9780899460833
- Pages : 308 pages
Nutrition Intervention in Developing Countries Study three Fortification Study four Formulated foods
Download or read book Nutrition Intervention in Developing Countries Study three Fortification Study four Formulated foods written by James E. Austin and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nutrition Intervention in Developing Countries Study 1 Supplementary Feeding written by U.S. Agency For International Development. Development Support Bureau. Office of Nutrition and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nutrition Intervention in Developing Countries Study 5 Consumer Food Price Subsidies Study 6 Agricultural Production Technical Change and Nutritional Goals written by U.S. Agency For International Development. Development Support Bureau. Office of Nutrition and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Human Nutrition in the Developing World written by Michael C. Latham and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 1997 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this publication, Professor Michael Latham draws upon his far-reaching experience in the field of international nutrition to provide a rich source of information about nutrition science, public health, food science and public policy. The text summarizes key points in human nutrition and provides information about protein, fats, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. Special emphasis is given to the nutritional needs of infants, children, mothers and the elderly. Basic information about foods commonly found in the diets of Africans, Asians and Latin Americans is given. The book focuses on the nutritional and health consequences of inadequate food consumption. Each major nutritional disorder is described and factors contributing to malnutrition such as low food production, food insecurity, poor health status and social and cultural factors are reviewed. [This is a reprint of the 1997 edition.]
Download or read book Evaluation of Nutrition Education in Africa written by Jan Hoorweg and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2019-07-08 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: No detailed description available for "Evaluation of Nutrition Education in Africa".