Download or read book Numerical Simulation of Blast Interaction with the Human Body written by Tyler Haladuick and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom, explosions accounted for 81% of all injuries; this is a higher casualty percentage than in any previous wars. Blast wave overpressure has recently been associated with varying levels of traumatic brain injury in soldiers exposed to blast loading. Presently, the injury mechanism behind primary blast brain injury is not well understood due to the complex interactions between the blast wave and the human body. Despite these limitations in the understanding of head injury thresholds, head kinematics are often used to predict the overall potential for head injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate head kinematics, and predict injury from a range of simulated blast loads at varying standoff distances and differing heights of bursts. The validated Generator of body data multi-body human surrogate model allows for numerical kinematic data simulation in explicit finite element method fluid structure interaction blast modeling. Two finite element methods were investigated to simulate blast interaction with humans, an enhanced blast uncoupled method, and an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eularian fully coupled method. The enhanced blast method defines an air blast function through the application of a blast pressure wave, including ground reflections, based on the explosives relative location to a target; the pressures curves are based on the Convention Weapons databases. LBE model is efficient for parametric numerical studies of blast interaction where the target response is the only necessary result. The ALE model, unlike classical Lagrangian methods, has a fixed finite element mesh that allows material to flow through it; this enables simulation of large deformation problems such as blast in an air medium and its subsequent interaction with structures. The ALE model should be used when research into a specific blast scenario is of interest, since this method is more computationally expensive. The ALE method can evaluate a blast scenario in more detail including: explosive detonation, blast wave development and propagation, near-field fireball effects, blast wave reflection, as well as 3D blast wave interaction, reflection and refraction with a target. Both approaches were validated against experimental blast tests performed by Defense Research and Development Valcartier and ConWep databases for peak pressure, arrival time, impulse, and curve shape. The models were in good agreement with one another and follow the experimental data trend showing an exponential reduction in peak acceleration with increasing standoff distance until the Mach stem effect reached head height. The Mach stem phenomenon is a shock front formed by the merging of the incident and reflected shock waves; it increases the applied peak pressure and duration of a blast wave thus expanding the potential head injury zone surrounding a raised explosive. The enhanced blast model was in good agreement with experimental data in the near-field, and mid-field; however, overestimated the peak acceleration, and head injury criteria values in the far-field due to an over predicted pressure impulse force. The ALE model also over predicted the response based on the head injury criteria at an increased standoff distance due to smearing of the blast wave over several finite elements leading to an increased duration loading. According to the Abbreviated Injury Scale, the models predicted a maximal level 6 injury for all explosive sizes in the near-field, with a rapid acceleration of the head over approximately 1 ms. There is a drastic exponential reduction in the insult force and potential injury received with increasing standoff distance outside of the near-field region of an explosive charge.

Download or read book Numerical Simulation of Blast in the World Trade Center written by Joseph D. Baum and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Composite Materials for Extreme Loading written by Shankar Krishnapillai and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-06 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the select proceedings of the Indo-Korean workshop on Multi Functional Materials for Extreme Loading, 2021. The book mainly focuses on the very important emerging area of response to extreme loading of composites as well as other materials involving characterization studies, failure mechanisms conditions under quasi static to high strain rates, impact loads, blast loads, crash analysis, and other thermal and fatigue loads. The book also includes other important areas related to special materials and techniques such as 3D printing, nano-composites, multifunctional materials, and high temperature materials. The contents of this book are useful for beginners, industrial designers, academic researchers, and graduate students.

Download or read book Numerical Simulation of Airblast from Three Interacting High explosive Bursts Using the MAZ Code written by Philip A. Hookham and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Basic Finite Element Method as Applied to Injury Biomechanics written by King-Hay Yang and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-09-22 with total page 754 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Basic Finite Element Method as Applied to Injury Biomechanics provides a unique introduction to finite element methods. Unlike other books on the topic, this comprehensive reference teaches readers to develop a finite element model from the beginning, including all the appropriate theories that are needed throughout the model development process. In addition, the book focuses on how to apply material properties and loading conditions to the model, how to arrange the information in the order of head, neck, upper torso and upper extremity, lower torso and pelvis and lower extremity. The book covers scaling from one body size to the other, parametric modeling and joint positioning, and is an ideal text for teaching, further reading and for its unique application to injury biomechanics. With over 25 years of experience of developing finite element models, the author's experience with tissue level injury threshold instead of external loading conditions provides a guide to the "do’s and dont's" of using finite element method to study injury biomechanics. Covers the fundamentals and applications of the finite element method in injury biomechanics Teaches readers model development through a hands-on approach that is ideal for students and researchers Includes different modeling schemes used to model different parts of the body, including related constitutive laws and associated material properties

Download or read book Fracture Mechanics Applications written by Hayri Baytan Ozmen and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-09-23 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fracture mechanics deals with the cracking behavior of materials, and cracking defines the limit state for many components of engineering systems. Fracture mechanics principles can help us design more robust components to ensure safer airplanes, space shuttles, ships, cranes, buildings, bridges, and mechanical systems. Written by researchers and experts of the field, this book examines recent progress in fracture mechanics applications. Chapters cover such topics as rupture theory, the J-integral, knitted fabric-reinforced polymer composites, and artificial neural networks to detect structural damage, among others. This volume is designed for graduate students, researchers, and practicing engineers.

Download or read book Frontiers of Shock Wave Research written by Kazuyoshi Takayama and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-07 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book contains 12 chapters written by well-known shock wave researchers from seven different countries. Each researcher provides a brief description of his main research interests and results, thereby providing the readers with an excellent view of shock wave research conducted in the past fifty years. It also provides hints as to what still needs further investigation. It will be an excellent guide for young researchers entering the field of shock wave phenomena. Among the described investigations are the following topics: Blast wave interaction with a body when the body is in the area of interference of two blast waves moving in different directions; equation of state for water based on the shock Hugoniot data; Mach waves occurring over a backward facing edge in supersonic flow; shock waves in dusty gas; shock wave interaction with various bodies; three shock interactions.

Download or read book A New Method for Air Blast Structure Interaction Based on an Immersed Approach written by Georgios Moutsanidis and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The numerical simulation of air-blast--structure interaction (ABSI) is a highly challenging and complicated problem. It requires an accurate and robust fluid solver for the Navier-Stokes equations of compressible flow, an advanced computational method that can capture possible structural disintegration, large inelastic deformations and multi-body interaction, as well as a sophisticated fluid--structure interaction (FSI) technique that ensures the correct coupling of the two subsystems. In this work, a new immersed approach for ABSI is presented. The new method leads to an a-priori monolithic FSI formulation with intrinsic contact detection between solid objects, and without formal restrictions on their motions. The proposed formulation is verified against benchmark problems and experimental results, and is applied to the simulation of a concrete wall subjected to blast loading. A new hyperbolic phase field model for brittle fracture, which eliminates the well-known shortcomings of local damage models, is then developed and coupled with the ABSI formulation. Several numerical examples that demonstrate the capabilities of the method are provided.

Download or read book Plasticity in Reinforced Concrete written by Wai-Fah Chen and published by J. Ross Publishing. This book was released on 2007 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: J. Ross Publishing Classics are world-renowned texts and monographs written bt preeminent scholars. These books are available to students, researchers, professionals, and libararies.

Download or read book Explosion and Blast Related Injuries written by Nabil M. Elsayed Ph.D. and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-07-26 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explosion and Blast-Related Injuries is an authoritative text that brings together diverse knowledge gained from both the experience of clinicians treating blast casualties and the insights of scientists obtained from research and modeling of blast exposures. By providing information on explosion and blast injury patterns, as well as the mechanism of blast-induced injuries, it is a useful reference for both physicians and researchers. With contributions by experts from around the globe, the book covers topics such as the epidemiology of blast and explosion injury, pathology and pathophysiology, and the modeling and mechanism of injury. Finally, this book might stimulate additional studies into ways to improve our current mass casualty response systems.* Contains contributions from experts who had first hand experience dealing with explosion and blast injuries. * Provides a diverse global experience derived from both military operations and terrorist attacks in civilian settings from the US, Europe and the Middle East. * Covers such topics as epidemiology of blast and explosion injury, pathology and pathophysiology, modeling and mechanism of injury, and finally presents the global experiences of blast injury and mass casualty management.

Download or read book Recent Developments in Mechanics and Design written by Shriram Hegde and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-11-25 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book presents select proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering (INCOME 2021). It includes the topics related to design and functional requirements of components used in mechanical systems. The contents covered include concept design, detailed design, structural design, mechanics, static and dynamic systems. The book also discusses various methods of software aided design and analysis. Given the contents, the book will be a valuable reference for beginners, researchers, and professionals working in various domains of mechanical engineering.

Download or read book Axisymmetric Interaction of a Blast Wave with the Shock Layer of a High speed Blunt Body written by William McNamara and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A finite-difference method is developed for treating the interactions of a blast wave and the shock layer in the nose region of a high-speed blunt body. The body may be of any blunt shape which can be represented by a connected series of straight-line segments. The investigation is restricted to head-on axisymmetric interactions in the blunted nose region. The numerical procedure is based upon an acoustic modification of the finite-difference method of Godunov, and employs a floating Eulerian mesh which is attached to the bow shock and to the body. The mesh is periodically realigned to follow, in a Lagrangian fashion, the primary contact surface resulting from the blast-wave bow-shock interaction. Comparisons with steady-state solutions show an accuracy of better than 5 percent, and comparisons with some preliminary experimental data suggest an agreement of better than 25 percent for interaction calculations. It is concluded that the numerical code could be extended to more downstream regions of the body, and for greater usefulness should include real-gas effects. (Author).

Download or read book Applied mechanics reviews written by and published by . This book was released on 1948 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Survey of Computational Models for Blast Induced Human Injuries for Security and Defence Applications written by and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explosions and blast waves can cause human injuries due to both the interaction of the blast waves with the human tissues and the generated and propelled fragments that strike the body. Several models for the prediction of these injurious effects have been reviewed in this report. They have been selected from those most widely established and more suitable for implementation in finite element codes for risk assessment in large-scale numerical simulations. The models examined have been presented according to the established three categories of primary, secondary and tertiary injury mechanisms. They are probabilistic and their probit (or logistic) functions are presented and explained. Appropriate pressure-impulse and mass-velocity diagrams are drawn for blast waves and fragment injuries, respectively. Comparisons of injury criteria predictions are made, and some merits or shortcomings of the models are indicated. A workable model of munition fragmentation is also included. Thus the report provides the means for an efficient assessment of human injury risk in case of explosion events, which can effectively contribute to refining methods of protection in security and defence.

Download or read book Computation of Three Dimensional Complex Flows written by Michel Deville and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Der Sammelband enthält Beiträge einer Tagung über die Simulation von dreidimensionalen Flüssigkeiten. Sie geben einen Überblick über den Stand des Wissens auf dem Gebiet der numerischen Simulation der Turbulenz, angewandt auf eine weite Spanne von Problemen wie Aerodynamik, Nicht-Newtonsche Flüssigkeiten, Konvektion.This volume contains the material presented at the IMACS-COST Conference on CFD, Three-Dimensional Complex Flows, held in Lausanne (Switzerland), September 13 - 15, 1995. It gives an overview of the current state of numerical simulation and turbulence modelling applied to a wide range of fluid flow problems such as an example aerodynamics, non-Newtonian flows, transition, thermal convection.

Download or read book Understanding the mechanism of traumatic brain injury induced energy metabolism written by Guoqiang Xing and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-03-24 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book High Performance Computing for Computational Science VECPAR 2002 written by José M.L.M. Palma and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-04-07 with total page 828 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the 5th International Conference on High Performance Computing for Computational Science, VECPAR 2002, held in Porto, Portugal in June 2002. The 45 revised full papers presented together with 4 invited papers were carefully selected during two rounds of reviewing and improvement. The papers are organized in topical sections on fluids and structures, data mining, computing in chemistry and biology, problem solving environments, computational linear and non-linear algebra, cluster computing, imaging, and software tools and environments.