Download or read book Numerical Notation written by Stephen Chrisomalis and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-01-18 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a cross-cultural reference volume of all attested numerical notation systems, encompassing more than 100 such systems used over the past 5,500 years. Using a typology that defies unilinear evolutionary models, Stephen Chrisomalis identifies five basic types of numerical notation systems, tracks relationships between systems, and creates a general model of change that incorporates social, historical, and cognitive factors.
Download or read book Reckonings written by Stephen Chrisomalis and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2020-12-15 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insights from the history of numerical notation suggest that how humans write numbers is an active choice involving cognitive and social factors. Over the past 5,000 years, more than 100 methods of numerical notation--distinct ways of writing numbers--have been developed and used by specific communities. Most of these are barely known today; where they are known, they are often derided as cognitively cumbersome and outdated. In Reckonings, Stephen Chrisomalis considers how humans past and present use numerals, reinterpreting historical and archaeological representations of numerical notation and exploring the implications of why we write numbers with figures rather than words.
Download or read book Source Book of Proposed Music Notation Reforms written by Gardner Read and published by Greenwood. This book was released on 1987-04-03 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book to examine comprehensively the major systems of musical notation proposed during the past three centuries. Illustrating the many attempts to improve upon or replace the traditional system, this important work chronologically lists, describes, and critically analyzes the majority of the proposed reforms that have appeared over the years. No other book now available covers the subject in such depth or detail. It is not only a repository of suggested improvements in notation, but also a historical survey of the efforts made to simplify the standard practices.
Download or read book Enlightening Symbols written by Joseph Mazur and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2014-03-23 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An entertaining look at the origins of mathematical symbols While all of us regularly use basic math symbols such as those for plus, minus, and equals, few of us know that many of these symbols weren't available before the sixteenth century. What did mathematicians rely on for their work before then? And how did mathematical notations evolve into what we know today? In Enlightening Symbols, popular math writer Joseph Mazur explains the fascinating history behind the development of our mathematical notation system. He shows how symbols were used initially, how one symbol replaced another over time, and how written math was conveyed before and after symbols became widely adopted. Traversing mathematical history and the foundations of numerals in different cultures, Mazur looks at how historians have disagreed over the origins of the numerical system for the past two centuries. He follows the transfigurations of algebra from a rhetorical style to a symbolic one, demonstrating that most algebra before the sixteenth century was written in prose or in verse employing the written names of numerals. Mazur also investigates the subconscious and psychological effects that mathematical symbols have had on mathematical thought, moods, meaning, communication, and comprehension. He considers how these symbols influence us (through similarity, association, identity, resemblance, and repeated imagery), how they lead to new ideas by subconscious associations, how they make connections between experience and the unknown, and how they contribute to the communication of basic mathematics. From words to abbreviations to symbols, this book shows how math evolved to the familiar forms we use today.
Download or read book The Ciphers of the Monks written by David A. King and published by Franz Steiner Verlag. This book was released on 2001 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first comprehensive study of an ingenious number-notation from the Middle Ages that was devised by monks and mainly used in monasteries. A simple notation for representing any number up to 99 by a single cipher, somehow related to an ancient Greek shorthand, first appeared in early-13th-century England, brought from Athens by an English monk. A second, more useful version, due to Cistercian monks, is first attested in the late 13th century in what is today the border country between Belgium and France: with this any number up to 9999 can be represented by a single cipher. The ciphers were used in scriptoria - for the foliation of manuscripts, for writing year-numbers, preparing indexes and concordances, numbering sermons and the like, and outside the scriptoria - for marking the scales on an astronomical instrument, writing year-numbers in astronomical tables, and for incising volumes on wine-barrels. Related notations were used in medieval and Renaissance shorthands and coded scripts. This richly-illustrated book surveys the medieval manuscripts and Renaissance books in which the ciphers occur, and takes a close look at an intriguing astrolabe from 14th-century Picardy marked with ciphers. With Indices. "Mit Kings luzider Beschreibung und Bewertung der einzelnen Funde und ihrer Beziehungen wird zugleich die Forschungsgeschichte - die bis dato durch Widerspruechlichkeit und Diskontinuit�t gepr�gt ist - umfassend aufgearbeitet." Zeitschrift fuer Germanistik.
Download or read book Elocutionary Manual written by Alexander Melville Bell and published by . This book was released on 1887 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book International Critical Tables of Numerical Data Physics Chemistry and Technology X ray data written by National Research Council (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1928 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Library Association Record written by Library Association and published by . This book was released on 1907 with total page 746 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the 22d-33d annual conference of the Library Association in v. 1-12; proceedings of the 34th-44th, 47th-57th annual conference issued as a supplement to v. 13-23, new ser. v. 3-ser. 4, v. 1.
Download or read book Writing Around the Ancient Mediterranean written by Philippa M. Steele and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Writing in the ancient Mediterranean existed against a backdrop of very high levels of interaction and contact. In the societies around its shores, writing was a dynamic practice that could serve many purposes from a tool used by elites to control resources and establish their power bases to a symbol of local identity and a means of conveying complex information and ideas. This volume presents a group of papers by members of the Contexts of and Relations between Early Writing Systems (CREWS) research team and visiting fellows, offering a range of different perspectives and approaches to problems of writing in the ancient Mediterranean. They focus on practices, viewing writing as something that people do within a wider social and cultural context, and on adaptations, considering the ways in which writing changed and was changed by the people using it.
Download or read book Principles of Speech and Vocal Physiology written by Alexander Melville Bell and published by . This book was released on 1878 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Insects of Australia and New Zealand written by Robin John Tillyard and published by . This book was released on 1926 with total page 714 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Number Sense written by Stanislas Dehaene and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2011-04-29 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our understanding of how the human brain performs mathematical calculations is far from complete, but in recent years there have been many exciting breakthroughs by scientists all over the world. Now, in The Number Sense, Stanislas Dehaene offers a fascinating look at this recent research, in an enlightening exploration of the mathematical mind. Dehaene begins with the eye-opening discovery that animals--including rats, pigeons, raccoons, and chimpanzees--can perform simple mathematical calculations, and that human infants also have a rudimentary number sense. Dehaene suggests that this rudimentary number sense is as basic to the way the brain understands the world as our perception of color or of objects in space, and, like these other abilities, our number sense is wired into the brain. These are but a few of the wealth of fascinating observations contained here. We also discover, for example, that because Chinese names for numbers are so short, Chinese people can remember up to nine or ten digits at a time--English-speaking people can only remember seven. The book also explores the unique abilities of idiot savants and mathematical geniuses, and we meet people whose minute brain lesions render their mathematical ability useless. This new and completely updated edition includes all of the most recent scientific data on how numbers are encoded by single neurons, and which brain areas activate when we perform calculations. Perhaps most important, The Number Sense reaches many provocative conclusions that will intrigue anyone interested in learning, mathematics, or the mind. "A delight." --Ian Stewart, New Scientist "Read The Number Sense for its rich insights into matters as varying as the cuneiform depiction of numbers, why Jean Piaget's theory of stages in infant learning is wrong, and to discover the brain regions involved in the number sense." --The New York Times Book Review "Dehaene weaves the latest technical research into a remarkably lucid and engrossing investigation. Even readers normally indifferent to mathematics will find themselves marveling at the wonder of minds making numbers." --Booklist
Download or read book Decimal Educator written by and published by . This book was released on 1924 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book In Search of Juli n Carrillo and Sonido 13 written by Alejandro L. Madrid and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2015 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the 1920s, Mexican composer Julián Carrillo (1875-1965) developed a microtonal system he metaphorically called El Sonido 13 (The 13th Sound). Although his pioneering role as one of the first proponents of microtonality gave him a cult figure status among European avant-garde circles in the 1960s and 1970s, his music and legacy have remained largely ignored by scholars and critics. This book explores his ideas not only in relation to the historical moments of their inception but also in relation to the various cultural projects that kept them alive and resignified them into the 21st century.
Download or read book Canons of Classification Applied to The Subject The Expansive The Decimal and The Library of Congress Classifications written by William Charles Berwick Sayers and published by . This book was released on 1915 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Canons of Classification Applied to the Subject written by William Charles Berwick Sayers and published by . This book was released on 1915 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Musical Times and Singing class Circular written by and published by . This book was released on 1882 with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
