Download or read book Nuclear Energy Cooperation with Foreign Countries Issues for Congress written by Paul K. Kerr and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2012-10-12 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nuclear Energy Cooperation with Foreign Countries written by Paul K. Kerr and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report discusses broad themes related to U.S. nuclear cooperation with other countries.
Download or read book Nuclear Energy Cooperation with Foreign Countries Issues for Congress written by Congressional Research Congressional Research Service and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-12-08 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: U.S. civil nuclear cooperation agreements ("123" agreements), which are bilateral agreements with other governments or multilateral organizations, have several important goals, including promoting the U.S. nuclear industry, which is increasingly dependent on foreign customers and suppliers, and preventing nuclear proliferation. Increased international interest in nuclear power has generated concern that additional countries may obtain fuel-making technology that could also be used to produce fissile material for nuclear weapons. Ensuring the peaceful use of transferred nuclear technology has long been a major U.S. objective, and Congress has played a key role. For example, the Nuclear Nonproliferation Act of 1978, which amended the Atomic Energy Act (AEA) of 1954, added new requirements for nuclear cooperation with the United States. Moreover, the United States has been a longtime proponent of restrictive international nuclear export policies. In recent years, some observers and Members of Congress have advocated that the United States adopt new conditions for civil nuclear cooperation. These would include requiring potential recipients of U.S. civil nuclear technology to forgo fuel-making enrichment and reprocessing technologies and to bring into force an Additional Protocol to their International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards agreements. Such protocols augment the IAEA's legal authority to inspect nuclear facilities. The near-term proliferation threat posed by civil nuclear commerce, particularly reactor transfers, is far from clear: All but three states (India, Israel, and Pakistan, all of which have nuclear weapons) are parties to the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT); all legitimate transfers of nuclear technology to NPT non-nuclear-weapon states are subject to IAEA safeguards; and no country with comprehensive safeguards in place and a record in good standing with the IAEA has used declared nuclear facilities to produce fissile material for weapons. Further, the international community has multiple mechanisms to dissuade countries from developing domestic enrichment or reprocessing facilities. States such as India, Iran, Israel, North Korea, and Pakistan did acquire enrichment or reprocessing technology, but did so either clandestinely or prior to the establishment of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) in the mid-1970s.
Download or read book U S India Atomic Energy Cooperation written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book International Cooperation in Nuclear Energy and Noproliferation written by and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Proposals for International Cooperation in Nuclear Energy written by United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. Subcommittee on Agreements for Cooperation and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nuclear Energy Cooperation with China written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Special Subcommittee on U.S.-Pacific Rim Trade and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book U S Financial Assistance in the Development of Foreign Nuclear Energy Programs Multiagency written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nuclear Energy Cooperation with China written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Special Subcommittee on U.S. Trade with China and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book International Agreements for Cooperation 1967 68 written by United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. Subcommittee on Agreements for Cooperation and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Considers the extensions of agreements concerning nuclear power with Australia, Colombia, Japan, Philippines, Denmark, Ireland, Norway, Greece, and the Republic of South Africa.
Download or read book Indo U S Civil Nuclear Deal written by Rahul K. Bhonsle and published by Atlantic Publishers & Dist. This book was released on 2007 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Indo-U.S. Civil Nuclear Deal July 2005 Is An Epochal Event Setting The Stage For India S Tacit Admission Into The Elite Nuclear Club Of Five . While Opening The Doors For India To The Global Nuclear Energy Market, The Deal Will Have Far-Reaching Impact On Regional As Well As International Relations. Some As China And Pakistan Could See It Detrimental To Their Security Interests. Others As France And Germany, Acknowledging India S Rising Power, Have Preferred To Engage It. Within The Two Nations, India And The U.S., The Opinions Have Been Sharply Divided. The U.S. Non-Proliferation Community Has Attacked President Bush For Opening A Pandora S Box By Cooperating With A State Which Possesses Nuclear Weapons But Is Non-Signatory Of The Npt. In India, Concerns Of Sovereignty Have Overshadowed The Sizeable Gains Accruing To The Country In Its Quest For Energy Sufficiency.The Articles In The Present Book Place The Entire Debate On Indo-U.S. Civil Nuclear Deal In Perspective By Examining The Background Which Led The Bush Administration To Propose A Change In The Nuclear Rules In Favor Of India, The Range Of Deliberations That Have Followed And The Final Stages Awaiting Formal Recognition. An Attempt Has Been Made To Cover Both The Objective And Subjective Factors Which Have Driven This Nuclear Debate. In Addition To Articles By Erudite Experts In The Field Of International Affairs, The Book Also Includes Important Documents Relating To The Nuclear Deal Speeches Of The U.S. President, Indian Prime Minister, Senators, Congressmen, Senior Officials, The Viewpoints Of Different Countries, The Nsg, And The Iaea Chief.The Book Is A Seminal Contribution To Indo-U.S. Relations And Will Prove Invaluable To Students And Scholars Of International Affairs, Strategic Analysts, Policy Planners, Diplomats, Parliamentarians As Well As Common Readers Interested In Contemporary World Affairs.
Download or read book Overview of Nuclear Export Policies of Major Foreign Supplier Nations written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book U S Indian Nuclear Energy Cooperation written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book International Cooperation in Nuclear Energy written by Joseph A. Yager and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book U S Nuclear Cooperation with Other Countries written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Restoring U S Leadership in Nuclear Energy written by The CSIS Commission on Nuclear Energy Policy in the United States and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2013-07-03 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: America’s nuclear energy industry is in decline. Low natural gas prices, financing hurdles, failure to find a permanent repository for high-level nuclear waste, reactions to the Fukushima accident in Japan, and other factors are hastening the day when existing U.S. reactors become uneconomic. The decline of the U.S. nuclear energy industry could be much more rapid than policy makers and stakeholders anticipate. China, India, Russia, and others plan on adding nuclear technology to their mix, furthering the spread of nuclear materials around the globe. U.S. companies must meet a significant share of this demand for nuclear technology, but U.S. firms are currently at a competitive disadvantage due to restrictive and otherwise unsupportive export policies. Without a strong commercial presence in new markets, America’s ability to influence nonproliferation policies and nuclear safety behaviors worldwide is bound to diminish. The United States cannot afford to become irrelevant in a new nuclear age.
Download or read book U S Nuclear Cooperation with India Issues for Congress written by Paul Kerr and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-01-25 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: India, which has not signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and does not have International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on all of its nuclear material, exploded a "peaceful" nuclear device in 1974, convincing the world of the need for greater restrictions on nuclear trade. The United States created the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) as a direct response to India's test, halted nuclear exports to India a few years later, and worked to convince other states to do the same. India tested nuclear weapons again in 1998. However, President Bush announced July 18, 2005, he would "work to achieve full civil nuclear energy cooperation with India" and would "also seek agreement from Congress to adjust U.S. laws and policies," in the context of a broader partnership with India. U.S. nuclear cooperation with other countries is governed by the Atomic Energy Act (AEA) of 1954 (P.L. 95-242). However, P.L. 109-401, which President Bush signed into law on December 18, 2006, allows the President to waive several provisions of the AEA. On September 10, 2008, President Bush submitted to Congress, in addition to other required documents, a written determination that P.L. 109-401's requirements for U.S. nuclear cooperation with India to proceed had been met. President Bush signed P.L. 110-369, which approved the agreement, into law October 8, 2008. Then-Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and India's then-External Affairs Minister Shri Pranab Mukherjee signed the agreement two days later, and it entered into force December 6, 2008. Additionally, the United States and India signed a subsequent arrangement in July 2010 which governs "arrangements and procedures under which" India may reprocess U.S.-origin nuclear fuel in two new national reprocessing facilities, which New Delhi has not yet constructed. The NSG, at the behest of the Bush Administration, agreed in September 2008 to exempt India from some of its export guidelines. That decision has effectively left decisions regarding nuclear commerce with India almost entirely up to individual governments. Since the NSG decision, India has concluded numerous nuclear cooperation agreements with foreign suppliers. However, U.S. companies have not yet started nuclear trade with India and may be reluctant to do so if New Delhi does not resolve concerns regarding its policies on liability for nuclear reactor operators and suppliers. Taking a step to resolve such concerns, India signed the Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage, which has not yet entered into force, October 27, 2010. However, many observers have argued that Indian nuclear liability legislation adopted in August 2010 is inconsistent with the Convention. The Obama Administration has continued with the Bush Administration's policy regarding civil nuclear cooperation with India. According to a November 8, 2010, White House fact sheet, the United States "intends to support India's full membership" in the NSG, as well as other multilateral export control regimes.
