Download or read book Novel Regulatory Mechanisms of Adipogenesis written by Daniel Steven Halperin and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of fat tissue or adipose over the last half century has dramatically altered the perception of the fat cell, also known as the adipocyte. Once only thought to store fat, the adipocyte is currently recognized to be a highly critical and important metabolically active cell. Adipogenesis, the process of adipocyte formation, has now become an intense subject of basic scientific research in large part due to the up-surge in obesity and metabolic disease in modern day society. PPARgamma is the master regulator of adipogenesis and is also a validated target of anti-diabetic drug therapy. However, a renewed sense of urgency in discovering novel factors and mechanisms that regulate the expression and/or activity of PPARgamma now exists due to recent scrutiny in the clinical use of molecules that directly activate PPARgamma. Therefore, this thesis attempts to address this need by investigating and uncovering entirely new modes of regulation in the differentiating adipocyte. Part one of this thesis presents the construction of a transgenic mouse line that carries a reporter vector containing a cloned set of highly conserved non-coding genomic sequences endogenously found within and adjacent to the PPARgamma locus in the mouse genome. This examination represents an effort to identify a genomic regulatory sequence that confers tissue selective expression of adipose-specific genes such as PPARgamma. Identification of such an enhancer would undoubtedly shed new light on the regulation of gene expression in adipocytes and usher in a new paradigm in the study of adipose tissue. Part two of this thesis presents the identification of Vestigial-like 3 (Vgll3) as an inhibitor of adipocyte differentiation. Vgll3 is a conserved transcriptional co-activator that is down-regulated during adipogenesis. This gene was initially observed to be differentially regulated between pre-adipocyte cell lines that exhibit contradictory potential to become lipid-laden adipocytes. When overexpressed in differentiating adipocytes in vitro, Vgll3 induces a potent block in PPARgamma expression and adipocyte formation. Furthermore, ectopic expression of Vgll3 was observed to up-regulate the expression of genes previously determined to be inhibitors of adipogenesis and genes associated with other mesenchymal-derived cellular differentiation programs. These results point to Vgll3 as a gene whose expression must be carefully modulated during the formation of fully differentiated, mature adipose tissue.
Download or read book Novel regulatory mechanisms behind thermogenesis of brown and beige adipocytes written by Rubén Cereijo and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-09-19 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Adipogenesis written by Yunfeng Lin and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adipogenesis is the process of cell differentiation by which preadipocytes become adipocytes. Adipogenesis has been one of the most intensively studied models of cellular differentiation. The exact mechanisms of adipogenesis remain unclear, since it involves abundant gene, growth factors, cytokines and environmental factors. This book provides an in-depth overview of current knowledge about the subject of adipogenesis in the human body, including what is known about molecular mechanisms (eg: cytokine- and growth-factor-related). Transcriptional regulators control the expression of target genes by the interaction with cofactors, coactivators, chromatin remodelling complexes and also with general transcriptional machinery. Current data suggests that adipogenesis is regulated by complex signalling pathway interactions involving multiple transcription factors. Many signaling pathways follow an inverse relationship between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. To provide better insight into the basic mechanisms of MSC fate determination, it is crucial to understand the various signalling pathways and cytokine interactions that co-ordinate this process. Further elucidation of this dichotomy may both improve understanding of human disease and speed the realisation of MSC mediated tissue engineering. There are a number of gaps in current knowledge of how adipogenesis actually occurs, and the authors are hopeful that the publication of this book will help researchers in this field to decide where to focus their future efforts. Contributions are therefore sought from anyone who is undertaking research in this area. The book will also provide an overview for surgeons and clinicians who wish to be kept abreast of developments in this fascinating subject.
Download or read book A Novel Regulatory Function for P130 in Adipocyte Fatty Acid Metabolism written by Nareh Rinei Edjiu and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the complex control mechanisms governing fatty acid synthesis and mobilization holds prognostic and therapeutic potential in treating metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Our data has uncovered a novel function for the transcriptional co-repressor p130 in adipocytes. In particular, we found that the subcellular localization of p130 supports fatty acid metabolism. Indeed, stimulating lipogenesis increased p130 levels in the mitochondria. Here it interacted at the D-loop regulatory region of mitochondrial DNA, repressing genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. This could allow the intermediates of the TCA cycle to be utilized for lipid synthesis in lieu of energy production. Conversely, inducing lipolysis via 3-adrenergic activation in white adipocytes or a physiological challenge imposed by fasting, decreased p130 levels in the mitochondria, concomitant with increased mitochondrial-encoded gene expression. Unexpectedly, 3-adrenergic stimulation showed the reverse effect in brown adipocytes. Our results provide valuable insight for deconstructing the intricate metabolic framework of adipocytes.
Download or read book Hypothalmic Regulatory Mechanisms of Adipocyte Lipogenesis written by Philip Devereux George Miles and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Identification and Characterization of Novel Regulators of Adipogenesis written by Schantel A. Hayes and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Adipogenesis written by Yunfeng Lin and published by . This book was released on 2013-01-01 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adipogenesis is the process of cell differentiation by which preadipocytes become adipocytes. Adipogenesis has been one of the most intensively studied models of cellular differentiation. The exact mechanisms of adipogenesis remain unclear, since it involves abundant gene, growth factors, cytokines and environmental factors. This book provides an in-depth overview of current knowledge about the subject of adipogenesis in the human body, including what is known about molecular mechanisms (e.g. cytokine- and growth-factor-related). Transcriptional regulators control the expression of target genes by the interaction with cofactors, coactivators, chromatin remodelling complexes and also with general transcriptional machinery. Current data suggests that adipogenesis is regulated by complex signaling pathway interactions involving multiple transcription factors. Many signaling pathways follow an inverse relationship between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. To provide better insight into the basic mechanisms of MSC fate determination, it is crucial to understand the various signaling pathways and cytokine interactions that coordinate this process. Further elucidation of this dichotomy may both improve understanding of human disease and speed the realization of MSC mediated tissue engineering. There are a number of gaps in current knowledge of how adipogenesis actually occurs, and the authors are hopeful that the publication of this book will help researchers in this field to decide where to focus their future efforts. Contributions are therefore sought from anyone who is undertaking research in this area. The book will also provide an overview for surgeons and clinicians who wish to be kept abreast of developments in this fascinating subject.
Download or read book Novel Mechanisms Regulating Inflammatory Gene Expression in Adipocytes written by Heesun Nam and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Obesity and diabetes are major public health concerns worldwide that contribute to cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and stroke. Research over the last two decades has revealed an important role for adipose tissue (AT) in the regulation and control of whole-body metabolic homeostasis and that chronic AT inflammation is an important pathogenic mechanism that links obesity and diabetes. While it is now recognized that inflammation is increased in AT with obesity, studies are underway to identify key inflammatory mediators and their downstream pathways that contribute to adipocyte inflammation. Therefore, data presented in this dissertation demonstrate that three novel mechanisms that may mediate obesity-induced inflammation in adipocytes. Interleukin (IL)-12 family cytokines are heterodimeric proteins mostly expressed in classic immune cells and play critical roles in innate and adaptive immunity. However, recent evidence has shown that plasma levels of IL-12 family cytokines are elevated in obesity and diabetes, yet little has addressed a role for IL-12 family cytokines in adipocytes under any condition. Data presented in this dissertation demonstrate that various IL-12 family members are highly induced in AT under conditions of genetic and diet-induced obesity that is associated with increased inflammation and IR. Subsequently, we show that both preadipocytes (PAs) and adipocytes (ADs) secrete IL-27 in response to inflammatory stress and demonstrate a novel function of IL-27 in adipocytes that is dependent on environmental cues. While PAs and ADs both secrete IL-27 protein, divergent mRNA regulation of the IL-27 subunits (i.e., p28 and EBI3) was observed in response to tumor necrosis factor a (TNFa) in adipocytes. As our data indicated a role for epigenetic modifications in differential IL-27 mRNA expression, we further determined that histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a key role in TNFa-induced p28 gene expression. Thus, these data demonstrate that epigenetic modification of histones potentially regulates the divergent outcomes observed with p28 and EBI3 gene expression during inflammatory stress. While extensive studies have identified TNFa as a master cytokine involved in AT inflammation, questions regarding its inflammatory actions on gene expression remain unclear. Emerging evidence highlights an important role for the Golgi apparatus (GA) in TNFa-induced inflammation, in part, through TNF receptor (TNFR) storage and secretion to the cell-surface, thus allowing for TNFa signaling. Our findings demonstrate a critical role for the GA in TNFR cell-surface expression and TNFa signaling as well as suggest a novel mechanism for the GA in TNFa-induced inflammation that potentially involves Golgi-localized co-factor(s) necessary for transcriptional gene expression. Collectively, data presented in this dissertation provide seminal evidence for novel mechanisms regulating adipocyte inflammation, potentially linking obesity with metabolic diseases."--Abstract from author supplied metadata.
Download or read book Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease written by Todd Leff and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-03-19 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely and most comprehensive reference available on the topic covers all the different aspects vital in the fight against the global obesity epidemic. Following a look at adipose tissue development and morphology, the authors go on to examine its metabolic and endocrine functions and its role in disease. The final section deals with comparative and evolutionary aspects of the tissue. The result is an essential resource for cell and molecular biologists, physiologists, biochemists, pharmacologists, and those working in the pharmaceutical industry.
Download or read book Brown Adipose Tissue written by Alexander Pfeifer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-04-02 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main focus of this book is on brown adipose tissue and its metabolic function. The book provides a timely update on the latest research and shows where the field is heading. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy and has received considerable attention in the last few years, having been re-discovered in adult humans in 2007/9. Moreover, BAT might offer a target for novel therapies to address obesity, a health condition that has reached pandemic dimensions.
Download or read book Physiology and Physiopathology of Adipose Tissue written by Jean-Philippe Bastard and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-11-28 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The scientific advances in the physiology and pathophysiology of adipose tissue over the last two decades have been considerable. Today, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of adipogenesis are well known. In addition, adipose tissue is now recognized as a real endocrine organ that produces hormones such as the leptin acting to regulate food intake and energy balance in the central nervous system, a finding that has completely revolutionized the paradigm of energy homeostasis. Other adipokines have now been described and these molecules are taking on increasing importance in physiology and pathophysiology. Moreover, numerous works have shown that in obesity, but also in cases of lipodystophy, adipose tissue was the site of a local low-grade inflammation that involves immune cells such as macrophages and certain populations of lymphocytes. This new information is an important step in the pathophysiology of both obesity and related metabolic and cardiovascular complications. Finally, it is a unique and original work focusing on adipose tissue, covering biology and pathology by investigating aspects of molecular and cellular biology, general, metabolic, genetic and genomic biochemistry.
Download or read book Tissue Specific Cell Signaling written by Joana Vieira Silva and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-29 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Signal transduction comprises the intracellular biochemical signals which induce the appropriate cell response to an external stimulus. The players in signal transduction are diverse, from small molecules as first messengers, to proteins, receptors, transcription factors, among many others. The different signaling pathways and the crosstalk between them originates the unique signaling profile of every cell type in the human body. The cell signaling specificity depends on several aspects including protein composition, subcellular localization and complexes and gene promoters. This textbook provides a comprehensive overview of the specific signaling pathways on a variety of human tissues. This information can be of great value for health science researchers, professionals and students to understand key pathways for tissue-specific functions in the plethora of signals, signals receptors, transducers and effectors. Chapter 3 and 15 are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Download or read book Hyperandrogenism in Women written by R. Pasquali and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2019-09-09 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hyperandrogenism profoundly affects women’s lives from lowering self-esteem to changing cognition and affective motivation. The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common androgen excess disorder worldwide. While it is not the focus of this book, some aspects are discussed. The aim of this book is to improve understanding of androgen excess and its impact on several conditions. Topics include development of adipose tissue in females, insulin sensitivity, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and Cushing’s disease/syndrome. There is also a discussion of PCOS with emphasis on in utero origins and specific genetic and epigenetic factors. This book provides a wealth of relevant information for every endocrinologist and gynecologist who wants to broaden their knowledge of androgens in various conditions.
Download or read book Clinical Anatomy by Systems written by Richard S. Snell and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2007 with total page 964 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Included CD-ROM contains clinical notes, information on congenital anomalies, radiographic anatomy, and clinical problem-solving exercises, all of which correlate directly with the text.
Download or read book ABC of Obesity written by Naveed Sattar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-04-08 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Obesity is a hugely expensive and increasing problem worldwide,leading to disability, reproductive problems, depression andaccelerated metabolic and vascular diseases in a large proportionof men, women and children. The ABC of Obesity is a newguide which will aid its effective management, addressing issuessuch as dieting, exercise, self esteem, drug treatment and surgery.Recent evidence is used to highlight frequent problems, successfultreatment options, and the most common causes. Written by leading experts, this is a widely accessible text andan indispensable guide for all general practitioners, juniordoctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals who areinvolved in the treatment and research of this commoncondition.
Download or read book Handbook of Nutrition Diet and Epigenetics written by Vinood B. Patel and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This multivolume reference work addresses the fact that the well being of humankind is predicated not only on individuals receiving adequate nutrition but also on their genetic makeup. The work includes more than 100 chapters organized in the following major sections: Introduction and Overview; Epigenetics of Organs and Diseases in Relation to Diet and Nutrition; Detailed Processes in Epigenetics of Diet and Nutrition; Modulating Epigenetics with Diet and Nutrition; and Practical Techniques. While it is well known that genes may encode proteins responsible for structural and dynamic components, there is an increasing body of evidence to suggest that nutrition itself may alter the way in which genes are expressed via the process of epigenetics. This is where chemically imposed alteration in the DNA sequence occurs or where the functional expression of DNA is modulated. This may include changes in DNA methylation, non-coding RNA, chromatin, histone acetylation or methylation, and genomic imprinting. Knowledge regarding the number of dietary components that impact on epigenetic processes is increasing almost daily. Marshalling all the information on the complex relationships between diet, nutrition, and epigenetic processes is somewhat difficult due to the wide myriad of material. It is for this reason that the present work has been compiled.
Download or read book Aldosterone Mineralocorticoid Receptor written by Brian Harvey and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-09-25 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an open access dissemination of the EU COST Action ADMIRE in Aldosterone/Mineralocorticoid Receptor (MR) physiology and pathophysiology. Aldosterone is the major hormone regulating blood pressure. Alterations in blood levels of aldosterone and genetic mutations in the MR receptor are major causes of hypertension and comorbidities. Many of the drugs in clinical use, and in development for treating hypertension, target aldosterone and MR actions in the kidney and cardiovascular system. The ADMIRE book assembles review chapters from 16 European ADMIRE laboratories providing the latest insights into mechanisms of aldosterone synthesis/secretion, aldosterone/MR physiology and signaling, and the pathophysiological roles of aldosterone/MR activation.
