Download or read book Novel Approaches to Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections Including HIV and Hepatitis B and C in Europe written by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Testing strategies are central to the control of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B and C. Accurate testing enables treatment of those infected and subsequent reduction in infectiousness, reduced clinical consequences, identification as well as treatment of potentially infected partners and opportunities for health promotion and behaviour modification due to awareness of infection. Nonetheless, there is huge variation in the availability of current routine diagnostic tests within Europe. Recent changes in the field of testing for STIs, HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) include the widespread implementation of nucleic acid amplification technologies (NAATs) for chlamydia and gonorrhoea diagnosis and the development of HIV screening tests that are easy to use and give a result almost immediately.^Such technological advances can open up opportunities for more accurate, near-patient testing, provision of rapid results, or noninvasive sampling. Developments in communication technology in recent years have enabled the emergence of ehealth (electronic-health) and m-health (mobile-health) activities. A framework was developed to structure and categorise the advances and novel approaches, consisting of i) test technical principle and biological sample, ii) person-context, and iii) information cascade, together with the crosscutting themes of evaluation, regulation and quality control and quality assurance. A literature search was conducted using broad search criteria for recent publications from European countries, the United States, Canada and Australia. Further information and examples were obtained from grey literature and online searches and input from experts.^^Amplification, molecular techniques and non-amplification techniques such as lateral flow have been applied to test for a wide range of infections. Nucleic Acid Amplification Technologies (NAATs) tests offer accurate diagnosis, while lateral flow and flow-through tests require limited equipment, ease of use and can give results almost immediately. Rapidity together with the accuracy of molecular diagnostics has been made possible with the advent of microfluidic and nano-based NAATs technologies. Tests for chlamydia and gonorrhoea, and HIV viral load are in development. Microfluidic and nano-based technologies use very low reagent volumes which improve efficiency, reduce costs and increase portability. Non-amplification point of care (POC) tests for HIV based on lateral flow and flow-through principles have been extensively evaluated and implemented in service provision.^They enable screening results to be given to participants within 30 minutes and hence delivered at the same visit. However, development of POC devices and particularly any future self-testing devices will be challenged by the need for simple methods to collect the biological sample and apply it to the device, with minimal sample processing by the user to minimise operator error. Expanding testing for STIs, HIV, HBV and HCV to healthcare settings outside specialist health care services and community services can be used to expand access to testing and to target key populations. HIV and chlamydia testing are leading the way in moving testing to these types of venue. A systematic review reported that HIV testing in community settings can be successful in diagnosing previously undiagnosed HIV infections in many most at-risk populations, and is acceptable to both the target group and staff undertaking the tests.^^The use of the internet for recruiting young people or other target groups to test for STIs is considered to be the most innovative method of offering home-testing, offering convenience and privacy through postal receipt of kits while not limiting the target population by geographical location or the necessity of being registered with a healthcare organisation, school or other list. It is now common practice in many settings to disseminate results by SMS message, considerably reducing staff time for giving out results and managing clinic workload. An effective component of STI control strategies is partner notification and treatment: and there are a number of examples of internet tools which have been developed with the aim of helping both provider-led and patient-led partner notification. Evaluations of new diagnostics and new approaches to testing are required to ensure effective and cost-effective use and implementation of novel technologies and approaches.^Diagnostic devices are regulated at the EU-level under the Directive 98/79/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 October 1998 on in vitro diagnostic (IVD) medical devices, and the Commission Decision of 3 February 2009 amending Decision 2002/364/EC on common technical specifications for IVD medical devices. Although there are minimum performance standards for devices to detect HIV, HBV and HCV, these do not exist for other infections. Self-testing and POC IVD devices also fall under the scope of the European Directive and are additionally required to perform appropriately, given the skills and means available to the intended users, and the variation that can reasonably be anticipated in their technique and environment. The regulation of health-related mobile phone apps and websites is currently being debated in both Europe and the US. There is country specific legislation regulating the availability of POC diagnostic devices directly to the public.^Quality control of the production of commercially available diagnostic tests is regulated by CE-marking. Quality assurance and quality control of testing facilities however are not regulated at the European level. European countries may have their own accreditation scheme. New testing technologies combined with modern information and communication systems will enable the development of novel testing pathways. These novel approaches have the potential to improve access to, and hence uptake of, testing among individuals and population groups at risk as well as increase the proportion of infected individuals treated earlier in infection. These novel approaches will have clinical impact by improving the prognosis for those with infections as well as public health impact by reducing onward transmission and thus incidence and prevalence of infection.^^Research priorities for novel technologies for HIV, HBV, HCV and STI testing include: developing models, or frameworks, for strategic, evidence based decision making on adoption of novel approaches to testing; technology adoption type reviews of novel technologies and approaches; operational research on the implementation of testing programmes; and continued development and improvement of the technical aspects of testing devices.
Download or read book Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 6 written by King K. Holmes and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 1027 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.
Download or read book HIV Hepatitis B C and Sexually Transmitted Infections written by Janneke Bil and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book HIV and STI Prevention Among Men who Have Sex with Men written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In all countries of the European Union and European Economic Area, men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV and other sexually transmitted infections including gonorrhoea, syphilis, chlamydia and hepatitis B and C. In several countries in the region, the incidence of these infections has increased among MSM, in some cases markedly, over the last decade. There is evidence that services to prevent, diagnose and treat infections are not being delivered at the appropriate scale to impact on transmission patterns. Based on a systematic review of the literature and expert opinion, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control suggests that there is good evidence to ensure that the following key components are considered for inclusion in national and sub-national public health programmes in countries in Europe.^The evidence indicates that these services and interventions can effectively prevent and reduce HIV and STI transmission among MSM, address the needs of MSM who are living with HIV, as well as promote sexual health among all MSM. 1. Vaccinations: Promote and deliver vaccination to protect against hepatitis A and B. Consider vaccination for human papilloma virus (HPV). 2. Condoms: Provide easily accessible condoms and condom-compatible lubricants and promote their effective use. 3. HIV and STI testing: Provide voluntary and confidential HIV and STI counselling and testing via a variety of modalities that are easy to access for the target group. Voluntary partner referral can support the early diagnosis and treatment of contacts. 4. Treatment: Timely provision of treatment for HIV, viral hepatitis and STI should be ensured. Preventive benefits of treatment are significant. 5.^Health promotion: Provide accurate and accessible information that enables men to understand and assess sexual health-related risks and prevention efficacy, and that promotes awareness of one's own HIV and STI status. 6. MSM-competent health services: MSM-competent points of care offering a comprehensive sexual health programme including health promotion, counselling, peer support, prevention, adequate diagnostics and treatment will increase service uptake. Ensure target group involvement and training for providers on how to offer comprehensive care for MSM. 7. Targeted care for MSM living with HIV: Provide antiretroviral treatment for HIV and vaccination; regular STI screening using adequate diagnostics; treatment for STIs; individual counselling, sexual health promotion and peer-support groups for men living with HIV.^Prevention services for MSM should be targeted following the analysis of relevant and reliable epidemiological data, so that services are directed at the appropriate scale to those geographical and risk populations most at risk of HIV and STI infection. Combinations of the suggested key interventions should be offered to MSM in order to achieve synergy and the highest levels of effectiveness. Prevention needs and preferences of MSM vary across and within country settings, by individual and over time. Offering and implementing prevention packages in collaboration with the target group, or where appropriate, by the target group, is crucial to the success of national and sub-national prevention programmes. As many countries in Europe experience constrained public health budgets, it is more important than ever to implement targeted and evidence-based measures that address the groups most affected by the HIV epidemic as well as those most at-risk for disease acquisition and transmission.^The promotion of sexual health using positive messages framed in an empowering environment in relation to individual needs, will ensure greater effectiveness of the prevention efforts resulting in increased sexual health and reduced new infections of HIV and other STI in Europe.
Download or read book Sexual Behaviour and HIV AIDS in Europe written by Nathalie Bajos and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-04-08 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sexual Behaviour and HIV/AIDS in Europe is the first book to compare the major population surveys on sexual behaviour and HIV/AIDS carried out in Europe in recent years. Leading European researchers explore the differences and similarities between European countries in patterns of sexual behaviour and responses to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. As well as providing an empirical and methodological base for future research, the comparative analyses lead researchers, policy makers, health-educators and the media to new insights and a deeper understanding of issues that are of central concern in many countries. The chapters include discussion of data on sexual initiation, homosexual and bisexual behaviour, sexual practices, sexual partners, risk behaviour, STDs, preventive practices, the normative context, knowledge of HIV/AIDS, and attitudes towards people with HIV/AIDS. The book results from a major European Concerted Action, funded by the European Union Biomedical and Health Research programme (BIOMED), and coordinated by the Centre d'Etudes Sociologiques of the Facultes Universitaires Saint-Louis, Brussels, Belgium. It follows Sexual Interactions and HIV Risk, published in 1997.
Download or read book Sexually Transmitted Infections written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by . This book was released on 2021-12-24 with total page 750 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One in five people in the United States had a sexually transmitted infection (STI) on any given day in 2018, totaling nearly 68 million estimated infections. STIs are often asymptomatic (especially in women) and are therefore often undiagnosed and unreported. Untreated STIs can have severe health consequences, including chronic pelvic pain, infertility, miscarriage or newborn death, and increased risk of HIV infection, genital and oral cancers, neurological and rheumatological effects. In light of this, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, through the National Association of County and City Health Officials, commissioned the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee to examine the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections in the United States and provide recommendations for action. In 1997, the Institute of Medicine released a report, The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Although significant scientific advances have been made since that time, many of the problems and barriers described in that report persist today; STIs remain an underfunded and comparatively neglected field of public health practice and research. The committee reviewed the current state of STIs in the United States, and the resulting report, Sexually Transmitted Infections: Advancing a Sexual Health Paradigm, provides advice on future public health programs, policy, and research.
Download or read book Laboratory and point of care diagnostic testing for sexually transmitted infections including HIV written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2023-11-20 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The WHO laboratory manual provides microbiologists and medical technologists with an up-to- date comprehensive guide on how to isolate, detect, and diagnose STIs, including HIV. The scope of the manual has been expanded to include chapters on the use of molecular tests, rapid point-of-care tests, and quality management of diagnostic tests and hence the manual will also be of interest to STI and HIV programme managers and clinical staff.
Download or read book Digital Personalized Health and Medicine written by L.B. Pape-Haugaard and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2020-06-17 with total page 1498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Digital health and medical informatics have grown in importance in recent years, and have now become central to the provision of effective healthcare around the world. This book presents the proceedings of the 30th Medical Informatics Europe conference (MIE). This edition of the conference, hosted by the European Federation for Medical Informatics (EFMI) since the 1970s, was due to be held in Geneva, Switzerland in April 2020, but as a result of measures to prevent the spread of the Covid19 pandemic, the conference itself had to be cancelled. Nevertheless, because this collection of papers offers a wealth of knowledge and experience across the full spectrum of digital health and medicine, it was decided to publish the submissions accepted in the review process and confirmed by the Scientific Program Committee for publication, and these are published here as planned. The 232 papers are themed under 6 section headings: biomedical data, tools and methods; supporting care delivery; health and prevention; precision medicine and public health; human factors and citizen centered digital health; and ethics, legal and societal aspects. A 7th section deals with the Swiss personalized health network, and section 8 includes the 125 posters accepted for the conference. Offering an overview of current trends and developments in digital health and medical informatics, the book provides a valuable information resource for researchers and health practitioners alike.
Download or read book Sexually Transmitted Infections written by Antonio Cristaudo and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-30 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive, well-illustrated, and easily accessible book documents the latest research outcomes concerning sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and describes important advances in their prevention, diagnosis and treatment. The changes in the epidemiology and clinical aspects of STIs that have occurred over the past decade are fully explored, with special attention to core groups and patients with immunological disorders. The emerging challenges associated with particular sexually transmitted pathogens, including C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, HPV, and HIV, are identified and discussed. Readers will find detailed information on modern preventive strategies, new laboratory and diagnostic techniques, and a range of innovative treatments, including vaccines, continuous antiretroviral therapy, and new drugs against hepatitis viruses. Attention is also drawn to new directions in biomedical research that promise clinical benefits for the patients and communities. The combination of a detailed clinical and research approach, with emphasis on new knowledge and innovative aspects, ensures that the book will be of value to a wide readership comprising both clinicians and researchers.
Download or read book Guidelines on Hepatitis B and C Testing written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Testing and diagnosis of hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) infection is the gateway for access to both prevention and treatment services, and is a crucial component of an effective response to the hepatitis epidemic. Early identification of persons with chronic HBV or HCV infection enables them to receive the necessary care and treatment to prevent or delay progression of liver disease. Testing also provides an opportunity to link people to interventions to reduce transmission, through counselling on risk behaviors and provision of prevention commodities (such as sterile needles and syringes) and hepatitis B vaccination. These are the first WHO guidelines on testing for chronic HBV and HCV infection and complement published guidance by WHO on the prevention, care and treatment of chronic hepatitis C and hepatitis B infection. These guidelines outline the public health approach to strengthening and expanding current testing practices for HBV and HCV, and are intended for use across age groups and populations.
Download or read book Screening For Sexual Health Infections Including Chlamydia Gonorrhea And Syphilis In Accordance With European Aids Clinical Society EACS Guidelines written by David Moynan and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background: Sexually transmitted infections can cause mucosal disruption and inflammation and are a well-known risk factor for HIV transmission and acquisition. As per EACS guidelines, STI screening at diagnosis and regular follow-up screening is essential. This audit aims to assess the rates of baseline nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for chlamydia and gonorrhea and serum syphilis testing among newly attending HIV-infected persons at the HIV clinic of St Jamesu2019 Hospital, Dublin.Methods: A retrospective analysis of all newly diagnosed/newly attending patients attending St. Jamesu2019s Hospital was undertaken. Data were collected using the Electronic Patient Record System (EPR), anonymised, and analysed using STATA. Results: From January-December 2016 there were 266 new attendances. The greatest modes of transmission were MSM; 200/266 (75%), heterosexual; 48/266 (18%) and IDU; 13/266 (5%). 223/266 (84%) had NAAT testing for chlamydia and gonorrhea carried out at their first clinic visit. 36/223 (16%) had positive NAAT results for chlamydia, gonorrhea or both. All 36 (100%) were MSM. 17/36 (47%) tested positive for gonorrhea, 13/36 (36%) tested positive for chlamydia and 6/36 (17%) tested positive for chlamydia and gonorrhea. 249/266 (94%) had syphilis serology tested at diagnosis. 84/249 (34%) were noted to have positive syphilis serology; 31 (37%) of these positive results represented active syphilis and 53 (63%) represented a infection at some time. 80/84 (96%) of all patients with positive serology were MSM. Of those with active syphilis, 7/31 (23%) also tested positive for chlamydia, gonorrhea or both.Conclusion: This data demonstrates that screening for sexual health infections including chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis at diagnosis of HIV infection is appropriately performed in this centre but improvements can still be made. Rates of syphilis, chlamydia and gonorrhea are concentrated in the MSM population, reflecting international and Irish national figures.
Download or read book The Hidden Epidemic written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1997-03-28 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States has the dubious distinction of leading the industrialized world in overall rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), with 12 million new cases annually. About 3 million teenagers contract an STD each year, and many will have long-term health problems as a result. Women and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to these diseases and their health consequences. In addition, STDs increase the risk of HIV transmission. The Hidden Epidemic examines the scope of sexually transmitted infections in the United States and provides a critical assessment of the nation's response to this public health crisis. The book identifies the components of an effective national STD prevention and control strategy and provides direction for an appropriate response to the epidemic. Recommendations for improving public awareness and education, reaching women and adolescents, integrating public health programs, training health care professionals, modifying messages from the mass media, and supporting future research are included. The book documents the epidemiological dimensions and the economic and social costs of STDs, describing them as "a secret epidemic" with tremendous consequences. The committee frankly discusses the confusing and often hypocritical nature of how Americans deal with issues regarding sexualityâ€"the conflicting messages conveyed in the mass media, the reluctance to promote condom use, the controversy over sex education for teenagers, and the issue of personal blame. The Hidden Epidemic identifies key elements of effective, culturally appropriate programs to promote healthy behavior by adolescents and adults. It examines the problem of fragmentation in STD services and provides examples of communities that have formed partnerships between stakeholders to develop integrated approaches. The committee's recommendations provide a practical foundation on which to build an integrated national program to help young people and adults develop habits of healthy sexuality. The Hidden Epidemic was written for both health care professionals and people without a medical background and will be indispensable to anyone concerned about preventing and controlling STDs.
Download or read book Hepatitis and Liver Cancer written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-04-23 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global epidemic of hepatitis B and C is a serious public health problem. Hepatitis B and C are the major causes of chronic liver disease and liver cancer in the world. In the next 10 years, 150,000 people in the United States will die from liver disease or liver cancer associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Today, between 800,000 and 1.4 million people in the United States have chronic hepatitis B and between 2.7 and 3.9 million have chronic hepatitis C. People most at risk for hepatitis B and C often are the least likely to have access to medical services. Reducing the rates of illness and death associated with these diseases will require greater awareness and knowledge among health care workers, improved identification of at-risk people, and improved access to medical care. Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable disease. Although federal public health officials recommend that all newborns, children, and at-risk adults receive the vaccine, about 46,000 new acute cases of the HBV infection emerge each year, including 1,000 in infants who acquire the infection during birth from their HBV-positive mothers. Unfortunately, there is no vaccine for hepatitis C, which is transmitted by direct exposure to infectious blood. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer identifies missed opportunities related to the prevention and control of HBV and HCV infections. The book presents ways to reduce the numbers of new HBV and HCV infections and the morbidity and mortality related to chronic viral hepatitis. It identifies priorities for research, policy, and action geared toward federal, state, and local public health officials, stakeholder, and advocacy groups and professional organizations.
Download or read book Global progress report on HIV viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections 2021 Accountability for the global health sector strategies 2016 2021 written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2021-05-20 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Prospects for the Public Health Approach to the Prevention and Care of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sexually Transmitted Diseases written by National Center for Prevention Services (U.S.). Division of STD/HIV Prevention and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book HIV 1 Early Diagnosis of Men Having Sex with Men in Hong Kong and Discovery of Novel Agents for HIV 1 Treatment from Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine written by Jianguo Liang and published by Open Dissertation Press. This book was released on 2017-01-26 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "HIV-1 Early Diagnosis of Men Having Sex With Men in Hong Kong and Discovery of Novel Agents for HIV-1 Treatment From Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine" by Jianguo, Liang, 梁建国, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Over the 30 years since it was first identified, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has had historically unprecedented severity and impact. There are approximately 33.4 million people living with HIV-1/AIDS which urges to seek novel approaches for HIV-1 diagnosis and HIV-1 therapy. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are severely affected by HIV-1 and constitute a large proportion of HIV-infected individuals. In Hong Kong, the transmission route of homosexual and bisexual contacts accounted for nearly 50% of incidence in 2012. To investigate HIV-1 prevalence among MSM in Hong Kong, the combination of fast antibody test (FAT) and real-time dried-blood-spot-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (DBS-qPCR) was employed for 474 participants chosen randomly from community testing sites of MSM within a one-year period which showed a 4.01% (19/474) rate of HIV-1 prevalence among MSM in Hong Kong with three cases at the acute phase among the newly infected participants. The new survey demonstrated that the risk factors of MSM are mostly correlated with the receptive role during anal sex and syphilis infection. In this study, two traditional Chinese herbal medicines (TCHM), Sanguisorba officinalis (SO) and Spatholobus suberectus (SS), inhibited the infection of model cell lines expressing HIV-1 targets by HIV-1 pseudoviruses, while the anti-HIV-1 properties of SO were demonstrated for the first time. Both SO and SS were able to block not only infection by pseudoviral HIV-1 CCR5-tropic and CXCR4-tropic strains, but also RT and PI drug-resistant strains. Mechanistic studies revealed that SO and SS interact with the viral envelope to prevent the infection of target cells by HIV-1. Two compounds derived from SO and SS, named Gallic acid (GA) and Jiazhi (JZ), retained anti-HIV-1 properties and blocked HIV-1 infection by acting on the viral envelope. Small molecules derived from TCHM were also investigated for their capacity to activate HIV-1 from latency. A small molecule derived from SS, Daidzein (DDZ), demonstrated the potentials to trigger HIV-1 reactivation in latently infected cell lines. DDZ enhanced gene expression from HIV-1 LTR in which the Sp1 binding site plays an important role. The Akt pathway is also involved in the initiation of DDZ-induced activation. Phosflow analysis revealed that DDZ activated the Akt pathway in various subpopulations of T cells, including memory CD4+ T cells which are considered to be a major reservoir for HIV-1. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) study demonstrated the 4'-hydroxyisoflavone as bio-functional core structure. Addition of a hydroxyl group on C-5 position significantly decreases its biological function of HIV-1 latency activation. In summary, this study investigates HIV prevalence and incidence using an assay for early HIV-1 diagnosis and performs an analysis of risk factors of behavior which contributes to the effective control of HIV transmission in Hong Kong and its neighbors in Asia. It also demonstrates a drug research sourced from traditional Chinese herbal medicines that which sheds lights on drug discovery from traditional herbal medicines and facilitates mechanistic drug design for HIV-1 eradication. DOI: 10.5353/th_b5177298 Subjects: HIV infections - Diagnosis - China - Hong Kong Medicine, Chinese HIV infections - Treatment
