Download or read book Non Classical Crystallization of Thin Films and Nanostructures in CVD and PVD Processes written by Nong Moon Hwang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-06-14 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive introduction to a recently-developed approach to the growth mechanism of thin films and nanostructures via chemical vapour deposition (CVD). Starting from the underlying principles of the low pressure synthesis of diamond films, it is shown that diamond growth occurs not by individual atoms but by charged nanoparticles. This newly-discovered growth mechanism turns out to be general to many CVD and some physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes. This non-classical crystallization is a new paradigm of crystal growth, with active research taking place on growth in solution, especially in biomineralization processes. Established understanding of the growth of thin films and nanostructures is based around processes involving individual atoms or molecules. According to the author’s research over the last two decades, however, the generation of charged gas phase nuclei is shown to be the rule rather than the exception in the CVD process, and charged gas phase nuclei are actively involved in the growth of films or nanostructures. This new understanding is called the theory of charged nanoparticles (TCN). This book describes how the non-classical crystallization mechanism can be applied to the growth of thin films and nanostructures in gas phase synthesis. Based on the author’s graduate lecture course, the book is aimed at senior undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in the field of thin film and nanostructure growth or crystal growth. It is hoped that a new understanding of the growth processes of thin films and nanostructures will reduce trial-and-error in research and in industrial fabrication processes.

Download or read book Chemical Vapor Deposition written by S Neralla and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2016-08-31 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods and recent advances in developing novel materials for application in various fields. CVD has now evolved into the most widely used technique for growth of thin films in electronics industry. Several books on CVD methods have emerged in the past, and thus the scope of this book goes beyond providing fundamentals of the CVD process. Some of the chapters included highlight current limitations in the CVD methods and offer alternatives in developing coatings through overcoming these limitations.

Download or read book Nano sized Multifunctional Materials written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-11-20 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nano-sized Multifunctional Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications explores how materials can be down-scaled to nanometer-size in order to tailor and control properties. These advanced, low-dimensional materials, ranging from quantum dots and nanoparticles, to ultra-thin films develop multifunctional properties. As well as demonstrating how down-scaling to nano-size can make materials multifunctional, chapters also show how this technology can be applied in electronics, medicine, energy and in the environment. This fresh approach in materials research will provide a valuable resource for materials scientists, materials engineers, chemists, physicists and bioengineers who want to learn more on the special properties of nano-sized materials. Outlines the major synthesis chemical process and problems of advanced nanomaterials Shows how multifunctional nanomaterials can be practically used in biomedical area, nanomedicine, and in the treatment of pollutants Demonstrates how the properties of a variety of materials can be engineered by downscaling them to nano size

Download or read book Precursor Chemistry of Advanced Materials written by Roland A. Fischer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-09-29 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Material synthesis by the transformation of organometallic compounds (precursors) by vapor deposition techniques such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been in the forefront of modern day research and development of new materials. There exists a need for new routes for designing and synthesizing new precursors as well as the application of established molecular precursors to derive tuneable materials for technological demands. With regard to the precursor chemistry, a most detailed understanding of the mechanistic complexity of materials formation from molecular precursors is very important for further development of new processes and advanced materials. To emphasize and stimulate research in these areas, this volume comprises a selection of case studies covering various key-aspects of the interplay of precursor chemistry with the process conditions of materials formation, particularly looking at the similarities and differences of CVD, ALD and nanoparticle synthesis, e.g. colloid chemistry, involving tailored molecular precursors.

Download or read book Chemical Vapour Deposition CVD written by Kwang-Leong Choy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-06-07 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a timely and complete overview on chemical vapour deposition (CVD) and its variants for the processing of nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes, nanocomposite coatings, thin and thick films, and composites. Chapters discuss key aspects, from processing, material structure and properties to practical use, cost considerations, versatility, and sustainability. The author presents a comprehensive overview of CVD and its potential in producing high performance, cost-effective nanomaterials and thin and thick films. Features Provides an up-to-date introduction to CVD technology for the fabrication of nanomaterials, nanostructured films, and composite coatings Discusses processing, structure, functionalization, properties, and use in clean energy, engineering, and biomedical grand challenges Covers thin and thick films and composites Compares CVD with other processing techniques in terms of structure/properties, cost, versatility, and sustainability Kwang-Leong Choy is the Director of the UCL Centre for Materials Discovery and Professor of Materials Discovery in the Institute for Materials Discovery at the University College London. She earned her D.Phil. from the University of Oxford, and is the recipient of numerous honors including the Hetherington Prize, Oxford Metallurgical Society Award, and Grunfeld Medal and Prize from the Institute of Materials (UK). She is an elected fellow of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, and the Royal Society of Chemistry.

Download or read book Handbook of Physical Vapor Deposition PVD Processing written by D. M. Mattox and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-09-19 with total page 947 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers all aspects of physical vapor deposition (PVD) process technology from the characterizing and preparing the substrate material, through deposition processing and film characterization, to post-deposition processing. The emphasis of the book is on the aspects of the process flow that are critical to economical deposition of films that can meet the required performance specifications. The book covers subjects seldom treated in the literature: substrate characterization, adhesion, cleaning and the processing. The book also covers the widely discussed subjects of vacuum technology and the fundamentals of individual deposition processes. However, the author uniquely relates these topics to the practical issues that arise in PVD processing, such as contamination control and film growth effects, which are also rarely discussed in the literature. In bringing these subjects together in one book, the reader can understand the interrelationship between various aspects of the film deposition processing and the resulting film properties. The author draws upon his long experience with developing PVD processes and troubleshooting the processes in the manufacturing environment, to provide useful hints for not only avoiding problems, but also for solving problems when they arise. He uses actual experiences, called ""war stories"", to emphasize certain points. Special formatting of the text allows a reader who is already knowledgeable in the subject to scan through a section and find discussions that are of particular interest. The author has tried to make the subject index as useful as possible so that the reader can rapidly go to sections of particular interest. Extensive references allow the reader to pursue subjects in greater detail if desired. The book is intended to be both an introduction for those who are new to the field and a valuable resource to those already in the field. The discussion of transferring technology between R&D and manufacturing provided in Appendix 1, will be of special interest to the manager or engineer responsible for moving a PVD product and process from R&D into production. Appendix 2 has an extensive listing of periodical publications and professional societies that relate to PVD processing. The extensive Glossary of Terms and Acronyms provided in Appendix 3 will be of particular use to students and to those not fully conversant with the terminology of PVD processing or with the English language.

Download or read book Mesocrystals and Nonclassical Crystallization written by Helmut Cöelfen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-07-31 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through both explanation and discussion, this title presents a complete review into mesocrystals, and accurately describes this relatively new study of established materials. This book also provides an introduction to other areas of crystallisation including self-assembly, classical crystallisation and colloidal crystals. Key features: Description of crystals as well as their formation processes and ways to modify them. Examines new ways towards the design of new materials and aids comprehension of the building principles of biominerals. Helps to explain many unusual observations made in the study of crystallisation. Written by the professionals in this subject ‘Mesocrystals: New Self-Assembled Structures’ outlines the future potential of this topic within a variety of disciplines including engineering science, physics and chemistry, making it a versatile and valuable text.

Download or read book Atomic Layer Deposition for Semiconductors written by Cheol Seong Hwang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-10-18 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offering thorough coverage of atomic layer deposition (ALD), this book moves from basic chemistry of ALD and modeling of processes to examine ALD in memory, logic devices and machines. Reviews history, operating principles and ALD processes for each device.

Download or read book Growth and Transport in Nanostructured Materials written by Angel Yanguas-Gil and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-30 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book will address the application of gas phase thin film methods, including techniques such as evaporation, sputtering, CVD, and ALD to the synthesis of materials on nanostructured and high aspect-ratio high surface area materials. We have chosen to introduce these topics and the different application fields from a chronological perspective: we start with the early concepts of step coverage and later conformality in semiconductor manufacturing, and how later on the range of application branched out to include others such as energy storage, catalysis, and more broadly nanomaterials synthesis. The book will describe the ballistic and continuum descriptions of gas transport on nanostructured materials and then will move on to incorporate the impact of precursor-surface interaction. We will finally conclude approaching the subjects of feature shape evolution and the connection between nano and reactor scales and will briefly present different advanced algorithms that can be used to effectively compute particle transport, in some cases borrowing from other disciplines such as radiative heat transfer. The book gathers in a single place information scattered over thirty years of scientific research, including the most recent results in the field of Atomic Layer Deposition. Besides a mathematical description of the fundamentals of thin film growth in nanostructured materials, it includes analytic expressions and plots that can be used to predict the growth using gas phase synthesis methods in a number of ideal approximations. The focus on the fundamental aspects over particular processes will broaden the appeal and the shelf lifetime of this book. The reader of this book will gain a thorough understanding on the coating of high surface area and nanostructured materials using gas phase thin film deposition methods, including the limitations of each technique. Those coming from the theoretical side will gain the knowledge required to model the growth process, while those readers more interested in the process development will gain the theoretical understanding will be useful for process optimization.

Download or read book Crystallization and Growth of Colloidal Nanocrystals written by Edson Roberto Leite and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-11-17 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the size, shape, and microstructure of nanocrystalline materials strongly impact physical and chemical properties, the development of new synthetic routes to nanocrystals with controlled composition and morphology is a key objective of the nanomaterials community. This objective is dependent on control of the nucleation and growth mechanisms that occur during the synthetic process, which in turn requires a fundamental understanding of both classical nucleation and growth and non-classical growth processes in nanostructured materials. Recently, a novel growth process called Oriented Attachment (OA) was identified which appears to be a fundamental mechanism during the development of nanoscale materials. OA is a special case of aggregation that provides an important route by which nanocrystals grow, defects are formed, and unique—often symmetry-defying—crystal morphologies can be produced. This growth mechanism involves reversible self-assembly of primary nanocrystals followed by reorientation of the assembled nanoparticles to achieve structural accord at the particle-particle interface, the removal of adsorbates and solvent molecules, and, finally, the irreversible formation of chemical bonds to produce new single crystals, twins, and intergrowths. Crystallization and Growth of Colloidal Nanocrystals provides a current understanding of the mechanisms related to nucleation and growth for use in controlling nanocrystal morphology and physical-chemical properties, and is essential reading for any chemist or materials scientist with an interest in using nanocrystals as building blocks for larger structures. This book provides a compendium for the expert reader as well as an excellent introduction for advanced undergraduate and graduate students seeking a gateway into this dynamic area of research.

Download or read book Nanocomposite Thin Films and Coatings written by Sam Zhang and published by Imperial College Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Materials development has reached a point where it is difficult for a single material to satisfy the needs of sophisticated applications in the modern world. Nanocomposite films and coatings achieve much more than the simple addition of the constitutents OCo the law of summation fails to work in the nano-world. This book encompasses three major parts of the development of nanocomposite films and coatings: the first focuses on processing and properties, the second concentrates on mechanical performance, and the third deals with functional performance, including wide application areas ranging from mechanical cutting to solar energy and from electronics to medicine. Sample Chapter(s). Chapter 1: Magnetron Sputtered Hard and Yet Tough Nanocomposite Coatings With Case Studies: Nanocrystalline Tin Embedded in Amorphous SiNx (187 KB). Contents: Magnetron Sputtered Hard and Yet Tough Nanocomposite Coatings with Case Studies: Nanocrystalline TiN Embedded in Amorphous SiN x (S Zhang et al.); Magnetron Sputtered Hard and Yet Tough Nanocomposite Coatings with Case Studies: Nanocrystalline TiC Embedded in Amorphous Carbon (S Zhang et al.); Properties of Chemical Vapor Deposited Nanocrystalline Diamond and Nanodiamond/Amorphous Carbon Composite Films (S C Tjong); Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Nanocrystalline Diamond Films (Z-Q Xu & A Kumar); Properties of Hard Nanocomposite Thin Films (J Musil); Nanostructured, Multifunctional Tribological Coatings (J J Moore et al.); Nanocomposite Thin Films for Solar Energy Conversion (Y-B Yin); Application of Silicon Nanocrystal in Non-Volatile Memory Devices (T P Chen); Nanocrystalline Silicon Films for Thin Film Transistor and Optoelectronic Applications (Y-J Choi et al.); Amorphous and Nanocomposite Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings for Biomedical Applications (T I T Okpalugo et al.); Nanocoatings for Orthopaedic and Dental Application (W-Q Yan). Readership: Undergraduates, postgraduates, researchers, scientists, college and university professors, research professionals, technology investors and developers, research enterprises, R&D research laboratories, academic and research libraries."

Download or read book Thin Film Chemical Vapor Deposition in Electronics written by Vladislav Yu Vasilyev and published by . This book was released on 2014-01-01 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph is a summary of equipment, methodology and thin film growth experience obtained by the author during his 30 years of research work in the field of Integrated Circuit (IC) device technology. The monograph is concerned with the analysis of different aspects of different types of inorganic thin films grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) methods and dedicated to the use in IC technology and production. The author discusses the methodology issues of thin film CVD and the fundamentals of the chemical kinetics of thin film growth. The main core of this monograph is the analysis of thin film CVD kinetics features obtained using different types of reactors, chemical compounds, process conditions. The monograph covers a wide variety of CVD-related aspects: equipment analysis, chemical compound features, CVD process methodology analysis, CVD kinetic features and their quantitative characterization, implementation of obtained numerical equations for thin film step coverage and gap-fill issues, interrelation of the film properties and CVD process features, and CVD process classification. The author would like to highlight that all the data presented in this book has been experimentally obtained by a number of research groups. Most of the data has been double-checked and confirmed. Surely, some data could not be repeated because it was obtained a long time ago using some specific deposition tools and processes. Nevertheless, the author would like to stress that he considers this book as an attempt to create a whole view on the thin film CVD for IC device technology applications. In this regard, the author has tried to generalize a large amount of experimental data, selecting the most common features of the film growth, composition, structure, and properties.

Download or read book Combinatorial Materials Synthesis written by Xiao-Dong Xiang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-08-19 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pioneered by the pharmaceutical industry and adapted for the purposes of materials science and engineering, the combinatorial method is now widely considered a watershed in the accelerated discovery, development, and optimization of new materials. Combinatorial Materials Synthesis reveals the gears behind combinatorial materials chemistry and thin-film technology, and discusses the prime techniques involved in synthesis and property determination for experimentation with a variety of materials. Funneling historic innovations into one source, the book explores core approaches to synthesis and rapid characterization techniques for work with combinatorial materials libraries.

Download or read book Nanostructured Thin Films and Nanodispersion Strengthened Coatings written by Andrey A. Voevodin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2004 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Formation and Temperature Stability of the Liquid Phase in Thin Film Systems written by Serhii Dukarov and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-11-25 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a summary of the topic of supercooling during crystallization in condensed films. While recent findings are mainly published in English, the foundational classical results were originally published in Russian, with limited accessibility to general readers. The present work is based on a 2019 Ukrainian monograph, "Temperature Stability of the Supercooled Liquid Phase in Condensed Films," which has been extensively revised and expanded. The book includes a detailed analysis of the thermodynamics of supercooled fluids, with updated and expanded sections. Additionally, new results on the supercooling of indium-lead (In-Pb) alloys in contact with amorphous molybdenum and fusible metals in contact with nanocrystalline layers are presented. These layers occupy a middle ground between amorphous (carbon, molybdenum, as-deposited germanium films) and polycrystalline (copper, silver, aluminum) substrates. The book gives particular attention to the peculiarities of contracted geometry conditions, which are natural for multilayered structures and can occur through fusible component segregation at grain boundaries. The analysis of new data has prompted a rethinking of the role of the more refractory layer's microstructure on the crystallization processes of metastable melts. The book includes a thorough discussion of these findings, highlighting the crucial role of the microstructure in the crystallization process. This book is a valuable resource for researchers and students interested in crystallization in thin-film metallic systems. This comprehensive study provides a detailed and authoritative analysis of the thermodynamics of supercooled fluids, and the impact of microstructure on the crystallization processes of metastable melts, making it an essential addition to any academic library.

Download or read book Thin Solid Films Process And Applications written by S. C. Nam and published by . This book was released on 2008-01-01 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past 50 years thin-film technologies, ranging from deposition techniques to their applications have been rapidly developed in the industrial field. Although we are not directly exposed to such technologies, they have become indispensable to the progress of human life. This book deals with a unique collection of deposition techniques and their state-of-the-art applications. Among various thin-film deposition technologies, physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques are widely used in the deposition of thin-films ranging from semiconductors to decorative coatings. A variety of all types of PVD and CVD processes are used to deposit single- or multilayered coatings in the thickness range of a few nanometers to several microns. In chapter 1, modern PVD technologies such as reactive magnetron sputtering, arc source deposition, pulsed laser ablation deposition, and ion plating are reviewed in order to understand their concept and mechanism. In particular, the review is focused on the recent developments of plasma- and ion-assisted PVD processes and their properties and applications. In chapter 2, the CVD process, particularly metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), is introduced. In this chapter, the basic concept of MOCVD as a promising deposition technique and the fabrication of ZnO thin-films using MOCVD are presented. Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been considered to be a promising material for optoelectronic, spintronic, and nanostructure devices and other applications because of its wide direct bandgap and large exciton binding energy. Currently it is used in blue-light-emitting devices and laser applications. This use of ZnO in such applications has been made possible by MOCVD and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) techniques. Thin-films such as metals or oxides could be deposited by electrochemical methods. Chapter 3 describes a novel approach to the fabrication of thin-film metal oxides such as Cu2O, PbO2, and ZnO by two distinct electrochemical techniques of deposition and anodization. Some polymers are selected as applications of thin-films. The fabrication of polymer thin-films using vacuum technologies offers many advantages such as excellent step coverage in three-dimensional structures, physicochemical stability, and easy control of thickness. Furthermore, this fabrication process does not require liquid solvents and is essentially a dry process. Basically, polymers are formed on the surface of a surface by reaction with radicals generated by thermal energy. Chapter 4 introduces the principle of the deposition process of parylene polymer thin-films as a type of thermal CVD technique along with its properties and application fields. Chapter 5 gives an overview of the state-of-the-art applications of photocatalytic TiO2 thin-films. TiO2 is a wide bandgap semiconductor, which has become a well-known photoactivated catalyst for water and air purification and self-cleaning surfaces. In this chapter, an introduction to the activity of TiO2 including important factors that determine the photocatalytic activity, deposition techniques, and general considerations are presented. Thin-film deposition processes such as sputtering, MOCVD, and plasma etching could be useful techniques for the fabrication of perovskite ceramic oxide thin-films, which are used in non-volatile memory chips and piezoelectric devices in micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) applications. Chapter 6 describes thin-film technologies for the fabrication of perovskite ceramic oxide thin-films and explores key technologies for their production and integration and improvements for their performances. Display technology has enhanced rapidly due to the urgent requirement of thin, light-weight, and high-performance devices that consume low power consuming for receiving and transmitting information anywhere and at any time. Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) have attracted attention in recent years because of their applications in displays. Top-emission OLEDs have been recognized as applications of thin-film technology. In chapter 7, transparent cathodes for top emission OLEDs are reviewed. Since, it is necessary to perform a proper analysis in thin-film technology, the use of TEM for such analysis is reviewed in chapter 8. For more than 30 years, TEM has been employed as a powerful analytical technique for nanoscale materials. Currently, it is the most widely used method for structural analysis of thin-films. Although TEM observations provide a considerable amount of information, it is difficult to prepare TEM samples by conventional ion milling techniques. A recently developed focused ion beam (FIB) technique has enabled us to reduce the long sample preparation time, resulting in the extension of analytical TEM fields to material sciences. This chapter explains the TEM sample preparation method using FIB milling and its recent applications. Finally, thin-film technologies that are expected to develop new cathode and anode materials with arbitrary compositions as well as the mechanism in lithium batteries are introduced in chapter 9. Thin-films can play an important role in lithium batteries. This chapter describes the preparation of cathode and anode thin-film electrodes by a suitable deposition technique, characterization of the thin-film structure, electrochemical characterization in lithium cells, and relationship between micro- and macroscale electrochemical characteristics of the electrode materials. It is hoped that this book will provide valuable information to readers who are interested in thin-film technology and its application fields. Finally, I would like to acknowledge all the authors who have contributed to this review book.

Download or read book Crystallization and Materials Science of Modern Artificial and Natural Crystals written by Elena Borisenko and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-01-20 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crystal growth is an important process, which forms the basis for a wide variety of natural phenomena and engineering developments. This book provides a unique opportunity for a reader to gain knowledge about various aspects of crystal growth from advanced inorganic materials to inorganic/organic composites, it unravels some problems of molecular crystallizations and shows advances in growth of pharmaceutical crystals, it tells about biomineralization of mollusks and cryoprotection of living cells, it gives a chance to learn about statistics of chiral asymmetry in crystal structure.