Download or read book Nitrogen Inerting of Aircraft Fuel Tanks written by K. R. Bragg and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigation of Aircraft Fuel Tank Explosions and Nitrogen Inerting Requirements During Ground Fires written by Richard Hill and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen inerting was investigated as a means of preventing or minimizing explosions and/or reactions in aircraft fuel tanks under simulated crash-fire conditions. Tests were conducted on both small and large volume tanks, inerted to various concentrations (expressed in terms of O2 concentration by volume), containing different amounts of Jet-A or JP-4 fuel and heated at different rates. Results of these tests indicated that internal fire or explosion would not result from external heating or internal high-energy spark when the tank was inerted to an oxygen concentration lower than 10 percent. (Author) Color illustrations reproduced in black and white.
Download or read book A Benefit Analysis for Nitrogen Inerting of Aircraft Fuel Tanks Against Ground Fire Explosion written by Ray Cherry and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Influence of Fuel Slosh Upon the Effectiveness of Nitrogen Inerting for Aircraft Fuel Tanks written by Edwin E. Ott and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tests were conducted to determine the influence of sloshing fuel within an aircraft fuel tank upon the effectiveness of nitrogen inerting. These tests were performed in a closed combustion chamber partially filled with JP-8 fuel. The fuel was severely agitated by a rocking motion of the chamber. The flammability of the tank ullage at various concentrations of air, nitrogen, and fuel vapor was tested by exposure to an electric arc. The sloshing fuel did not alter the maximum concentration of oxygen that could be allowed for inerting of all fuel vapor concentrations. For JP-8 fuel vapor exposed to an electric arc this maximum allowable oxygen concentration was found to be 12% by volume. Slosh did extend the flammable region for oxygen concentrations greater than the maximum allowable for inerting. These conclusions, it is believed, are valid for any mode or level of fuel agitation that may be experienced by aircraft fuel tanks.
Download or read book A Benefit Analysis for Nitrogen Inerting of Aircraft Fuel Tanks Against Ground Fire Explosion written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Cabin Safety Research Technical Group's Survivable Accidents Database was used to identify past worldwide transport aircraft accidents and extract detailed data for those accidents where explosion was an issue in the survivability of the occupants. Each of these accidents was analysed in depth to assess the number of lives and injuries that might be saved if the fuel tanks were protected with nitrogen inerting systems. The objective of this analysis was to assess the potential benefits, in terms of reducing fatalities and injuries, resulting from three methods of aircraft fuel tank inerting. The methods analyzed were ground nitrogen inerting in centre fuel tank only, ground nitrogen inerting in all fuel tanks, and onboard nitrogen inerting in all fuel tanks. Thirteen accidents to transport category aircraft were identified during the period from 1966 to 1995 that may have involved a fuel tank' explosion. A mathematical technique was used to model each accident scenario and a Monte Carlo simulation was used to assess a high, median, and low value for the total achievable benefits.
Download or read book Service Experience with Liquid Nitrogen Fuel Tank Inerting System in FAA DC 9 Aircraft written by Joseph Haddad and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this project is to determine the nitrogen consumption, system reliability, and maintenance burden and costs which are associated with the installation and operation of a liquid nitrogen fuel tank inerting system installed in the FAA DC-9 airplane, N119. The data can be extrapolated to a typical airline type of operation of a DC-9 and other jet transport aircraft. The FAA installed a liquid nitrogen inerting system in the DC-9 to demonstrate the availability of a practical system to provide improved protection against fuel system fire and explosion. The effectiveness of this system in controlling the oxygen concentration at below 9%, under all conditions for the prevention or suppression of fire and explosion within the fuel tanks and venting systems in the event of an accidental occurrence of an ignition source, was demonstrated during a flight test program. (Modified author abstract).
Download or read book Inerting of a Vented Aircraft Fuel Tank Test Article with Nitrogen enriched Air written by Michael T. Burns and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report documents a series of experiments designed to determine the quantity and purity of nitrogen-enriched air (NEA) required to inert a vented aircraft fuel tank. NEA, generated by a hollow fiber membrane gas separation system, was used to inert a laboratory fuel tank with a single vent on top designed to simulate a transport category airplane fuel tank, The tank ullage space could be heated as well as cooled and fuel could be heated in the bottom of the fuel tank to provide varying hydrocarbon concentrations within the ullage space. Several inerting runs were performed with varying NEA gas purities and flow rates. The data was nondimensionalized in terms of NEA purity, volume flow rate, and fuel tank size to provide one universal inerting curve. Changing temperatures and hydrocarbon concentrations appear to have little effect on the amount and purity of NEA needed to inert the test specimen. A model of ullage washing developed by the Federal Aviation Adiministration Chief Scientific and Technical Advisor for fuel systems design, based on the volume exchange of gases of different concentrations, was compared with data obtained from the test article. Also, an exact solution based on uniform and instantaneous mixing was derived and compared with the test data. Both the model and exact solution showed good agreement in both trend and magnitude with the data obtained during the testing.
Download or read book Inerting of a Vented Aircraft Fuel Tank Test Article with Nitrogen enriched Air written by Michael T. Burns and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigation of Aircraft Fuel Tank Explosions and Nitrogen Inerting Requirement During Ground Fires Final Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Performance of a DC 9 Aircraft Liquid Nitrogen Fuel Tank Inerting System written by and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen inerting protection for the fuel systems in commercial aircraft has been proposed to reduce fire and explosion hazards associated with refueling, electrical and mechanical failures, engine failures, in-flight fires, lightning strikes, and survivable crashes. A liquid nitrogen fuel tank inerting system was developed and installed on an FAA DC-9-15 aircraft. Instrumentation equipment and measurement techniques for evaluating the installed fuel tank inerting system performance were developed. A flight test program was conducted to demonstrate compliance of the DC-9 inerting system with applicable airworthiness standards, to evaluate oxygen concentration measurement techniques, and to verify that the installed inerting system maintained an explosion safe mixture in the fuel tanks over the entire flight envelope.
Download or read book Design Criteria for Application of Membrane Nitrogen Inerting Systems to Army Aircraft Fuel Tanks written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Service Experience with Liquid Nitrogen Fuel Tank Inerting System in FAA DC 9 Aircraft N119 Final Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Aircraft Fuel Tank Inerting Systems written by AE-5D Fuel Tank Flammability Reduction Systems Committee and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Aerospace Recommended Practices of this document are intended for nitrogen-based Flammability Reduction Means (FRM) implemented on transport category, turbine powered airplanes. The recommended practices herein, therefore, relate only to the transport category aircraft, and focus specifically on contemporary inerting systems equipment. Such systems are referred to a Fuel Tank Inerting Systems (FTIS) in this document. This document does not cover the following: Military aircraft applications Air separation technologies other than hollow fiber membrane (HFM) and pressure swing adsorption (PSA) Inerting of conventional unheated wing tanks or aircraft dry bays Expected future technology solutions for the generation of inert gas.The advice contained in this document is aimed towards providing aircraft manufacturers with guidance on the key issues associated with contemporary aircraft fuel tank inerting systems to supplement the guidance in FAA Advisory Circular AC 25.981-2. This document also provides system and component designers and manufacturers with advice on what aspects must be evaluated and addressed when designing a safe, low risk solution for transport aircraft fuel tank Flammability Reduction Means. As such, the information herein is intended as a guide for some system design aspects, but primarily identifies the issues which must be addressed in designing an inerting system for fuel tank flammability reduction. This document provides recommended practices for developing a non-aircraft specific commercially certifiable nitrogen based Flammability Reduction Means (FRM) including the applicable design considerations supporting Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations part 25, Appendix M, for Transport Category Airplanes" (Reference 14 CFR 25.981).
Download or read book Performance of a DC 9 Aircraft Liquid Nitrogen Fuel Tank Inerting System written by E. P. Klueg and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Aircraft Fuel Tank Inerting System written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The program successfully demonstrated the feasibility of using permeable-membrane, hollow fibers to generate an inert gas to protect the aircraft fuel system against fire and explosion induced by natural sources or combat. The initial contract requirements included a flight demonstration of an onboard inert gas generator system (OBIGGS) using an Air Force KC-135A aircraft. The design of an inert gas generator (IGG) is highly dependent on the flight profile, engine characteristics, and fuel system designs. Mission analysis translated these parameters into an 8 lb/min inert gas generator that produced less than 9-percent oxygen. A life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis compared the state- of-the-art liquid nitrogen (LN2) system utilized on the C-5A aircraft against the IGG system designed for the KC-135A. Results showed the IGG system reduced LCC by 60 percent. Further, the IGG system eliminates the logistic constraints imposed by the use of LN2, thus allowing unrestricted deployment of the aircraft. A second LCC analysis was conducted in which the permeable-membrane system was compared against the blue foam design used on the C-130 aircraft. The LCC analysis shows great advantage for OBIGGS over blue foam. The externally pressurized polymethylene hollow fiber bundles are expected to exceed the 20- year life expectancy of the aircraft.
Download or read book Inerted Fuel Tank Oxygen Concentration Requirements written by Samuel V Zinn (Jr) and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A literature search was conducted to investigate the extent of experimental work and studies that were performed for determining and evaluating safety parameters of jet fuels in aircraft tanks when using nitrogen as an inerting agent. The search revealed that extensive laboratory studies have been made during the past 30 years and that safety zones can be predicted over a wide range of conditions and environments. Except for some very early full-scale tests using aircraft fuel tanks by the Royal Aircraft Establishment, all the studies were made using laboratory equipment. As a conclusion from this search, it is considered that an oxygen content up to 9 percent in the effluent obtained by nitrogen inerting will produce an incombustible environment. (Author).
Download or read book Molecular Sieve Inerting System for Aircraft Fuel Tank Part Number 3261021 0101 written by D. Hankins and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The elimination of fire and explosion hazards in aircraft fuel tanks has been investigated. DOD and FAA tests have shown that a reduction of the oxygen concentration in the ullage gas to under 12 percent will prevent rapid propagation of the flame front and subsequent overpressure explosion. One means of providing the required reduction in oxygen concentration is to provide a source of inert (nitrogen-rich) gas which would replace fuel used, and flush out atmospheric oxygen and dissolved oxygen which may be released from the fuel. Molecular sieve pressure swing adsorption technology could be used to generate inert (nitrogen-rich) gas. A Molecular Sieve Inert Gas Generator (MSIGG) was designed, fabricated, and delivered to the U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio where it will undergo extensive laboratory testing to establish the feasibility of using the molecular sieve pressure swing adsorption technology to provide fuel tank inerting protection for large fixed wing aircraft. In preliminary testing prior to delivery the developed system met performance goals and predictions. (Author).
