Download or read book Nitrogen Fixation in High Yielding Soybean Glycine Max L Merr written by Fernando Salvagiotti and published by ProQuest. This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Biological Nitrogen Fixation Plant Nitrogen Demand and Physiological Processes Involved in Seed Yield and Seed Composition in Soybeans written by Santiago Tamagno and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants can capture atmospheric nitrogen (N) through symbiotic relationships with soil bacteria in a process called "biological N fixation" (BNF), reducing the reliance on synthetic fertilizers. To meet growth of the global population and increasing demand for quality protein and oil, the need for soybean will inexorably grow. One of the challenges to further improve soybean seed yield is the high demand of N in comparison to cereals and other oilseed crops. Further characterization of the environmental and management effects on BNF process is needed to enhance its capacity for supplying N to the crop. This dissertation is organized in four chapters outlining these topics through a series of experiments describing the association between plant nutrition, BNF, and seed composition with seed yield generation. Chapter 1 presents a synthesis analysis on a nutrient-based physiological framework on four key variables determining N efficiency in soybean (i.e., seed yield, N seed concentration, total N uptake, and nitrogen harvest index). Results showed that N partitioning to the seeds is the main parameter responsible in seed yield variation instead of N seed concentration. An experiment in Chapter 2 explored the hypothesis of the carbon (C) cost of BNF on biomass production, yield formation, and seed composition. Chapters 3 and 4 explored the historical component behind seed yield generation and seed composition. Results from Chapter 3 describe the shift in allocation of reproductive biomass using the allometric approach, whereas Chapter 4 provides a detailed description of the dynamics of oil and fatty acid accumulation under two N regimes.

Download or read book Study of Plant and Soil Factors Affecting Seasonal Nitrogen Fixation Yield Formation and Seed Composition in Soybeans written by Luiz Moro Rosso and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production currently faces several challenges linked to global food security (both quantity and quality) raised by an overgrowing human population, limited cropland, and diversified dietary in developed regions. To sustain seed yield and high protein levels, soybeans depend on large nitrogen (N) uptake, which is mostly attained by the symbiotic N fixation (SNF) process. Although SNF has been extensively investigated with single assessments during the season, just a few recent reports looked at the temporality of N sources (soil and SNF) while taking into consideration seasonal dry matter accumulation and soil nitrate (NO3) and ammonium (NH4) availability. Furthermore, it is still unclear how the overall changes in N uptake dynamics supports yield formation and seed components among canopy portions, especially considering the branches as potential contributors for high yield in modern genotypes. Following this rationale, this project presents two overall objectives: 1) to identify the impact of soil NO3 and NH4 temporal availability on seasonal SNF [N derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa)], N uptake, and dry matter accumulation (herein called study 1); and 2) to characterize seed yield, protein, oil, amino acids (AA), and fatty acids (FA) from the main stem and branches (herein called study 2) for different commercial soybean varieties. To address the first objective, four genotypes were field grown at Manhattan (Kansas, US) during 2019 and 2020 growing seasons. Dry matter, N concentration, N uptake, Ndfa, fixed N, soil NO3, and NH4 (60-cm depth) were measured at six phenological stages, along with seed yield, protein, and oil concentration at harvest time. Seasonal exposure to NH4 (area under the curve) showed a stronger suppression of Ndfa at the end of the season than NO3. However, a mid-season NO3 peak delayed uptake from soil and SNF, but only decreased maximum uptake rates from SNF. Additionally, dry matter was used as a seasonal linear predictor of fixed N to simplify the process model. However, this relationship was deeply affected by soil N availability across environments (boundary functions) and also by a potential dry matter threshold around 5 Mg ha−1 across genotypes and site-years. For the second objective, another four genotypes were field-grown during the 2018 and 2019 growing seasons at Ashland Bottoms and Rossville (Kansas, US), respectively. At harvest time, seeds from the upper, middle, lower main stem, and branch nodes were manually separated and assessed for yield, seed size, protein, and oil (seed content and concentration), abundance of limiting AA within protein, and FA ratio (oleic / linoleic + linolenic). The accumulation of protein was more responsive to node position than oil, determining high protein concentration in the upper main stem and high oil concentration in the lower main stem nodes. However, the protein quality (limiting AA) was higher in the lower main stem, while the FA ratio (oil quality) was greater in the upper section of the plant. Branches presented the less-rich seed composition relative to the main stem, but their contribution to yield was positively associated with oil and limiting AA abundance across genotypes. In summary, the main outcomes of the present thesis are related to 1) the importance of soil NO3 and NH4 to regulate Ndfa during the season, 2) the timing of Ndfa assessment or prediction for an accurate fixed N calculation throughout the season, and 3) the underlaying effect of branch yield allocation on the seed composition of the whole soybean plant, plausibly moderating changes across genotypes, environments, and management practices. A better understanding of soybean N acquisition and allocation for yield and quality formation within the plant is important to sustain the yield increase, offset protein decay, and assure cropping systems sustainability and food security in a long-term standpoint.

Download or read book Assessment of the Rotational Influence and Nitrogen Contribution of Soybean Glycine Max L Merr to Subsequent Crops written by Timothy S. Maloney and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Studies on the Nitrogen Assimilation of Soybeans Glycine Max L Merr written by Linda Louise Nustad and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effect of Nitrogen Forms and Methods of Application Upon Yield and Several Yield Components of Soybeans Glycine Max L written by Mansoor Tasdighi and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nitrogen Fixation in Soybeans revision 1979 1983 written by Jayne T. MacLean and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in the Soybean Glycine Max L Merr Indeterminate Growth Habit written by Lisbet Ann Phillips and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Factors Affecting Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Soybeans Glycine Max L Merr written by R. J. Lawn and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Evaluation of Di nitrogen Fixation in Early and Late Developmental Stages of Soybean Glycine Max L Merr written by Raphael Lemes Hamawaki and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen (N) is present in proteins, enzymes, cell structures, purines and pyrimidines in DNA and RNA molecules, photosynthetic pigments, and several other types of molecules in all living organisms. Nonetheless, even though N makes up more than 78% of the atmosphere, it is reported to be the most frequent deficient nutrient in plants. Nitrate (NO3- ) and ammonium (NH4+) are the N forms absorbed by plants from soil, but legume crops can establish symbiotic relationships with rhizobia bacteria, and fix N2 from the atmosphere. In soybean, increasing yield and protein content are raising the crop's N requirement; therefore, enhanced N2 fixation is seen as a reliable path to avoid the use of N fertilizers. In this study, the objective was to perform a comprehensive screening in greenhouse and field conditions of soybean genotypes for traits related to N2 fixation. The purpose was to identify among the soybean genotypes different N2 fixation profiles at early and late stages, as well as to investigate their capacity to accumulate above-ground N and supply carry-over N to following crops. The results showed different profiles among the soybean genotypes for early and late N2 fixation capacity, both in greenhouse and field evaluations. Different traits were correlated to either early or late N2 fixation activity. Soybean and winter-rye shoot dry mass were evaluated in the field to assess above-ground N accumulation and carry-over N, respectively. Soybean genotypes were identified with specific capacities to accumulate N in above-ground biomass or supply N to winter-rye. The patterns of N2 fixation identified in this study, as well as the different abilities to accumulate N above-ground or supply N to following crops, could assist in the selection of superior lines with improved N2 fixation capacity.

Download or read book History of Research on Nitrogen Fixation in Soybeans 1887 2018 written by William Shurtleff; Akiko Aoyagi and published by Soyinfo Center. This book was released on 2018-11-26 with total page 1129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the world's most comprehensive, well documented, and well illustrated book on this subject. With extensive subject and geographical index. 91 photographs and illustrations - mostly color, Free of charge.

Download or read book Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation by Soybean Glycine Max L Merr in Acid Soils written by Arief Indrasumunar and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Comprehensive Survey of International Soybean Research Genetics Physiology Agronomy and Nitrogen Relationships written by James E. Board and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 626 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soybean is the most important oilseed and livestock feed crop in the world. These dual uses are attributed to the crop's high protein content (nearly 40% of seed weight) and oil content (approximately 20%); characteristics that are not rivaled by any other agronomic crop. Across the 10-year period from 2001 to 2010, world soybean production increased from 168 to 258 million metric tons (54% increase). Against the backdrop of soybean's striking ascendancy is increased research interest in the crop throughout the world. Information in this book presents a comprehensive view of research efforts in genetics, plant physiology, agronomy, agricultural economics, and nitrogen relationships that will benefit soybean stakeholders and scientists throughout the world. We hope you enjoy the book.

Download or read book Study of Nitrogen Limitation and Seed Nitrogen Sources for Historical and Modern Genotypes in Soybean written by Osler Antonio Amador Ortez and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yields have continuously increased over time. Seed yields are determined by the genotype, environment, and management practices (G × E × M) interaction. Closing yield gaps require a continuous improvement in the use of the available resources, which must be attained via implementation of better management decisions. Linear relationships between seed yield and nitrogen (N) demand are reported in the scientific literature. Main sources of N to the plant are the biological N fixation (BNF) and the soil mineralization processes. On overall, only 50-60% of soybean N demand is met by the BNF process. An unanswered scientific knowledge is still related to the ability of the BNF to satisfy soybean N demand at varying yield levels. Seed N demand not met by N fixation plus soil mineral N, is then fulfilled by the remobilization of N from vegetative organs during the seed filling period. An early remobilization process reduces the photosynthetic activity (leaves) and can limit seed yield. The objectives of this project were to: i) study yield improvements and contribution of N via utilization of contrasting N conditions under historical and modern soybean genotypes, and ii) quantify main seed N sources during the seed filling period. For objective one, four field experiments were conducted during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons in Kansas, United States (US) and Santa Fe Province, Argentina (ARG). Those experiments investigated twenty-one historical and modern soybean genotypes with release decades from 1980s to 2010s. As for objective two, three field experiments were conducted during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons in Kansas, US, studying three soybean genotypes: non-roundup ready (RR), released in 1997; RR-1, released in 2009; and RR-2, released in 2014. Across all studies, seeds were inoculated and tested under three N management strategies: i) control without N application (Zero-N); ii) 56 kg N ha−1 applied at reproductive growth stages (Late-N); and iii) 670 kg ha−1 equally split at three timings (Full-N). As for yield improvements and N limitation, soybean yield improvements from the 1980s to 2010s were documented, representing 29% increases in the US and 21% in ARG. Regarding N management, the Full-N fertilization produced a 12% increase in seed yields in the US and 4% in ARG. As for main seed N sources in objective two, remobilization accounted for 59% of seed N demand, and was negatively related to new N uptake occurring during the seed filling period. Seed N demand for greater yields was dependent on both, N remobilization and new N uptake, while for lower yields, seed N demand was mainly supported by the N remobilization process. These results suggest that: a) high seed yields are somehow limited by the availability of N to express their potential, although the question about N application still remains to be fully investigated, as related to the timing and the environment by plant interactions that could promote a N limitation in soybeans; b) remobilization accounts for majority (59%) of N sourced to the seed, and c) high yielding soybean (modern genotypes) rely on diverse N sources: the N remobilization process plus new uptake of N.

Download or read book The Role of Current Photosynthate and Carbohydrate Reserves in the Control of Nitrogen Fixation in Soybeans written by Gary Alan Finn and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Limitations to Efficient Water Use in Crop Production written by Howard M. Taylor and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effect of Fertilizer Nitrogen on Yield Protein Content and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Soybeans Glycine Max L Var Maple Presto written by Peter Jonathan Regitnig and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: