Download or read book Nitrogen Fixation at the Millennium written by G.J. Leigh and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2002-11-22 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The turn of the millennium from the twentieth to the twenty-first century provides an occasion to review our understanding of a biological process, biological nitrogen fixation, that is of prime importance for the continued survival of mankind. This process has provided a basis for maintaining soil fertility since the beginning of organised agriculture, yet its very existence was confirmed only just over a century ago. In the intervening years, an enormous intellectual effort has dispersed much of the mystery surrounding biological nitrogen fixation. Biological fixation is widely exploited in agriculture, as are nitrogen fertilisers prepared for the last hundred years under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure. However, despite all our efforts, the fundamental nature of the reactions involved at the heart of the biological process remain unknown. This book aims to describe what we have learned in the last one hundred years or so about biological nitrogen fixation, about what its chemistry appears to be, and how it is applied in agriculture. This ambitious objective has not been attempted recently. It is aimed at students and those who wish to enter these very challenging areas of research, and who need to learn the state of the art at the turn of the millennium.The authors are all acknowledged world experts in their fields. They have prepared concise, well referenced and authoritative accounts of their subjects. This book provides a unique summary of the current state of knowledge that will be indispensable to all students and researchers, actual and potential, interested in biological nitrogen fixation.
Download or read book Nitrogen Fixation written by John Raymond Postgate and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1998-10-15 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an introductory-level survey of biological nitrogen fixation, covering the role of the process in the global nitrogen cycle as well as its biochemistry, physiology, genetics, ecology, general biology and prospects for its future exploitation.
Download or read book Nitrogen Fixation Fundamentals and Applications written by Igor A. Tikhonovich and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 812 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen fixation research is presented as a rapidly developing, synergistic area of modern science, using the methods of, and accumulating data from, many fundamental branches of biology and chemistry. These include catalytic mechanisms, protein structure and function, molecular organization of genes and the regulation of their activities, biochemistry of plants and microorganisms, the signalling and surface interactions between organisms, microbial taxonomy and evolution, formal and population genetics, and ecology. The relationships between biological nitrogen fixation research and different branches of applied biology are addressed and analyzed, such as: the monitoring of genetically engineered microorganisms, selection of plant-associated microbes, plant breeding, increasing the protein content of crops, providing ecologically safe food production, and diminishing the chemical pollution of the environment. Immediate impacts and long-term prospects for nitrogen fixation research are presented: both fundamentals and applications.
Download or read book The World s Greatest Fix written by G. J. Leigh and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2004-08-19 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the tradition of Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs, and Steel, this gives the very early history of how human ingenuity overcame the risk of famine through productive agriculture. Starting with a layman's guide to the chemistry of nitrogen fixation, the book goes on to show how humans emerged from nomadic lifestyles and began developing towns and settlements. When they for the first time began planting the same fields year after year, they noticed quickly the need to ensure soil fertility. But how? The method they came up with is still in use to this day.
Download or read book Biological Nitrogen Fixation for the 21st Century written by Claudine Elmerich and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 709 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen availability is one of the most critical factors that limits plant productivity. The largest reservoir of nitrogen is the atmosphere, but this gaseous molecular nitrogen only becomes available to plants through the biological nitrogen fixation process, which only prokaryotic cells have developed. The discovery that microbes were providing fixed nitrogen to legumes and the isolation of the first nitrogen-fixing bacteria occured at the end the 19th Century, in Louis Pasteur's time. We are now building on more than 100 years of research in this field and looking towards the 21st Century. The International Nitrogen Fixation Congress series Started more than 20 years ago. The format of this Congress is designed to gather scientists from very diverse origins, backgrounds, interests and scientific approaches and is a forum where fundamental knowledge is discussed alongside applied research. This confluence of perspectives is, we believe, extremely beneficial in raising new ideas, questions and concepts.
Download or read book Biological Nitrogen Fixation written by Nanjappa Shamanna Subba Rao and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1988 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Associative and Endophytic Nitrogen fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations written by Claudine Elmerich and published by Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress. This book was released on 2007 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This self-contained volume covers fundamental and applied aspects of nitrogen-fixation research. The book describes milestones in the discovery of the associative and endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria found involved with cereal crops, forage grasses, and sugar cane. It provides a comprehensive overview of their phylogeny, physiology, and genetics as well as of the biology of their association with their host plants, including tools for in situ localization and population-dynamics analysis. Also included are chapters describing the functions required for a bacterium to be competent and competitive in the rhizosphere, and analysis of associations of cyanobacteria with fungi, diatoms, bryophytes, cycads, Azolla, and Gunnera.
Download or read book Biological Nitrogen Fixation Towards Poverty Alleviation through Sustainable Agriculture written by Felix D. Dakora and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-06-26 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poverty is a severe problem in Africa, Asia, South America and even in pockets of the developed world. Addressing poverty alleviation via the expanded use of biological nitrogen fixation in agriculture was the theme of the 15th International Congress on Nitrogen Fixation. Because nitrogen-fixation research is multidisciplinary, exploiting its benefits for agriculture and environmental protection has continued to attract research by diverse groups of scientists, including chemists, biochemists, plant physiologists, evolutionary biologists, ecologists, agricultural scientists, extension agents, and inoculant producers. The 15th International Congress on Nitrogen Fixation was held jointly with the 12th International Conference of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation. This joint Congress was hosted in South Africa at the Cape Town International Conv- tion Centre, 21–26 January 2007, and was attended by about 200 registered participants from 41 countries world-wide. During the Congress, some 100 oral and approximately 80 poster papers were presented. The wide range of topics covered and the theme of the Congress justifies this book’s title, Nitrogen Fixation: Applications to Poverty Alleviation.
Download or read book Nitrogen Fixation written by Peter M. Gresshoff and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 850 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We are witnessing an increased awareness of the earth's environment. Examples are easily seen in the rise of 'Green Parties' across Europe, North America, Australasia, and lately Eastern Europe. The public outcry following industrial mishaps in Alaska, Chernobyl, Basel, and Bhopal, as well as the renewed legislative activity, such as the Clean Air Act in the USA and the European Community directive to member nation concerning the control of release of genetically engineered organisms are further examples of the general interest in the biosphere. The 'Ozone hole', 'Greenhouse gases', and 'Genetically engineered Microorganisms' have gained public profiles, and are discussed widely in newspapers, magazines and the electronic media. A recent educational survey of nations, belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) showed that school children are more literate with ecological terms (as listed above) than with 'pure' scientific terms, like 'phloem', 'mitosis', 'proton', or 'Jurasic period'. Perhaps the increase in awareness is cyclical, being fed by non-scientific, sociological and economic advances. The late 1960s/early 1970s saw a major increase in environmental consciousness. Anti-pollution groups were founded, healthfood shops and naturopathy became acceptable as did recycling, the use of lead-free gasoline, and the reduced usage of environmental toxins, like DDT and PCB. For example, Monsanto Chemical Company instigated a self-imposed halt to the manufacture of PCB in the mid-seventies. Chemical companies started to look at biodegradable herbicides, slow release fertilizers, and specifically targeted pesticides.
Download or read book The Chemistry and Biochemistry of Nitrogen Fixation written by J. Postgate and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding of biological nitrogen fixation has advanced with impressive rapidity during the last decade. As befits a developing area of Science, these advances have uncovered information and raised questions which will have, and indeed have had, repercussions in numerous other branches of science and its applications. This 'information explosion', to use one of to-day's cant idioms, was initiated by the discovery, by a group of scientists working in the Central Research laboratories of Dupont de Nemours, U. S. A. , of a reproducibly active, cell-free enzyme preparation from a nitrogen fixing bacterium. Full credit is due to them. But subsequent developments, albeit sometimes quite as impressive, have too often been marked by that familiar disorder of a developing field of research-the scramble to publish. It is a scramble which, at its best, may represent a laudable desire to inform colleagues of the latest developments; yet which too easily develops into an undignified rush for priority, wherewith to impress one's Board of Directors or Grant-giving Institution. This, in miniature, is the tragedy of scientific research to-day: desire for credit causes research to be published in little bulletins, notes and preliminary communications, so that only those intimately involved in the field really know what is happening (and even they may well not see the forest for the trees). Those outside the field, or working in peripheral areas, may glean something of what is going on from reviews and fragments presented at meetings, but the broad pattern of development is often elusive.
Download or read book Enhancing Biological Nitrogen Fixation written by and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Current Developments in Biological Nitrogen Fixation written by N. S. Subba Rao and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1984 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume discusses the most recent advances in biological nitrogen fixation, with chapters written by experts on the ecology, physiology, biochemistry and genetics of biological nitrogen fixation.
Download or read book The Fundamentals of Nitrogen Fixation written by J. R. Postgate and published by CUP Archive. This book was released on 1982-12-23 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biochemistry, physiology, genetics and ecology of nitrogen fixating micro-organisms are described. The value of this fundamental knowledge for symbiotic and near-symbiotic systems is shown
Download or read book Nitrogen Fixation Biology and Ecology written by Sara Langer and published by Murphy & Moore Publishing. This book was released on 2021-11-16 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The process of converting atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and other nitrogenous compounds in soil is termed as nitrogen fixation. Most of the biological nitrogen is fixed by prokaryotic bacteria. A few of these are cyanobacteria, azotobacter, azospirillum, rhizobium and bradyrhizobium. Clover, soybean, peanut, etc., are some of the plants which help in nitrogen fixation process. These processes are part of the nitrogen cycle. They are of utmost significance in agriculture as nitrogen is required for the synthesis of various organic compounds like amino acids, nucleic acids and proteins. Nitrogen is also fixed by natural phenomenon such as lightning. It is also responsible for the formation of nitrogen oxides which may react with water to form nitrous acid or nitric acid. The acids seep into the soil where they are converted into nitrates. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to nitrogen fixation. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in it. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying the biological and ecological aspects of nitrogen fixation as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.
Download or read book Nitrogen Fixation From Molecules to Crop Productivity written by Fabio O. Pedrosa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-04-18 with total page 661 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These proceedings bring together diverse disciplines that study nitrogen fixation and describe the most recent advances made in various fields: chemists are now studying FeMoco, the active site of nitrogenase in non-protein surroundings, and have refined the crystal structure of the enzyme to 1.6 angstroms.
Download or read book Biological Nitrogen Fixation written by John Raymond Postgate and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Catalysts for Nitrogen Fixation written by Barry E. Smith and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-20 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biological nitrogen fixation provides more than 50% of the total annual input of the essential element nitrogen to world agriculture. Thus, it is of immense agronomic importance and critical to food supplies, particularly in developing countries. This book, with chapters authored by internationally renowned experts, provides a comprehensive and detailed account of the fascinating history of the process - including the surprising discoveries of molybdenum-independent nitrogenases and superoxide-dependent nitrogenase; a review of Man's attempts to emulate the biological process - most successfully with the commercially dominant Haber-Bosch process; and the current state of the understanding art with respect to the enzymes - called nitrogenases - responsible for biological nitrogen fixation. The initial chapters use a historical approach to the biological and industrial processes, followed by an overview of assay methodologies. The next set of chapters focuses on the classical enzyme, the molybdenum nitrogenase, and details its biosynthesis, structure, composition, and mechanism of action as well as detailing both how variants of its two component proteins are constructed by recombinant DNA technology and how computational techniques are being applied. The sophisticated chemical modelling of the metal-containing clusters in the enzyme is reviewed next, followed by a description of the two molybdenum-independent nitrogenases - first, the vanadium-containing enzyme and then the iron-only nitrogenase - together with some thoughts as to why they exist! Then follows an up-to-date treatment of the clearly "non-classical" properties of the superoxide-dependent nitrogenase, which more closely resembles molybdenum-containing hydroxylases and related enzymes, like nitrate reductase, that it does the other nitrogenases. Each chapter contains an extensive list of references. This book is the self-contained first volume of a comprehensive seven-volume series. No other available work provides the up-to-date and in-depth coverage of this series and this volume. This book is intended to serve as an indispensable reference work for all scientists working in this area, including agriculture and the closely related metals-in-biology area; to assist students to enter this challenging area of research; and to provide science administrators easy access to vital relevant information.
