Download or read book Nitrate Removal for Small Public Water Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nitrate in Potable Water Supplies written by Vivian Bundgaard Jensen and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrate contamination of potable water sources has become one of the most important water quality concerns across the United States. Nitrate presents unique water treatment challenges and small water systems are particularly affected by the high costs of addressing nitrate impacted supplies. The incidence of nitrate impacted drinking water systems, with respect to contamination, violations, and treatment, was assessed nationally, with particular emphasis on the state of California. Findings indicate that public water systems serving less than 3,300 people (very small and small water systems) are disproportionately affected by nitrate in potable water supplies, accounting for an average of 97.5% of systems in violation of the nitrate maximum contaminant level from 1998 - 2013. Of the 744,304 people served by national community water systems (CWS) that were non-compliant at least once from 2010 - 2013, 37.4% were served by systems in California. There were more systems in California in violation of the nitrate MCL between 2010 and 2013 than in any other state. Treatment measures have been proven effective and are in use at public water systems across the United States; anion exchange is the most common treatment technology implemented in the United States for nitrate removal. The disposal of waste residuals from drinking water treatment processes like anion exchange can be costly, particularly for small inland communities lacking the resources needed to identify the most affordable and sustainable waste management approach. Brine waste management options for small nitrate treatment systems in the Central Valley of California were examined with consideration of the feasibility, sustainability, and affordability of the available alternatives. Onsite evaporation, landfill evaporation, landfill solidification, and coastal wastewater treatment plant disposal were considered in detail with a base case scenario. Onsite evaporation ponds and transport of waste to a coastal wastewater treatment facility were identified as the least-costly, currently-available management options. In nearly all cases, the estimated minimum disposal costs associated with the base case scenario exceeded the average cost of tap water in the United States, $2.00/1,000 gallons. The minimization of brine waste through improved water recovery has the potential to significantly decrease disposal costs, by as much as 95%. Given the high costs of brine disposal options for individual small water systems in the San Joaquin Valley, the development of sustainable and affordable regional solutions is warranted to address the problem in a manner that can benefit multiple small water systems, as well as other brine producers in the region.
Download or read book Drinking Water Treatment for Small Communities written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1994 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Guidance Document written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nitrate Removal from Water Supplies by Ion Exchange written by Dennis A. Clifford and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Removal of nitrate from contaminated water supplies for public use written by Gerald A. Guter and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Environmental Pollution Control Alternatives written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Assessing Innovative Technologies for Nitrate Removal from Drinking Water written by Shoeleh Shams and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several health problems may be caused by excess nitrate in drinking water, the most important of which being methemoglobinemia, a potentially fatal disorder, in infants under six months of age. Many different parts of the world have been facing the problem of nitrate contaminated surface and groundwaters due in large part to excessive use of nitrate-based chemical fertilizers. In the Region of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada some groundwater sources have nitrate concentrations approaching the Health Canada and Ontario Ministry of the Environment maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) of 10 mg NO3--N/L. Finding a practical and economical way to reduce nitrate concentrations in representative groundwater in the Region of Waterloo was the overall objective of this research. To achieve this goal, nitrate removal technologies including biological denitrification, ion exchange (IX), reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialysis (ED), and chemical denitrification were reviewed and compared. IX and RO were found to be the most promising technologies for nitrate removal. They have also been approved by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) as Best Available Technologies (BAT). To investigate the feasibility of IX and RO for nitrate removal from representative groundwater in the Region of Waterloo, bench-scale experiments were conducted and compared. These technologies could be considered for application at full- or point-of-use (POU)-scale. Decision support assistance for the selection of the appropriate technology for different technical and economical conditions is provided as an outcome of this work. Two nitrate-selective ion exchange resins (Dowex NSR-1 and Purolite® A-520E), two non-selective resins (Purolite® A-300E and Amberlite® IRA400 Cl), and a commercially-available RO POU device (Culligan® Aqua-Cleer® model RO30), which included a particle filter and a carbon block, were tested with deionized water and real groundwater.* IX results confirmed that production time before resin exhaustion was influenced by operating conditions, specifically bed depth as would be expected. It was also confirmed that the presence of competing anions (sulfate, chloride) and alkalinity adversely affected performance, with sulfate being the main competitor for nitrate removal. The extent of these effects was quantified for the conditions tested. At the end of the runs, the non-selective resins were prone to potential nitrate displacement and release into product water and are therefore not recommended. The nitrate-selective resins did not release previously adsorbed nitrate as their capacity became exhausted. Purolite® A-520E was identified as the best alternative amongst the four resins for removing nitrate from the representative groundwater source. The RO unit removed roughly 80% of the nitrate from groundwater. Background ions didn't appear to compete with each other for removal by RO units, so RO might be a more appropriate technology than IX for nitrate removal from waters with high concentrations of sulfate or TDS. Since RO removes other background ions as well as nitrate, the product water of RO is low in alkalinity and can potentially be corrosive, if water from a small full-scale system is pumped through a communal distribution system. Post-treatment including pH adjustment, addition of caustic soda, and/or corrosion inhibitors may be required. While the carbon block did not play a substantial role with respect to removal of nitrate in the groundwater tested, a potential issue was identified when running RO systems without the carbon block. In deionized water (and presumably in very low alkalinity real waters) it was noted that RO nitrate removal efficiency dropped substantially as the alkalinity of the influent water approached zero. With respect to the scale of application of IX and RO devices, IX can be applied at full-scale without requiring large amounts of space. However, if feed water contains high concentrations of sulfate or TDS, nitrate leakage happens sooner and regeneration would be needed at more frequent intervals. Also, chloride concentrations in IX product water might exceed aesthetic objectives (AO) and should be monitored in cases of high feed water TDS. POU IX devices are not recommended when feed water nitrate concentration is high due to potential nitrate leakage into the product water when the resin is nearing exhaustion which increases public health risk. Issues associated with RO application at full-scale are high energy demand, low recovery, high costs, need of pre-treatment (fouling control), and post-treatment (corrosion control). On the other hand, POU RO devices may be acceptable since low recovery is of less importance in a household system, and product water corrosivity is less relevant. POU RO devices are preferable to POU IX units due to their lower risk of nitrate leakage into treated water. * Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
Download or read book Nitrate Removal from Water Supplies by Ion Exchange written by Dennis A. Clifford and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Removal of Water Supply Contaminants written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nitrate Removal from Drinking Water written by Thomas J. Sorg and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Alternative Water Supply Options for Nitrate Contamination in California s Tulare and Salinas Groundwater Basins written by Kristin Linn Honeycutt and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrate is California's most ubiquitous groundwater contaminant and has significant potential to harm human health. The Tulare Lake Basin and Salinas Valley were chosen as pilot study areas to study the population susceptible to nitrate contamination in groundwater, and identify the available short-term and long-term alternative water supply options. Farming practices on agricultural lands and dairies in these basins produce high levels of nitrate. The population served by the groundwater have a high risk of exposure to nitrate, and often cannot afford treatment or alternative water supply options. These factors combine to make the Tulare Lake Basin and Salinas Valley highly susceptible to health effects from nitrate in drinking water. This thesis estimates the population potentially susceptible to consuming nitrate in groundwater and examines the alternative water supply options available for each system type. The economic and financial costs are estimated for each water supply option and a least cost analysis is performed for the entire basin susceptible population. Approximately 766,000 people in California's Tulare Lake Basin and Salinas Valley have drinking water supplies susceptible or potentially susceptible to nitrate groundwater contamination. Water users that are served by a community water system exceeding a nitrate threshold, or lacking historical nitrate records, account for about 675,000 people. The remaining 88,000 people are estimated to be connected to a self-supplied household or local small water system that is located in an area exceeding the nitrate threshold. Assuming unchanging and unabated basin-wide trends in nitrate groundwater levels, the susceptible community water system population is estimated to increase 80% by 2050. The most promising options for communities connected to highly susceptible water systems are to consolidate with a larger system; consolidate with nearby smaller systems and regionalize into a larger system; install ion exchange community water treatment; drill a new well; blend sources; and as an interim solution, provide point-of-use treatment to households. There is significant potential for consolidation of systems. Solely based on system size and spatial proximity to surrounding systems, there is great possibility for smaller water systems to consolidate with larger water systems. Promising solutions for self-supplied households or local small water systems within a highly susceptible sub-area are to install a point-of-use reverse osmosis treatment system, or drill a new or deeper well.The overall cost of providing nitrate-compliant drinking water to the Tulare Lake Basin and Salinas Valley is estimated to be about $25 to $30 million per year for the long-term. Roughly, $18 to $23 million per year is estimated to be needed for community water system users and about $7 million is estimated to be needed for household self-supplied or local small water system users. To put this funding need in perspective, the overall costs correspond to $33 to $40 per year per susceptible person, $6 to $8 per study area irrigated acre per year, or $125 to $150 per ton of fertilizer applied.
Download or read book Groundwater Quality written by Harriet Nash and published by Springer. This book was released on 1994-10-31 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Groundwater quality monitoring and testing is of paramount importance both in the developed and developing world. This book presents a series of papers illustrating the varied nature of current research into groundwater quality. Urban and rural supplies are covered through a case history approach, and the importance of remedial action to prevent deterioration is emphasized.
Download or read book 25 Years of the Safe Drinking Water Act written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Design and Analysis of Continuous High Recovery RO Systems for Nitrate Removal in Disadvantaged Remote Communities written by Abdullah B. Aleidan and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrate contamination of groundwater sources is a prominent issue in remote small communities that are residing in proximity of agricultural activities. Nitrate exposure through potable water consumption poses multiple human health risks and thus impaired community groundwater sources must be treated to ensure the availability of safe drinking water. In this regard, reverse osmosis (RO) water treatment can be integrated into existing community small water systems for effective nitrate removal and salinity reduction. RO membrane treatment offers a broad range of protection against multiple different contaminants, but high recovery operation is essential in order to reduce the challenge of managing the discharge from RO treatment. Accordingly, the present research provides a detailed investigation of the technical feasibility of high recovery RO treatment utilizing steady state RO with partial concentrate recycle. Through extensive process simulations, and based on water use patterns in three small communities in the California Salinas Valley, it was concluded that nitrate removal can be achieved to produce treated water at a nitrate level that is significantly below the regulatory maximum contamination level (MCL). The above treatment performance was possible via single and two pass RO treatment for the small remote communities considered in the present study, while enabling sufficient high recovery that would generate a residual stream that can be accommodated in the communities' septic systems. The process configuration was optimized with respect to the number of RO elements and number of treatment passes. Detailed RO system design specifications were then developed, along with the design of treatment stages (pretreatment, RO module, and post-treatment) to meet the above-mentioned specifications. In addition, the correlation between nitrate passage and salt passage were explored for RO treatment of the source water in the study communities demonstrating that is may be feasible to predict the nitrate concentration in the permeate stream based on measurement of permeate salinity. RO process design specifications were derived on the basis of optimizing high recovery operation for permeate production capacity for each of the study sites ranging from 1,966 to 5,600 gallons per day. System design was based on treatment of well water of nitrate level of 45 - 389.7 mg/L as NO3-, and salinity in the range of 564 - 1,927 mg/L as total dissolved solids (TDS). RO operation specifications under the production capacity were not to exceed average element recovery of 20%, and single-pass recovery of 15% per element. The daily concentrate stream discharge from the RO systems constituted about 4.9% - 12.5% of the community septic tank capacity for system treatment at 90% recovery operating at recycle ratios ranging from 0.67 - 2.05. Post-treatment of the produced permeate was also considered using a limestone contactor to remineralize and pH stabilize the product water.
Download or read book Safe Water From Every Tap written by Committee on Small Water Supply Systems and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1997-01-13 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Small communities violate federal requirements for safe drinking water as much as three times more often than cities. Yet these communities often cannot afford to improve their water service. Safe Water From Every Tap reviews the risks of violating drinking water standards and discusses options for improving water service in small communities. Included are detailed reviews of a wide range of technologies appropriate for treating drinking water in small communities. The book also presents a variety of institutional options for improving the management efficiency and financial stability of water systems.
Download or read book Nitrate Removal from Drinking Water Supplies written by Stephen Beszedits and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
