Download or read book New Techniques for Precision Atom Interferometry and Applications to Fundamental Tests of Gravity and of Quantum Mechanics written by Tim Kovachy and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Light-pulse atom interferometry--in which quantum mechanical atomic wave packets are split along two paths and later recombined and made to interfere by sequences of optical pulses--is a remarkably sensitive technique for measuring inertial forces, allowing it to be a valuable tool for applications ranging from fundamental tests of gravity to geodesy and inertial navigation. The inertial sensitivity of an atom interferometer is proportional to its enclosed spacetime area--that is, the product of the spatial separation between the two interferometer paths and the interferometer duration. Therefore, new techniques that allow this spacetime area to be increased are essential in order for atom interferometry to reach its full potential. In this thesis, I describe the development of such techniques. We approach the problem of increasing the interferometer spacetime area on two fronts. First, we implement new methods to increase the momentum transferred by the beam splitters of the interferometer. The velocity difference and therefore the spatial separation of the interferometer paths are proportional to this momentum transfer. Conventional atom optics techniques involve beam splitters that transfer two photon momentum recoils (2 hbar k) to the atoms. I will discuss our realization of large momentum transfer (LMT) beam splitters that transfer up to 100 hbar k. Second, we have built a 10 m tall atomic fountain that allows the total interferometer duration to be increased to 2 s. Ultimately, we combined LMT atom optics with long-duration atom interferometry in the 10 m atomic fountain, leading to very large spacetime area atom interferometers. In these very large area atom interferometers, the separation between the two atomic wave packets that respectively travel along the two interferometer paths reaches distances of up to 54 cm. Therefore, in addition to offering greatly increased inertial sensitivity, these interferometers probe the quantum mechanical wavelike nature of matter in a new macroscopic regime. I will discuss the techniques we devised to overcome the many technical challenges associated with such interferometers, which in other apparatus have prevented interference from being maintained for path separations larger than 1 cm. I will also describe initial results from the use of our very large area interferometers to test the equivalence principle with Rb-85 and Rb-87 and our plans for further progress in this direction. Very large area atom interferometry requires high laser power and extremely cold atom sources. We have developed a novel high power, frequency doubled laser source at 780 nm that is suitable for atom optics. Also, we have implemented a sequence of matter wave lenses to prepare and measure atomic ensembles with record-low effective temperatures of 50 pK. In addition to applications in atom interferometry, we expect that such an atom source will be broadly useful for a wide range of experiments.
Download or read book Atom Interferometry written by G.M. Tino and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2014-10-16 with total page 807 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since atom interferometers were first realized about 20 years ago, atom interferometry has had many applications in basic and applied science, and has been used to measure gravity acceleration, rotations and fundamental physical quantities with unprecedented precision. Future applications range from tests of general relativity to the development of next-generation inertial navigation systems. This book presents the lectures and notes from the Enrico Fermi school "Atom Interferometry", held in Varenna, Italy, in July 2013. The aim of the school was to cover basic experimental and theoretical aspects and to provide an updated review of current activities in the field as well as main achievements, open issues and future prospects. Topics covered include theoretical background and experimental schemes for atom interferometry; ultracold atoms and atom optics; comparison of atom, light, electron and neutron interferometers and their applications; high precision measurements with atom interferometry and their application to tests of fundamental physics, gravitation, inertial measurements and geophysics; measurement of fundamental constants; interferometry with quantum degenerate gases; matter wave interferometry beyond classical limits; large area interferometers; atom interferometry on chips; and interferometry with molecules. The book will be a valuable source of reference for students, newcomers and experts in the field of atom interferometry.
Download or read book Long time Atom Interferometry for Precision Tests of Fundamental Physics written by Susannah Moore Dickerson and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Light-pulse atom interferometry is a technique that is exquisitely sensitive to inertial forces. As such, it has exciting applications both in fundamental physics for precision tests of gravity, electrodynamics and quantum mechanics, as well as in practical situations for inertial navigation, geodesy, and timekeeping. In this work, I describe a 10 meter atomic fountain, designed for a precision test of the weak equivalence principle but with additional relevance in bounding proposed modifications of quantum mechanics, directly measuring general relativistic corrections, and detecting gravitational waves. This system is demonstrated to have the largest acceleration sensitivity to date by two orders of magnitude (6.7e-12 g). I also present precision measurements of Earth's rotation, the preparation of ultracold clouds to picokelvin effective temperatures, and current work to further improve the acceleration sensitivity through meter-scale separation between two halves of the atomic wavepacket. I close with a discussion of the next step towards an equivalence principle test: the creation of a well-overlapped, dual-species ultracold cloud.
Download or read book Neutron Interferometry written by Helmut Rauch and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2015-01-15 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The quantum interference of de Broglie matter waves is probably one of the most startling and fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics. It continues to tax our imaginations and leads us to new experimental windows on nature. Quantum interference phenomena are vividly displayed in the wide assembly of neutron interferometry experiments, which have been carried out since the first demonstration of a perfect silicon crystal interferometer in 1974. Since the neutron experiences all four fundamental forces of nature (strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational), interferometry with neutrons provides a fertile testing ground for theory and precision measurements. Many Gedanken experiments of quantum mechanics have become real due to neutron interferometry. Quantum mechanics is a part of physics where experiment and theory are inseparably intertwined. This general theme permeates the second edition of this book. It discusses more than 40 neutron interferometry experiments along with their theoretical motivations and explanations. The basic ideas and results of interference experiments related to coherence and decoherence of matter waves and certain post-selection variations, gravitationally induced quantum phase shifts, Berry`s geometrical phases, spinor symmetry and spin superposition, and Bell's inequalities are all discussed and explained in this book. Both the scalar and vector Aharonov-Bohm topological interference effects and the neutron version of the Sagnac effect are presented in a self-contained and pedagogical way. Interferometry with perfect crystals, artificial lattices, and spin-echo systems are also topics of this book. It includes the theoretical underpinning as well as connections to other areas of experimental physics, such as quantum optics, nuclear physics, gravitation, and atom interferometry. The observed phase shifts due to the Earth's gravity and rotation indicate a close connection to relativity theory. Neutron interferometry can be considered as a central technique of quantum optics with massive particles. It has stimulated the development of interferometry with atoms, molecules and clusters. The book is written in a style that will be suitable at the senior undergraduate and beginning of graduate level. It will interest and excite many students and researchers in neutron, nuclear, quantum, gravitational, optical, and atomic physics. Lecturers teaching courses in modern physics and quantum mechanics will find a number of interesting and historic experiments they may want to include in their lectures.
Download or read book From Quantum To Cosmos Fundamental Physics Research In Space written by Slava G Turyshev and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2009-05-21 with total page 764 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Space-based laboratory research in fundamental physics is an emerging research discipline that offers great discovery potential and at the same time could drive the development of technological advances which are likely to be important to scientists and technologists in many other different research fields. The articles in this review volume have been contributed by participants of the international workshop “From Quantum to Cosmos: Fundamental Physics Research in Space” held at the Airlie Center in Warrenton, Virginia, USA, on May 21-24, 2006. This unique volume discusses the advances in our understanding of fundamental physics that are anticipated in the near future, and evaluates the discovery potential of a number of recently proposed space-based gravitational experiments. Specific research areas covered include various tests of general relativity and alternative theories, search of physics beyond the Standard Model, investigations of possible violations of the equivalence principle, search for new hypothetical long- and short-range forces, variations of fundamental constants, tests of Lorentz invariance and attempts at unification of the fundamental interactions. The book also encompasses experiments aimed at the discovery of novel phenomena, including dark matter candidates, and studies of dark energy.
Download or read book Atom Interferometry written by Paul R. Berman and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1997-01-08 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of atom interferometry has expanded rapidly in recent years, and todays research laboratories are using atom interferometers both as inertial sensors and for precision measurements. Many researchers also use atom interferometry as a means of researching fundamental questions in quantum mechanics. Atom Interferometry contains contributions from theoretical and experimental physicists at the forefront of this rapidly developing field. Editor Paul R. Berman includes an excellent balance of background material and recent experimental results,providing a general overview of atom interferometry and demonstrating the promise that it holds for the future. Includes contributions from many of the research groups that have pioneered this emerging field Discusses and demonstrates new aspects of the wave nature of atoms Explains the many important applications of atom interferometry, from a measurement of the gravitational constant to atom lithography Examines applications of atom interferometry to fundamentally important quantum mechanics problems
Download or read book Spin Squeezing and Non linear Atom Interferometry with Bose Einstein Condensates written by Christian Groß and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-13 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interferometry, the most precise measurement technique known today, exploits the wave-like nature of the atoms or photons in the interferometer. As expected from the laws of quantum mechanics, the granular, particle-like features of the individually independent atoms or photons are responsible for the precision limit, the shot noise limit. However this “classical” bound is not fundamental and it is the aim of quantum metrology to overcome it by employing entanglement among the particles. This work reports on the realization of spin-squeezed states suitable for atom interferometry. Spin squeezing was generated on the basis of motional and spin degrees of freedom, whereby the latter allowed the implementation of a full interferometer with quantum-enhanced precision.
Download or read book Clock Atom Interferometry for Precision Measurements in Fundamental Physics written by Thomas Frederick Wilkason and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent technological advances have enabled the development of new precision atomic sensors for tests of fundamental physics. In this thesis, I will introduce the concept of clock atom interferometry, a hybrid of atomic clocks and atom interferometry that is particularly suited for gravitational wave detection and ultralight dark matter searches. I outline the experiment we built to cool and trap strontium atoms for prototyping this concept and demonstrating our initial atom interferometric results. I will then discuss the first realization of large momentum transfer (LMT) clock atom interferometry using single-photon interactions on the strontium 689 nm transition, implementing Mach-Zehnder interferometers and gradiometers with state-of-the-art momentum separation to enhance their sensitivity. Furthermore, using amplitude modulated pulses, I demonstrate Floquet atom optics as a tool to allow symmetric evolution of two states at equal and opposite detuning and allows high pulse efficiencies greater than 99% for all detunings, in particular even when the detuning is on the order of the Rabi frequency. Applying this technique, I extend the visibility of an atom interferometer out to a record momentum transfer in excess of 400 photon momenta. I conclude by demonstrating how this technique can be further advanced to allow for 601 photon momenta of separation, as well as a discussion of the new measurement opportunities made possible with these techniques in the fields of high-precision inertial sensing and fundamental physics detection.
Download or read book Neutron Interferometry written by Helmut Rauch and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The quantum interference of DeBroglie matter waves is probably one of the most startling and fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics. It continues to tax our imaginations and leads us to new experimental windows on nature. Quantum interference phenomena are vividly displayed in the wide assembly of neutron interferometry experiments, which have been carried out since the first demonstration of a perfect silicon crystal interferometer in 1974. Since the neutron experiences all four fundamental forces of nature (strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational), interferometry with neutrons provides a fertile testing ground for theory and precision measurements. Many Gedanken experiments of quantum mechanics have become real due to neutron interferometry. This book provides the reader with a detailed account of neutron interferometry experiments. The basic ideas and experiments related to coherence properties of matter waves and various post-selection criteria, gravitationally induced phase shifts, Berry's geometrical phase, spinor symmetry and spin superposition, Aharonov-Bohm topological interference effects, and the neutron version of the Sagnac effect are presented in a self-contained and pedagogical way. Interferometry with perfect crystals, artificial lattices, and spin-echo systems are topics of this book. It includes the theoretical motivations as well as connections to other areas of experimental physics, such as quantum optics, nuclear physics, gravitation, and atom interferometry. The book is written in a style that will be suitable at the beginning graduate level, and will excite many students and researchers in neutron physics, quantum optics, and atomic physics. Lecturers teaching courses in modern physics and quantum mechanics will find a number of interesting and historic experiments they may want to include in their lectures.
Download or read book Quantum Atom Optics written by Tim Byrnes and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-08-05 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapid development of quantum technologies has driven a revolution in related research areas such as quantum computation and communication, and quantum materials. The first prototypes of functional quantum devices are beginning to appear, frequently created using ensembles of atoms, which allow the observation of sensitive, quantum effects, and have important applications in quantum simulation and matter wave interferometry. This modern text offers a self-contained introduction to the fundamentals of quantum atom optics and atomic many-body matter wave systems. Assuming a familiarity with undergraduate quantum mechanics, this book will be accessible for graduate students and early career researchers moving into this important new field. A detailed description of the underlying theory of quantum atom optics is given, before development of the key, quantum, technological applications, such as atom interferometry, quantum simulation, quantum metrology, and quantum computing.
Download or read book Manipulating Quantum Systems written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-09-14 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) science underpins many technologies and continues to progress at an exciting pace for both scientific discoveries and technological innovations. AMO physics studies the fundamental building blocks of functioning matter to help advance the understanding of the universe. It is a foundational discipline within the physical sciences, relating to atoms and their constituents, to molecules, and to light at the quantum level. AMO physics combines fundamental research with practical application, coupling fundamental scientific discovery to rapidly evolving technological advances, innovation and commercialization. Due to the wide-reaching intellectual, societal, and economical impact of AMO, it is important to review recent advances and future opportunities in AMO physics. Manipulating Quantum Systems: An Assessment of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics in the United States assesses opportunities in AMO science and technology over the coming decade. Key topics in this report include tools made of light; emerging phenomena from few- to many-body systems; the foundations of quantum information science and technologies; quantum dynamics in the time and frequency domains; precision and the nature of the universe, and the broader impact of AMO science.
Download or read book Atom Interferometry with Picokelvin Ensembles in Microgravity written by Merle Cornelius and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atom interferometry enables precision measurements with outstanding sensitivities in a broad field of applications, ranging from fundamental physics to applications in geodesy or navigation. The development of robust and mobile devices paves the way for future satellite missions, e.g. striving for improved spaceborne gravimetry or a precision test of the universality of free fall. The sensitivity of an atom interferometer scales quadratically with the interrogation time. Consequentially, exceptional sensitivities can be reached for interferometry with free evolving ensembles on time scales of several seconds, achievable by operating on a microgravity platform. Such long interrogation times necessarily require ensembles with ultra-low expansion rates, making collimated Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) the ideal input states. Therefore a method called magnetic lensing is used to narrow the momentum distribution. Together with the very good coherence properties of BECs, this reduces uncertainties in the interferometric measurement and enables high-fidelity beam splitter processes like Bragg diffraction. Within the scope of this thesis, a novel matter-wave lens system is presented to lower the internal kinetic energy of a BEC to the picokelvin regime, which is then used to perform interferometric measurements in microgravity. This is achieved with the QUANTUS-2 apparatus, a high-flux rubidium BEC machine based on atom chip technology, which operates at the drop tower in Bremen. Exploiting the excitation of a quadrupole mode in combination with a magnetic lens attains three-dimensional collimation of the BEC. With this technique, an unprecedented residual kinetic energy of $ sfrac{3}{2}k_B cdot38 ,$pK is achieved, where the ensemble is observed after an interrogation time of 2$ ,$s with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Upgrading the experiment to realize single and double Bragg diffraction enables the first demonstration of a double Bragg-based interferometer in microgravity with a retro-reflection setup. The symmetric splitting achieved with the double Bragg process doubles the enclosed interferometer area and reduces systematic effects compared to single diffraction techniques. A complete characterization is performed to optimize the beam splitting process and verify the feasibility of atom chip setups for interferometric measurements. The potential of magnetically lensed BECs for interferometric measurements is investigated by probing the spatial coherence. To this end, a novel application of shear interferometry is developed to investigate the divergence of the magnetically lensed ensemble in analogy to an optical shear plate. Based on the interferometry pattern, the imperfections of the magnetic lens potential are studied, and the lens strength is optimized. Shear interferometry even enables the spatially resolved determination of the BEC's velocity field based on the interferometry pattern. Consequentially, the internal kinetic energy can be deduced from a single absorption image. Especially compact, ground-based atom interferometers can profit from this characterization method since extended times of flight are not required. This shear interferometry represents a versatile tool to study BEC dynamics independently of the application in matter-wave optics. The first demonstration of interferometry with picokelvin atomic ensembles and the tools developed in this work provide the basis to realize atom interferometry on extended time scales of several seconds. This will ultimately enable future space missions to employ cold atom interferometry at unrivalled levels of precision.
Download or read book General Relativity and John Archibald Wheeler written by Ignazio Ciufolini and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-06-22 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Observational and experimental data pertaining to gravity and cosmology are changing our view of the Universe. General relativity is a fundamental key for the understanding of these observations and its theory is undergoing a continuing enhancement of its intersection with observational and experimental data. These data include direct observations and experiments carried out in our solar system, among which there are direct gravitational wave astronomy, frame dragging and tests of gravitational theories from solar system and spacecraft observations. This book explores John Archibald Wheeler's seminal and enduring contributions in relativistic astrophysics and includes: the General Theory of Relativity and Wheeler's influence; recent developments in the confrontation of relativity with experiments; the theory describing gravitational radiation, and its detection in Earth-based and space-based interferometer detectors as well as in Earth-based bar detectors; the mathematical description of the initial value problem in relativity and applications to modeling gravitational wave sources via computational relativity; the phenomenon of frame dragging and its measurement by satellite observations. All of these areas were of direct interest to Professor John A. Wheeler and were seminally influenced by his ideas.
Download or read book NBS Special Publication written by and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Publications of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Catalog written by National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Quantum Interferometry Proceedings Of The Adrratico Conferencer written by Francesco De Martini and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1994-09-09 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains an up-to-date account of the experimental status of one of the fundamental and intriguing topic of contemporary physics, the one concerned with the concepts of Bohr's complementarity, non-locality and EPR non-separability of quantum objects. Different aspects, both conceptual and technical, of the complex fenomenology involving different quantum particles (neutrons, electrons, photons, atoms) are illustrated with a unifying perpective that enlightens the underlying basic processes. The book includes works by H Rauch (Vienna), S Haroche (Paris), D Greenberger (New York), A Tonomura (Tokyo), L Mandel (Rochester), H Walther (Munich), D Pritchard (MIT), R Chiao (Berkeley), J Franson (Baltimore), G Ghirardi (Trieste) and many others.
Download or read book Optical Cavities for Optical Atomic Clocks Atom Interferometry and Gravitational Wave Detection written by Miguel Dovale Álvarez and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-08-10 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Devised at the beginning of the 20th century by french physicists Charles Fabry and Alfred Perot, the Fabry-Perot optical cavity is perhaps the most deceptively simple setup in optics, and today a key resource in many areas of science and technology. This thesis delves deeply into the applications of optical cavities in a variety of contexts: from LIGO’s 4-km-long interferometer arms that are allowing us to observe the universe in a new way by measuring gravitational waves, to the atomic clocks used to realise time with unprecedented accuracy which will soon lead to a redefinition of the second, and the matterwave interferometers that are enabling us to test and measure gravity in a new scale. The work presented accounts for the elegance and versatility of this setup, which today underpins much of the progress in the frontier of atomic and gravitational experimental physics.
