Download or read book Heat Transfer 1994 written by Geoffrey Frederick Hewitt and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book High Speed Photography and Photonics written by Sidney F. Ray and published by SPIE-International Society for Optical Engineering. This book was released on 2002 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of new technologies in the fields of photonics, digital systems and computers has resulted in many exciting innovations in high speed photography (HSP) and its commercial, industrial and military applications. This book forms a definitive work on the subject and was written to fill a hitherto uncovered gap in the available literature on this topic. Compiled by a leading team of international experts and written with the cooperation of the Association for High Speed Photography (AHSP) under the Editorship of Sidney F. Ray, this is the most authoritative work on the subject to date. The book forms an introduction to high speed photography, principally for those who wish to investigate its almost limitless potential as a tool for instrumentation, measurement and analysis in both research and development work. It will also interest those who are mainly concerned with standard photographic and digital imaging procedures but need to know more about high speed recording. As a university textbook it is ideally suited to those undertaking postgraduate research, as well as to undergraduates on courses that include film production, biomedical imaging, scientific photography and applied imaging. The material in the book follows progressively from an introduction to and development of HSP, to details of illumination and image capture systems, data extraction and necessary image processing in experimental procedures. Both major and specialist applications of HSP are detailed, including ballistics, the natural world, detonics, the properties of materials and aircraft engineering, combustion processes, motor vehicle safety and holography. A large number of diagrams and photographs illustrate and supplement the text while tables of data provide easy access to numerical information. Will appeal to newcomers as well as professionals in the topic Endorsed by the Association for High Speed Photography Major topics covered in one independent source
Download or read book Measurement of Soot and Flame Temperature Along Three Directions in the Cylinder of a Direct Injection Diesel written by I. Samy Mohammad and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A single cylinder diesel engine with simulated turbocharging was instrumented and run to acquire radiation data at two wavelengths, simultaneously at three locations, along with cylinder pressure data and injection data. The 8 hole injector was indexed to acquire data, at three angles of 0, 11, 22.5 deg from the spray axis. The engine speed was 1500 rpm, the equivalence ratio (based on fuel to oxygen ratio) was 0.47, and the partial pressure of oxygen was 58 kPa for all runs. The radiation data were processed to produce the flame temperature and soot concentration using the two-color theory. The soot concentration and temperature increased in the outward radial direction, with the highest values at the 11 deg location except for near the injector where the highest values were on the axis.
Download or read book Technical Literature Abstracts written by Society of Automotive Engineers and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Improved Two Color Pyrometry Diagnostic for Spatiotemporally Resolved Measurements in Diesel Like Fuel Sprays written by Shawn Andres Reggeti and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The compression ignition (diesel) engine continues to be an attractive option for vehicle powertrains, particularly in heavy- and medium-duty transportation. While offering many operational advantages including a high power output per unit weight, quick refueling capabilities, and reliability; the diesel engine is prone to produce significant emissions. Chief among these emissions are soot and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Combustion techniques that reduce soot tend to increase NOx and vice versa requiring an acceptable soot-NOx tradeoff. The optimization of this tradeoff has been a challenge in recent decades with the advent of advanced combustion strategies and alternative fuels. Soot measurements at engine relevant conditions are the focus of this work and critical to building understanding of these complex phenomena and to evaluate potential solutions. Two-color pyrometry (2CP) has been used over several decades to study engine-relevant combustion processes, but results are generally regarded as qualitative or semi-quantitative. The objective of this work is to advance the 2CP diagnostic to achieve reliable, spatially-resolved measurements of the soot in diesel-like fuel sprays. This outcome is accomplished by 1) developing a new optical design for 2CP to overcome common measurement errors in other designs, 2) performing a detailed uncertainty analysis to quantify errors, and 3) applying the new 2CP system to statistically analyze the soot behavior in a diesel-like fuel spray. First, a novel optical configuration was developed and constructed from off-the-shelf components to eliminate systematic errors of previous designs. In many current 2CP systems, large measurement errors can be introduced by parallax because lines of sight (LsOS) of the two wavelengths are not the same. The modified optical hardware, was shown to accurately resolve corresponding pixels at both wavelengths of a high-resolution optical target, indicating that the LsOS for both wavelengths are the same. Next, an experimental investigation of reacting diesel-like fuel sprays revealed steady experiment conditions with repeatable global parameters of combustion. Despite the similarity of global behavior across injections, significant spatial variation of soot was observed between repeated injection experiments. Computed average turbulent flame speed for each injection suggests that initial reaction rates, which are a function of local equivalence ratio, determine the variation. Motivated by the spatial variations of soot observed across injections, the 2CP technique was further refined for quantitative, spatially resolved measurements. A pixel-by-pixel calibration was applied to account for any non-uniformities in sensor response, increasing accuracy of the computed soot quantities at each pixel. Uncertainty analysis determined the reliability of each individual measurement. This study found that the largest relative uncertainties are associated with low soot concentrations. Highly uncertain soot measurements typically occur on the edges of the diffusion flame where is soot is most likely to be oxidized. However, these highly uncertain data had marginal impact on the total soot mass produced in the flame. Finally, a large 500-injection data set employed all the previously developed 2CP diagnostic capabilities to evaluate spatiotemporal sooting behavior in a diesel-like spray flame. Focusing on the gaps in the literature for temporal development of soot and detailed study of the statistical variability between injections, this work provides insights on soot formation in key regions: lift-off, core, and jet head. Total soot contribution from binned individual soot mass values indicate that large soot masses take longer to form, but are the first to oxidize. Overall, the majority of injections produced low soot, but a few produced exceptionally high soot by comparison.
Download or read book Soot Particle Size and Number Density Measurements in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine Using Light Scattering Radiation and Extinction written by Dale Reif Tree and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigation of Soot Processes in an Optical Diesel Engine written by Barbara Menkiel and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study is dedicated to investigation of soot formed during combustion in diesel engine. Measurements were performed in a high speed direct injection optical diesel engine. Initially soot particle size, size distribution and soot volume fraction were investigated using time resolved laser induced incandescence (TR-LII) technique. For this study standard diesel fuel was used and measurements were performed for various injection timing and two different engine loads. Investigation showed that TR-LII is a powerful tool that can be used for characterization of in-cylinder soot in the engines. Subsequently TR-LII technique was developed to measure in-cylinder soot in two dimensional plane (planar laser induced incandescence PLII) and technique was combined with high speed imaging to investigate soot processes for ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and bio-fuel (RME). Two injection strategies of single and double injection were applied during these measurements. A high speed imaging technique was used to study the soot formation and oxidation during the combustion process within the cylinder and PLII was applied later in the stroke to study qualitatively the relative amount of un-oxidised soot that was left in the combustion chamber. In addition to PLII, TR-LII technique was used simultaneously to explore crank angle resolved variation of primary soot particle size and their size distribution during the expansion stroke. The same measurements were repeated for fuels with different composition investigating the relationship between the fuel properties and soot emission. Finally mathematical model for soot particle size and distribution width was modified by introducing assumption of multi-lognormal in-cylinder soot particle size distribution.
Download or read book Applied Mechanics Reviews written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 694 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Measurement of Soot in a Diesel Combustion Chamber by Light Extinction Method and In cylinder Observation by Highspeed Shadowgraphy written by Kazuo Kontani and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Particle Vaporization Velocimetry and Quantitative Soot Concentration Measurement in Sooty Flows written by Ping Yang and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soot is a combustion generated pollutant that is both a direct risk to human health and a contributing source to global environmental change. Soot can also be a controlling factor in heat transfer inside combustion systems. Thus there is a growing interest in being able to measure soot and understand its production in practical, turbulent combustion environments. Therefore, the specific objectives of this research work were: (1) developing a way to measure velocity of sooty regions that is compatible with existing methods for measuring temporally and spatially resolved soot concentration fields and (2) using these methods to make quantitative measurements of soot in an unsteady, turbulent-like combustor. The Particle Vaporization Velocimetry (PVV) technique was developed and is compatible with Laser Induced Incandescence (LII), a soot concentration measurement approach. PVV is a flow tagging approach, where a high intensity laser (~2-3 J/cm2) is used to vaporize a small region in the soot field. This approach was demonstrated to produce a long lasting and easily readable flow tag that allows for velocity measurements over a wide range of velocities. LII proved to be the best method for detection the motion of the tag after a fixed delay. PVV and LII were used to measure velocity and two-dimensional soot concentration fields in an acoustically excited burner. In addition, images of soot luminosity were obtained. Both laminar and transitional acetylene diffusion flames were studied. The results reveal that strong acoustic forcing can significantly reduce total flame soot, as well as maximum soot concentrations, while simultaneously increasing the average soot temperature. The influence of acoustically generated vortices on soot formation was studied, and soot and products mixture mostly likely dominant high soot concentration regions. Eventually, these mixtures will be propagated downstream and oxidized as a diffusion flame.
Download or read book Optical Measurements of Soot Particle Size Number Density and Temperature in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine as a Function of Speed and Load written by Dale R. Tree and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In-cylinder measurements of soot particle size, number density and temperature have been made using optical measurements in a direct injection diesel engine. The measurements were made at one location approximately 5 mm long and 1.5 mm wide above the bowl near the head. Two optical techniques were used simultaneously involving light scattering extinction and radiation. An optical probe was designed and mounted in a modified exhaust valve which introduced a beam of light into the cylinder and collected the scattered and radiating light from the soot. The resulting measurements were semi-quantitative, giving an absolute uncertainty on the order of + or - 50% which was attributed mainly to the uncertainty of the optical properties of the soot and the heterogeneous nature of the soot cloud. Measurements at three speeds and three overall equivalence ratios were made. For all of the operating conditions the soot in the measurement volume increased in size to a maximum followed by a rapid decrease. The peak soot diameters were in a range of 30 - 50 nm. Peak soot diameter, soot volume fraction, and soot temperature appeared to increase with equivalence ratio at the measurement location. The results also suggested the soot cloud to be very dense with peak soot volume fraction near 4-6 x 10-6 and thick with a soot cloud thickness approximately 0.4 - 0.6 times the length from the piston to the head.
Download or read book Annual Index abstracts of SAE Technical Papers written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 772 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Spectroscopical Determination of Temperature and Oxygen Hydrogen Concentration Distribution in the Combustion Chamber of an Otto engine written by H. May and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Conference Papers Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Monthly. Papers presented at recent meeting held all over the world by scientific, technical, engineering and medical groups. Sources are meeting programs and abstract publications, as well as questionnaires. Arranged under 17 subject sections, 7 of direct interest to the life scientist. Full programs of meetings listed under sections. Entry gives citation number, paper title, name, mailing address, and any ordering number assigned. Quarterly and annual indexes to subjects, authors, and programs (not available in monthly issues).
Download or read book The Spectroscopy of Flames written by A. Gaydon and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fundamentals of Combustion Processes written by Sara McAllister and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-05-10 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fundamentals of Combustion Processes is designed as a textbook for an upper-division undergraduate and graduate level combustion course in mechanical engineering. The authors focus on the fundamental theory of combustion and provide a simplified discussion of basic combustion parameters and processes such as thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, ignition, diffusion and pre-mixed flames. The text includes exploration of applications, example exercises, suggested homework problems and videos of laboratory demonstrations
Download or read book Optical Methods for the Measurement of the Temperature and Concentration Distribution in Combustion Chambers written by Liu Zhengbai and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
