Download or read book Neuroradiology Expect the Unexpected written by Martina Špero and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-05-28 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a selection of unusual neuroradiology cases, each documented with a short medical history, CT and MRI images, and one page with clinical features and radiological findings. A total of 25 rare and peculiar cases were selected from the authors’ clinical experience. Over time, the authors witnessed several of these cases – for which there is little or no information in the international literature – being misinterpreted, especially by residents, general radiologists who occasionally have to deal with neuroradiology cases, or young neuroradiologists. Written by experienced practitioners, this atlas, with its thoroughly documented collection of rare neuroradiological cases, represents a valuable clinical tool for young radiologists and will encourage them to “think outside the box” and successfully find the correct diagnosis.

Download or read book Neuroradiology Images vs Symptoms written by Martina Špero and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-27 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this book is to emphasize firstly that rare and serious conditions can be hidden behind common (mis)leading neurological symptoms. Secondly, it stresses the importance of the collaboration with clinician colleagues - a neuroradiologist needs complete and accurate patient information to make a proper diagnosis or a differential diagnosis that can properly guide further diagnostic processing. The book, structured as an atlas, is divided into three sections according to the most common leading symptoms encountered in hospital emergency units or in outpatient settings. Each proposed case is accompanied by a short medical history, CT and MRI images, and a text describing its most important radiological features. 27 cases were chosen from the authors’ everyday practice: rare and peculiar cases, as well as common cases with a twist. Although both authors are experienced neuroradiologists, several of the cases were surprising and it took considerable time to arrive at the correct diagnosis. A certain level of knowledge and experience, together with information from literature, the Internet or from clinicians, helped them solve most of the cases directly, or after consultation with clinicians and further medical examinations and interventions. This book is mainly intended for residents, general radiologists and neuroradiologists. However, it will also be of help to less experienced colleagues or trainees who need to solve particular cases, encouraging them to think outside the box to find the answers.

Download or read book Illustrated Pollen Terminology written by Heidemarie Halbritter and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-10-10 with total page 483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book offers a fully illustrated compendium of glossary terms and basic principles in the field of palynology, making it an indispensable tool for all palynologists. It is a revised and extended edition of “Pollen Terminology. An illustrated handbook,” published in 2009. This second edition, titled “Illustrated Pollen Terminology” shares additional insights into new and stunning aspects of palynology. In this context, the general chapters have been critically revised, expanded and restructured. The chapter “Misinterpretations in Palynology” has been extended with new research data and additional ambiguous terms, e.g., polyads vs. massulae; the chapter “Methods in Palynology” has been extensively enhanced with illustrated protocols showing the majority of the methods and techniques used when studying recent and fossil pollen with LM, SEM and TEM. Moreover, additional information about the description and publication of pollen data is provided in the chapter “How to Describe and Illustrate Pollen Grains.” Various other parts of the general chapters have now been updated and/or extended with more comprehensive textual passages and new illustrations. The chapter “Illustrated Pollen Terms” now features new and more appropriate examples of each term, including additional LM micrographs. Where necessary, the entries for selected pollen terms have been refined by rewording or adding definitions, illustrations, and new micrographs. Lastly, new terms are included, such as “suprasculpture” and the prefix “nano-“ for ornamentation features. The chapter “Illustrated Pollen Terms” is the main part of this book and comprises more than 300 widely used terms illustrated with over 1,000 high-quality images. It provides a detailed survey of the manifold ornamentation and structures of pollen, and offers essential insights into their stunning beauty.

Download or read book Clinical Neuroepidemiology of Acute and Chronic Disorders written by Jahangir Moini and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-05-12 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical Neuroepidemiology of Acute and Chronic Disorders explores the epidemiology of disorders that affect the nervous system, providing comprehensive discussions on incidence, prevalence, and more. With thorough coverage of a variety of disorders, chapters detail etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, global incidence and prevalence, age-specific incidence, global mortality, prevention, treatment and prognosis for each disorder. Chapters uniquely discuss the effects of the COVID-19 coronavirus upon the nervous system and in relation to several diseases, including new discoveries and treatments for Alzheimer’s disease and migraine headaches. Real-world case studies with critical thinking questions and "Focus On" boxes highlight important information. Covers a variety of disorders and their etiology, including risk factors, pathophysiology clinical manifestations diagnosis, incidence of mortality, prevention, treatment and prognosis Features real-world case studies with critical thinking questions and answers Includes Focus On boxes that highlight key information in each chapter Highlights treatments for various disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and migraines Discusses the effects of COVID-19 on the nervous system in relation to several diseases

Download or read book Recent Advances in Diagnostic Neuroradiology written by Ph. Demaerel and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-12-20 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diagnostic neuroradiology is undergoing such rapid change that standard texts are quickly becoming outdated in important respects. Recent Advances in Diagnostic Neuroradiology is designed to complement the general textbooks of neuroradiology by documenting and discussing the progress that has been achieved. Following six introductory chapters, 26 important topics in brain and spinal imaging are discussed in detail, with appropriate illustrations and a review of the most recent literature. Each of these topics has specifically been chosen in order to summarize recent developments and to document the state of the art in the field. This book, written by acknowledged experts in the field, will be of relevance and importance to all with an interest in neuroradiology.

Download or read book Imaging of Paranasal Sinuses An Issue of Neuroimaging Clinics 25 4 written by Varsha M. Joshi and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2016-01-07 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Imaging of Paranasal Sinuses is explored in this important Neuroimaging Clinics issue. Articles include: Current trends in sinonasal imaging; Normal anatomy and anatomic variants of the paranasal sinuses on CT; Pre-treatment imaging in inflammatory sinonasal disease; The role of CT and MRI in imaging of fungal sinusitis; Imaging approach to sinonasal tumors; The role of CT and MRI in imaging of sino-nasal tumors; The role of CT and MRI in the skull base in evaluation of sino-nasal disease; Post-treatment imaging of the paranasal sinuses following endoscopic sinus surgery; Post-treatment imaging of the paranasal sinuses following treatment for sinonasal neoplasia; and more!

Download or read book Neurodegeneration written by Anthony Schapira and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-02-13 with total page 1314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book unites the diverse range of complex neurodegenerative diseases into a textbook designed for clinical practice, edited by globally leading authorities on the subject. Presents a clinically oriented guide to the diseases caused by neurodegeneration Templated chapters combine clinical and research information on neurodegenerative diseases beginning with the common elements before treating each disease individually Diseases are grouped by anatomical regions of degeneration and include common disorders such as Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Motor Neuron Disease, and Multiple Sclerosis as well as less common diseases Edited by globally leading authorities on the subject, and written by expert contributing authors

Download or read book A Brief Guide to the Neuroradiology Fellowship written by Long H. Tu and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2022-07-06 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Few graduating residents are ready for the demands of subspecialty neuroradiology. This is in part because there remain gaps in the educational literature prior to fellowship. Subspecialty practice requires familiarity with exams and procedures that residents rarely encounter. Neuroimaging is frequently both high complexity and high acuity. The beginning of fellowship can therefore present the steepest and highest stakes learning curve encountered during the whole of radiology training. The goal of this text is to provide a primer for this challenging year. Search patterns, procedure checklists, recommended resources, and tips for efficiency are presented in as accessible a manner as possible. This book is everything I wish I had known and everything I would pass on to each new trainee. I’m sure it’ll be a useful tool on your path to becoming an excellent neuroradiologist and physician.

Download or read book Neuroradiology The Requisites E Book written by Rohini Nadgir and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2023-12-12 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on high-yield information, Neuroradiology: The Core Requisites, 5th Edition emphasizes the basics to help you establish a foundational understanding of neuroradiology during rotations, prepare for the core and certifying exams, and refresh your knowledge of key concepts. This completely rewritten and reorganized edition emphasizes the essential knowledge you need in an easy-to-read format, with thorough updates that cover new imaging modalities, the latest guidelines, and integration of physics information throughout. Emphasizes the essentials in a templated, quick-reference format that includes numerous outlines, tables, pearls, boxed material, and bulleted content for easy reading, reference, and recall. Prioritizes and explains key information to help you efficiently and effectively prepare for board exams. Helps you build and solidify conceptual, technical, and interpretive core knowledge needed for imaging the brain, spine, and head and neck. Features hundreds of high-quality images, including diffusion weighted imaging, perfusion imaging, MR and CT angiography, and MR spectroscopy. Published as part of the newly reimagined Core Requisites series, an update to the popular Requisites series aimed at radiology trainees and today’s busy clinicians. Any additional digital ancillary content may publish up to 6 weeks following the publication date.

Download or read book Functional Neuroradiology written by Scott H. Faro and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-05-23 with total page 1502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition fully updates and expands Faro and Mohamed’s Functional Neuroradiology, a gold standard, comprehensive introduction to the state-of-the-art functional imaging in neuroradiology, including the physical principles and clinical applications of Diffusion, Perfusion, Permeability, MR spectroscopy, Positron Emission Tomography, BOLD fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging. With chapters written by internationally distinguished neuroradiologists, neurologists, psychiatrists, cognitive neuroscientists, and physicists, Functional Neuroradiology is divided into 12 major sections, including: Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Imaging, Multi-Modality Functional Neuroradiology, BOLD Functional MRI, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Presurgical Brain Tumor Mapping, Emerging neuroimaging techniques, Functional Spine and Hydrocephalus imaging, and Neuroanatomical Gray and White matter Brain Atlases. This second edition is fully updated throughout and includes more than 15 new chapters on topics such as: Brain tumor Radiogenomics, CNS Tumor Surveillance and Functional MR Perfusion Imaging, CNS Machine Learning, Focused Ultrasound therapy, TBI Sports Related Injury, and CNS Lymphatic system. By offering readers a complete overview of functional imaging modalities and techniques currently used in patient diagnosis and management, as well as emerging technology, Functional Neuroradiology is a vital information source for physicians and cognitive neuroscientists involved in daily practice and research.

Download or read book Pattern Recognition Neuroradiology written by Neil M. Borden and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-09-08 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Faced with a single neuroradiological image of an unknown patient, how confident would you be to make a differential diagnosis? Despite advanced imaging techniques, a confident diagnosis also requires knowledge of the patient's age, clinical data and the lesion location. Pattern Recognition Neuroradiology provides the tools you will need to arrive at the correct diagnosis or a reasonable differential diagnosis. This user-friendly book includes basic information often omitted from other texts: a practical method of image analysis, sample dictation templates and didactic information regarding lesions/diseases in a concise outline form. Image galleries show more than 700 high quality representative examples of the diseases discussed. Whether you are a trainee encountering some of these conditions for the first time or a resident trying to develop a reliable system of image analysis, Pattern Recognition Neuroradiology is an invaluable diagnostic resource.

Download or read book Neuroradiology The Requisites E Book written by Rohini Nadgir and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2016-05-15 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its 4th Edition, this bestselling volume in the popular Requisites series, by Drs. Rohini Nadgir and David M. Yousem, thoroughly covers the extensive field of neuroradiology in an efficient and practical manner. Ideal for both clinical practice and ABR exam study, it presents everything you need to know about diagnostic imaging of the most commonly encountered neurological conditions. The authors address the conceptual, technical, and interpretive core knowledge needed for imaging the brain, spine, and head and neck, and discuss all the latest imaging modalities used, including diffusion weighted imaging, perfusion imaging, MR and CT angiography, and MR spectroscopy. Features 1,200 high-quality images throughout. Makes it easy to locate any topic of interest thanks to a logical organization by diseases and locations. Summarizes differential diagnoses in quick reference tables to reinforce important characteristics of diseases and aid in interpretation. Focuses on essentials to pass the boards and the Certificate of Added Qualification exam. Contains 50% new, updated, or improved illustrations. Covers new techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging tractography to identify white matter tracts. Offers new understandings of demyelination diseases such as neuromyelitis optica (NMO), reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS), immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), and IgG4 related inflammatory disease. Provides updated World Health Organization classification of brain tumors and the recent American Joint Commission on Cancer TNM staging of head and neck cancers.

Download or read book Emergency Neuroradiology written by Tommaso Scarabino and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-01-16 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encouraged by the success of the Italian editions, the Authors have decided to publish an English version taking into account the latest technical and methodological advances and the consequent new acquisitions in clinical practice. The contribution of Professor R. Jinkins has been essential to carry out both these tasks. The resulting work is an up-to-date technical tool that preserves its original aim of contributing to the training of those radiologists who work in emergency departments. We hope that this revised and extended English version will have the same success as the pre- ous Italian editions, thereby confirming the validity of our initiative. The work of all the friends and colleagues who have contributed to the making of this book is gratefully acknowledged. Tommaso Scarabino Ugo Salvolini CONTENTS I. CEREBROVASCULAR EMERGENCIES 1. 1 Clinical and diagnostic summary Neuroradiological protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Haemorrhagic stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Ischaemic stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. 2 CT in ischaemia Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Semeiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Particular forms of infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Differential diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1. 3 CT in intraparenchymal haemorrhage Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 The role of CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Semeiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Particular forms of IPH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 1. 4 CT use in subarachnoid haemorrhage Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Semeiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Postsurgical follow-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 1. 5 MRI in ischaemia Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Semeiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Possible uses of clinical MR in the diagnosis of emergency ischaemia after the hyperacute phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Download or read book Brain Imaging with MRI and CT written by Zoran Rumboldt and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-11-08 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most imaging books are ordered according to underlying etiology. However, in real life clinical practice, radiologists usually make their differential diagnoses according to the image patterns, as the etiology is often unknown. Brain Imaging with MRI and CT presents over 180 disease processes and normal variants, grouping entities by these basic patterns to accentuate differential diagnostic features. High quality CT and MRI scans show multiple typical and distinguishing images for each entity. Common and unusual clinical scenarios are described, including dilated perivascular spaces, capillary teleangiectasia, Susac's syndrome and desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma. Both basic and advanced imaging techniques are used, reflecting the reality of clinical practice. This image-focused book emphasises the most pertinent clinical information relevant to the diagnostic process. Trainee and practising radiologists will find Brain Imaging with MRI and CT an invaluable and clinically relevant tool for learning and teaching.

Download or read book Advanced Neuroradiology Cases written by Lázaro Luís Faria do Amaral and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-12-22 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Featuring atypical cases and focusing on advanced imaging techniques, this book presents a compilation of unusual CNS pathologies with characteristic imaging findings. The aim is to aid the speedy diagnosis of otherwise rarely encountered clinical conditions and improve patient care. Presented as more than 130 real cases with extensive imaging description and step-by-step guidelines on how to diagnose individual pathologies, each scenario is backed by the most up-to-date literature available. The cases include some of the most recently described clinical conditions. The case-based format and description of each clinical journey encourages readers to engage with the diagnostic process and facilitates self-study. This book is for any radiologist who practices neuroradiology, neuroradiology fellows, neuroimaging fellows, practicing neurologist and neurology residents.

Download or read book Interventional Neuroradiology written by Robert W. Hurst and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-10-26 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through the combination of the latest imaging modalities and microdevice delivery, interventional neuroradiologic techniques are currently revolutionizing the therapy for many of the most common neurological and neurosurgical disorders. Crossing the boundaries of classically delineated medical and surgical specialties including neurosurgery, neuroradiology, and neurology, interventional neuroradiology uses advanced neuroimaging combined with endovascular techniques to guide catheters and devices through blood vessels. These procedures can treat diseases involving structures of the head, neck, and central nervous system. These advances now provide noninvasive treatment for many disorders that were previously treated only with open surgical techniques, and make treatments possible for many patients—who until recently would have had no acceptable therapeutic options. Interventional Neuroradiology discusses CT, MR, and ultrasonographic evaluation of cerebrovascular disease, focusing on current neuroimaging evaluation of disorders. It emphasizes the integration of current neuroimaging information into decision-making and performance practices for neuroendovascular procedures. The book describes clinical techniques and includes the most current technical modifications for the varying devices in use today. Filled with scientifically concise illustrations, the text depicts pertinent neuroanatomy, imaging, and neuroendovascular techniques. Written by a panel of today's leading experts in the field of interventional neuroradiology, this volume demonstrates the potential of these lifesaving techniques.

Download or read book Tutorials in Endovascular Neurosurgery and Interventional Neuroradiology written by James Vincent Byrne and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-02-27 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aims to provide the trainee and practicing minimally invasive neurological therapist with a comprehensive understanding of the background science and theory that forms the foundation of their work. The contents are based on the tutorial teaching techniques used at the University of Oxford and are authored by the MSc Course Director. The tutorial is a learning episode focussed on a particular topic and intended to guide the student/reader through the background literature, to highlight the research on which standard practices are based and to provide the insights of an experienced practitioner. Each chapter of the book covers a different topic to build a complete review of the subspecialty, with in-depth discussion of all currently used techniques. The literature is reviewed and presented in context to illustrate its importance to the practice of this rapidly expanding field of medical treatment.