Download or read book Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury written by Daniel Laskowitz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-21 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant source of death and permanent disability, contributing to nearly one-third of all injury related deaths in the United States and exacting a profound personal and economic toll. Despite the increased resources that have recently been brought to bear to improve our understanding of TBI, the developme

Download or read book Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury written by Svetlana Dambinova and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2012 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to injuries sustained in sports and in combat, interest in traumatic brain injury (TBI) has never been greater. This book will fulfill a gap in understanding of what is occurring in the brain following injury that can subsequently be detected in biological fluids and imaging.

Download or read book Neuroinflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury written by Grace Y. Kuo and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important cause of secondary brain injury that perpetuates the duration and scope of disease after initial impact. This chapter discusses the pathophysiology of acute and chronic neuroinflammation, providing insight into factors that influence the acute clinical course and later functional outcomes. Secondary injury due to neuroinflammation is described by mechanisms of action such as ischemia, neuroexcitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and glymphatic and lymphatic dysfunction. Neurodegenerative sequelae of inflammation, including chronic traumatic encephalopathy, which are important to understand for clinical practice, are detailed by disease type. Prominent research topics of TBI animal models and biomarkers of traumatic neuroinflammation are outlined to provide insight into the advances in TBI research. We then discuss current clinical treatments in TBI and their implications in preventing inflammation. To complete the chapter, recent research models, novel biomarkers, and future research directions aimed at mitigating TBI will be described and will highlight novel therapeutic targets. Understanding the pathophysiology and contributors of neuroinflammation after TBI will aid in future development of prophylaxis strategies, as well as more tailored management and treatment algorithms. This topic chapter is important to both clinicians and basic and translational scientists, with the goal of improving patient outcomes in this common disease.

Download or read book Neuroinflammation After Traumatic Brain Injury written by Vivianne I. Otto and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Neuroinflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation and Inflammatory Neurodegeneration in Acute Brain Injury written by Arthur Liesz and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-11-13 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mechanisms of brain-immune interactions became a cutting-edge topic in systemic neurosciences over the past years. Acute lesions of the brain parenchyma, particularly, induce a profound and highly complex neuroinflammatory reaction with similar mechanistic properties between differing disease paradigms like ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Resident microglial cells sense tissue damage and initiate inflammation, activation of the endothelial brain-immune interface promotes recruitment of systemic immune cells to the brain and systemic humoral immune mediators (e.g. complements and cytokines) enter the brain through the damaged blood-brain barrier. These cellular and humoral constituents of the neuroinflammatory reaction to brain injury contribute substantially to secondary brain damage and neurodegeneration. Diverse inflammatory cascades such as pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion of invading leukocytes and direct cell-cell-contact cytotoxicity between lymphocytes and neurons have been demonstrated to mediate the inflammatory ‘collateral damage’ in models of acute brain injury. Besides mediating neuronal cell loss and degeneration, secondary inflammatory mechanisms also contribute to functional modulation of neurons and the impact of post-lesional neuroinflammation can even be detected on the behavioral level. The contribution of several specific immune cell subpopulations to the complex orchestration of secondary neuroinflammation has been revealed just recently. However, the differential vulnerability of specific neuronal cell types and the molecular mechanisms of inflammatory neurodegeneration are still elusive. Furthermore, we are only on the verge of characterizing the control of long-term recovery and neuronal plasticity after brain damage by inflammatory pathways. Yet, a more detailed but also comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted interaction of these two supersystems is of direct translational relevance. Immunotherapeutic strategies currently shift to the center of translational research in acute CNS lesion since all clinical trials investigating direct neuroprotective therapies failed. To advance our knowledge on brain-immune communications after brain damage an interdisciplinary approach covered by cellular neuroscience as well as neuroimmunology, brain imaging and behavioral sciences is crucial to thoroughly depict the intricate mechanisms.

Download or read book Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury written by Cristina Morganti-Kossmann and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-07-19 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents the most up-to-date clinical and experimental research in neurotrauma in an illustrated, accessible, comprehensive volume.

Download or read book Brain Edema XII written by T. Kuroiwa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 636 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brain edema is a simple phenomenon – an abnormal increase of brain tissue volume by the increase of brain tissue water content. However the etiology is not simple and relating to a wide variety of neurological disorders including ischemia, trauma, tumor, hemorrhage and hydrocephalus. It is still a major cause of death in the neurological/neurosurgical ward. This volume is an up-to-date report on progress in brain edema research, diagnosis and treatment, including papers presented at the 12th International Symposium on Brain Edema and Brain Tissue Injury in 2002. Major topics include molecular biology and blood-brain barrier disorders, ischemic and traumatic brain edema, imaging and diagnosis of brain edema, treatment and radiation effect. Various papers in the rapidly growing fields of neuroimaging and molecular medicine are also included.

Download or read book Tau oligomers written by Jesus Avila and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on 2014-08-18 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of intracellular aggregates of tau protein are a key neuropathological feature of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases, collectively termed tauopathies. The abundance of NFTs has been reported to correlate positively with the severity of cognitive impairment in AD. However, accumulating evidences derived from studies of experimental models have identified that NFTs themselves may not be neurotoxic. Now, many of tau researchers are seeking a “toxic” form of tau protein. Moreover, it was suggested that a “toxic” tau was capable to seed aggregation of native tau protein and to propagate in a prion-like manner. However, the exact neurotoxic tau species remain unclear. Because mature tangles seem to be non-toxic component, “tau oligomers” as the candidate of “toxic” tau have been investigated for more than one decade. In this topic, we will discuss our consensus of “tau oligomers” because the term of “tau oligomers” [e.g. dimer (disulfide bond-dependent or independent), multimer (more than dimer), granular (definition by EM or AFM) and maybe small filamentous aggregates] has been used by each researchers definition. From a biochemical point of view, tau protein has several unique characteristics such as natively unfolded conformation, thermo-stability, acid-stability, and capability of post-translational modifications. Although tau protein research has been continued for a long time, we are still missing the mechanisms of NFT formation. It is unclear how the conversion is occurred from natively unfolded protein to abnormally mis-folded protein. It remains unknown how tau protein can be formed filaments [e.g. paired helical filament (PHF), straight filament and twisted filament] in cells albeit in vitro studies confirmed tau self-assembly by several inducing factors. Researchers are still debating whether tau oligomerization is primary event rather than tau phosphorylation in the tau pathogenesis. Inhibition of either tau phosphorylation or aggregation has been investigated for the prevention of tauopathies, however, it will make an irrelevant result if we don’t know an exact target of neurotoxicity. It is a time to have a consensus of definition, terminology and methodology for the identification of “tau oligomers”.

Download or read book Brain Neurotrauma written by Firas H. Kobeissy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-02-25 with total page 718 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the contribution from more than one hundred CNS neurotrauma experts, this book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account on the latest developments in the area of neurotrauma including biomarker studies, experimental models, diagnostic methods, and neurotherapeutic intervention strategies in brain injury research. It discusses neurotrauma mechanisms, biomarker discovery, and neurocognitive and neurobehavioral deficits. Also included are medical interventions and recent neurotherapeutics used in the area of brain injury that have been translated to the area of rehabilitation research. In addition, a section is devoted to models of milder CNS injury, including sports injuries.

Download or read book Caesar written by Christian Meier and published by CUP Archive. This book was released on 1995 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This biography situates Julius Caesar within the wider context of the crisis of the Roman Republic. The author begins his account with an exposition of the upbringing and education of Caesar, demonstrating how limitations were deliberately imposed on the development of talent and the growth of personality of Romans. But early on, Caesar marked himself out as one whose self-confidence and energy would one day bring him into conflict with institutions obsessed with the denial of the individual. He was the first outside to challenge the Senate - and he got away with it. It was not that he wanted to destroy the Republic; rather, he believed strongly in the rights of individuals and their rights to freedom of speech.

Download or read book Traumatic Brain Injury written by Nikolai Gorbunov and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-05-09 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) syndrome has emerged as a serious health concern worldwide due to the severity of outcomes and growing socioeconomic impacts of the diseases, e.g., high cost of long-term medical care and loss of quality of life. This book focuses on the TBI pathobiology as well as on the recent developments in advanced diagnostics and acute management. The presented topics encompass personal experience and visions of the chapter contributors as well as an extensive analysis of the TBI literature. The book is addressed to a broad audience of readers from students to practicing clinicians.

Download or read book Evaluation of the Disability Determination Process for Traumatic Brain Injury in Veterans written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-05-20 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) provides disability compensation to veterans with a service-connected injury, and to receive disability compensation from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), a veteran must submit a claim or have a claim submitted on his or her behalf. Evaluation of the Disability Determination Process for Traumatic Brain Injury in Veterans reviews the process by which the VA assesses impairments resulting from traumatic brain injury for purposes of awarding disability compensation. This report also provides recommendations for legislative or administrative action for improving the adjudication of veterans' claims seeking entitlement to compensation for all impairments arising from a traumatic brain injury.

Download or read book Chemokine Networks in Neuroinflammation Following Focal Traumatic Brain Injury written by Bridgette Deanne Semple and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. In addition to the primary insult, activation of secondary injury cascades such as inflammation contributes to ongoing neurodegeneration and long-term neurological deficits. Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines), which mediate the activation and migration of specific leukocyte subsets, have been detected at elevated levels in both head-injured patients and animal models of focal TBI, and are likely responsible for the characteristic infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages into the injured brain. However, the relative importance of chemokines and their receptors to neuroinflammation and neuropathology after TBI have not been elucidated. This thesis aimed to understand the contributions of two major chemokine networks to post-traumatic neuroinflammation and secondary tissue damage, by the use of gene-deficient mice subjected to a closed head injury model of focal TBI, and an in vitro model of astrocyte inflammation. We firstly examined the function of CXCR2, the principle chemokine receptor mediating neutrophil chemotaxis, by examining Cxcr2-/- mice after closed head injury. Deficiency of the Cxcr2 gene almost completely ablated neutrophil infiltration post-injury, despite the early upregulation of several CXC neutrophil-attracting chemokines in the lesioned cortex. Coincidently, a reduction in tissue damage, neuronal loss and cell death was noted in Cxcr2-/- mice compared to wild-type mice, particularly at 7 days post-injury, with heterozygotes showing intermediate responses. These findings demonstrate the importance of CXC chemokine signalling in the injured brain, and highlight the deleterious contribution of neutrophils to post-traumatic neurodegeneration.In the second study, mice deficient in the macrophage chemokine CCL2 were examined over four weeks after closed head injury. Ccl2-/- mice had an unexpectedly altered profile of cytokine production acutely post-injury (2-24 hours), however, this did not affect lesion volume or cell death within the first week. In contrast, by 2-4 weeks, a delayed reduction in tissue damage, macrophage accumulation and astrogliosis were observed in the injured cortex and ipsilateral thalamus of Ccl2-/- mice, corresponding to improved functional recovery compared to wild-type mice. These results confirm a non-redundant role for CCL2 in mediating macrophage recruitment into the injured brain, and implicate CCL2-responsive macrophages in the perpetuation of secondary brain damage. In the third study, we explored the potential immunomodulatory role of CCL2 in neuroinflammation in vitro. We found that primary astrocytes isolated from Ccl2-/- mice had an exacerbated cytokine response to the inflammatory stimuli lipopolysaccharide and interleukin (IL)-1[beta], corresponding to our findings in the mouse cortex post-injury. In line with this, treatment of astrocytes with recombinant CCL2 was able to inhibit IL-1[beta]-mediated expression and production of IL-6. These findings indicate a previously unrecognised role of this chemokine in modulating acute inflammatory responses in the brain, distinct from its role in macrophage recruitment.Altogether, this thesis indicates the central, critical roles of CCL2 and CXCR2 signalling in leukocyte infiltration into the injured brain, and provides valuable insight into the contribution of neuroinflammation to post-traumatic degeneration. These studies have implications for the development of future therapeutic approaches aimed at targeting chemokine systems to improve outcomes for TBI patients.

Download or read book Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation written by Gonzalo Emiliano Aranda Abreu and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2017-08-23 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation" book explains how the neuronal cells become swollen at the moment of the blood-brain barrier disruption and how they lose their immunological isolation. A cascade of cytokines and immune cells from the bloodstream enters the nervous system, inflaming neurons and activating the glia. This produces a neuroinflammatory process that can generate different neurodegenerative diseases. Better understanding of mechanisms that are activated at the time when the damage to the brain occurs could lead to the development of suitable therapies that revert the neuronal inflammation and thus prevent further damage to the nervous system.

Download or read book Brain Extracellular Matrix in Health and Disease written by Alexander Dityatev and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Neuroscience of Traumatic Brain Injury written by Rajkumar Rajendram and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2022-05-27 with total page 1206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury will improve readers’ understanding of the complexities of diagnosis and management of traumatic brain injuries. Featuring chapters on drug delivery, different treatments, and rehabilitation, this volume discusses in detail the impact early diagnosis and effective management has on the long-term prognosis of these injuries and the lives of those affected. This book will be relevant for neuroscientists, neurologists, clinicians, and anyone working to better understand these injuries. Traumatic brain injury has complex etiology and may arise as a consequence of physical abuse, violence, war, vehicle collisions, working in the construction industry, and sports. Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury will improve readers’ understanding of the detailed processes arising from traumatic brain injury. Featuring chapters on neuroinflammation, metabolism, and psychology, this volume discusses the impact of these injuries on neurological and body systems to better understand underlying pathways. This book will be relevant for neuroscientists, neurologists, clinicians, and anyone working to better understand traumatic brain injury. Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury: Covers both the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic brain cord injury Contains chapter abstracts, key facts, dictionary, and summary points to aid in understanding Features chapters on epidemiology and pain Includes MRI usage, biomarkers, and stem cell and gene therapy for management of spinal cord injury Discusses pain reduction, drug delivery, and rehabilitation Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury: Summarizes the neuroscience of traumatic brain injury, including cellular and molecular biology Contains chapter abstracts, key facts, dictionary, and summary points to aid in understanding Features chapters on signaling and hormonal events Includes plasticity and gene expression Examines health and stress behaviors after traumatic brain injury