Download or read book Natural Laws in Scientific Practice written by Marc Lange and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2000-06-08 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Philosopher of science Marc Lange aims to develop a new account of the roles that laws of nature play in scientific reasoning (such as counterfactual conditionals, inductive projections, and scientific explanations) and what those roles imply about the very nature of natural laws.
Download or read book Laws and Lawmakers written by Marc Lange and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2009-07-09 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What distinguishes laws of nature from ordinary facts? What are the "lawmakers": the facts in virtue of which the laws are laws? How can laws be necessary, yet contingent? Lange provocatively argues that laws are distinguished by their necessity, which is grounded in primitive subjunctive facts, while also providing a non-technical and accessible survey of the field.
Download or read book Natural Laws in Scientific Practice written by Marc Lange and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2000-06-08 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is often presumed that the laws of nature have special significance for scientific reasoning. But the laws' distinctive roles have proven notoriously difficult to identify--leading some philosophers to question if they hold such roles at all. This study offers original accounts of the roles that natural laws play in connection with counterfactual conditionals, inductive projections, and scientific explanations, and of what the laws must be in order for them to be capable of playing these roles. Particular attention is given to laws of special sciences, levels of scientific explanation, natural kinds, ceteris-paribus clauses, and physically necessary non-laws.
Download or read book Scientific method written by A.D. Ritchie and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-06-23 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is Volume V of a series of six on the Philosophy of Science. Originally published in 1923, this study offers an enquiry into the character and validity of natural laws- to state what kind of reasons there can be for holding any scientific theories whatever, whether they are those of Pythagoras, of Newton or of Einstein.
Download or read book Nature s Metaphysics written by Alexander Bird and published by Oxford University Press on Demand. This book was released on 2007-08-09 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bird, a world-leader in the field, offers an original approach to key issues in philosophy. He discusses hot topics in metaphysics and the philosophy of science.
Download or read book Natural Law and Laws of Nature in Early Modern Europe written by Michael Stolleis and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-04-22 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This impressive volume is the first attempt to look at the intertwined histories of natural law and the laws of nature in early modern Europe. These notions became central to jurisprudence and natural philosophy in the seventeenth century; the debates that informed developments in those fields drew heavily on theology and moral philosophy, and vice versa. Historians of science, law, philosophy, and theology from Europe and North America here come together to address these central themes and to consider the question; was the emergence of natural law both in European jurisprudence and natural philosophy merely a coincidence, or did these disciplinary traditions develop within a common conceptual matrix, in which theological, philosophical, and political arguments converged to make the analogy between legal and natural orders compelling. This book will stimulate new debate in the areas of intellectual history and the history of philosophy, as well as the natural and human sciences in general.
Download or read book Nature the Artful Modeler written by Nancy Cartwright and published by Open Court Publishing. This book was released on 2019-05-07 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How fixed are the happenings in Nature and how are they fixed? These lectures address what our scientific successes at predicting and manipulating the world around us suggest in answer. One—very orthodox—account teaches that the sciences offer general truths that we combine with local facts to derive our expectations about what will happen, either naturally or when we build a device to design, be it a laser, a washing machine, an anti-malarial bed net, or an auction for the airwaves. In these three 2017 Carus Lectures Nancy Cartwright offers a different picture, one in which neither we, nor Nature, have such nice rules to go by. Getting real predictions about real happenings is an engineering enterprise that makes clever use of a great variety of different kinds of knowledge, with few real derivations in sight anywhere. It takes artful modeling. Orthodoxy would have it that how we do it is not reflective of how Nature does it. It is, rather, a consequence of human epistemic limitations. That, Cartwright argues, is to put our reasoning just back to front. We should read our image of what Nature is like from the way our sciences work when they work best in getting us around in it, non plump for a pre-set image of how Nature must work to derive what an ideal science, freed of human failings, would be like. Putting the order of inference right way around implies that like us, Nature too is an artful modeler. Lecture 1 is an exercise in description. It is a study of the practices of science when the sciences intersect with the world and, then, of what that world is most likely like given the successes of these practices. Millikan's famous oil drop experiment, and the range of knowledge pieced together to make it work, are used to illustrate that events in the world do not occur in patterns that can be properly described in so-called "laws of nature." Nevertheless, they yield to artful modeling. Without a huge leap of faith, that, it seems, is the most we can assume about the happenings in Nature. Lecture 2 is an exercise in metaphysics. How could the arrangements of happenings come to be that way? In answer, Cartwright urges an ontology in which powers act together in different ways depending on the arrangements they find themselves in to produce what happens. It is a metaphysics in which possibilia are real because powers and arrangement are permissive—they constrain but often do not dictate outcomes (as we see in contemporary quantum theory). Lecture 3, based on Cartwright's work on evidence-based policy and randomized controlled trials, is an exercise in the philosophy of social technology: How we can put our knowledge of powers and our skills at artful modeling to work to build more decent societies and how we can use our knowledge and skills to evaluate when our attempts are working. The lectures are important because: They offer an original view on the age-old question of scientific realism in which our knowledge is genuine, yet our scientific principles are neither true nor false but are, rather, templates for building good models. Powers are center-stage in metaphysics right now. Back-reading them from the successes of scientific practice, as Lecture 2 does, provides a new perspective on what they are and how they function. There is a loud call nowadays to make philosophy relevant to "real life." That's just what happens in Lecture 3, where Cartwright applies the lesson of Lectures 1 and 2 to argue for a serious rethink of the way that we are urged—and in some places mandated—to use evidence to predict the outcomes of our social policies.
Download or read book Laws of Nature written by Tyler Hildebrand and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-03-16 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Element provides an opinionated introduction to the metaphysics of laws of nature. The first section distinguishes between scientific and philosophical questions about laws and describes some criteria for a philosophical account of laws. Subsequent sections explore the leading philosophical theories in detail, reviewing the most influential arguments in the literature. The final few sections assess the state of the field and suggest avenues for future research.
Download or read book Idealization and the Laws of Nature written by Billy Wheeler and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-28 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new study provides a refreshing look at the issue of exceptions and shows that much of the problem stems from a failure to recognize at least two kinds of exception-ridden law: ceteris paribus laws and ideal laws. Billy Wheeler offers the first book-length discussion of ideal laws. The key difference between these two kinds of laws concerns the nature of the conditions that need to be satisfied and their epistemological role in the law’s formulation and discovery. He presents a Humean-inspired approach that draws heavily on concepts from the information and computing sciences. Specifically, Wheeler argues that laws are best seen as algorithms for compressing empirical data and that ideal laws are needed as 'lossy compressors' for complex data. Major figures in the metaphysics of science receive special attention such as Ronald Giere, Bas van Fraassen, Nancy Cartwright, David Lewis and Marc Lange. This book is essential reading for philosophers of science and will interest metaphysicians, epistemologists and others interested in applying concepts from computing to traditional philosophical problems.
Download or read book Natural laws or The infallible criterion written by Joachim Kaspary and published by . This book was released on 1876 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Science of Natural Laws for Teaching Kindness written by Clarence Blain Gibson and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-10-22 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Science of Natural Laws for Teaching Kindness: A Book Explaining Nine Laws of Nature With a System, and Calling Attention to Their Arrangement The Law of Individuality - Each natural thing has a condition different form each other thing, and these condi tions prevent two or more things from having equal posi tions and equal opportunity. The law teaches that the skill or power or action of one thing should not be placed in com bat with the skill or power or action of another thing. The Law of Beauty. - Each natural thing has beauty (in reality beauty means the appearance of usefulness in mate rial, and with actions beauty means capability to form use ful actions or conditions) and the more beauty two or more things have and appear to have for each other, the more use ful they are to each other. The law teaches to permit all things to appear that will cause pleasure and do more to improve than to harm. The Law of Secretiveness - Each natural thing has a surface and an inside part, and the surface indicates the condition of the inside part. A surface also indicates how near an inside part is of completion. The law teaches that a person should fully do and do well, each thing they begin to do. If a person acts kind the outline of their actions will indicate secretiveness the same relative way a plant of vegetation does, if no bark or peeling has been removed from the limbs or roots or body and are in a clean, healthy condition. Proceeding from here, attention is called to the general conditions of each one of the nine Laws throughout nature. Or in other words, each one of the Laws is explained in a narrow minded way. The Law of Appearance - There is no need of calling attention to the name of each thing in the world, you can notice that each natural thing is forced to appear and does appear like it appears to be. Nature does not control a person's mind or actions, and when a person does not think and act like they think is right, the person lies, acts false, or ignores the law of nature. The Law of order.-each plant of vegetation is composed of roots, body, limbs, color, and indicated parts of material, well, if a plant has its natural color and all parts are in healthy condition and in natural position, the plant is in order: each thing with blood and action in it is composed of head, body, limbs, color, and indicated parts of material, well, if a thing with blood and action in it has its naturalcolor and all parts are in healthy condition and in natural position, a thing with blood and action in it is in order: each cloud is composed of a body and color and indicated parts of material, well, if a cloud is not causing enough lightning, wind, hail, snow, rain or moisture to appear and do more harm than good, and is not causing harm by pre venting sunshine to appear with plants of vegetation or things with blood and action in them, the cloud has its nat ural color and condition and position, and is in order: the sun, moon, stars, land and water each have a. Body, color, natural position and condition, and have indicated parts of material, and are always in order: the material commonly called air is composed of indicated parts of material, has no color or indicated form of body, and while not causing harm owing to poor quality, and not causing harm while causing something to be too hot or too cold, the air is in order. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com
Download or read book Natural Laws as Dispositions written by Florian Fischer and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Natural Laws of the Universe written by Valentin Matcas and published by Valentin Leonard Matcas. This book was released on 2016-04-20 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are laws, rules, and facts so potent in this world, that they are capable to define and decide everything everywhere. These are the natural laws of this world, the spiritual laws of the universe, the supreme laws of the universe, and the higher laws. Along with the consensual laws and consensual orders of the lower worlds if you are there. The natural and spiritual laws of the universe are relatively easy to find and understand, since they are taught by most spiritual schools of thought, but will we also be able to find the supreme laws of the universe? Because since these are the highest, main, first laws ever, they should remain at the top of every law and knowledge in this world, and therefore they should remain capable to define and express everything in this world, including your unanswered questions about yourself, life, this world, and about your meaning and place in life and in this world. You must be familiar with the laws of the universe presented throughout schools of thought and used in famous documentaries as “The Secret,” building on the famous law of attraction. There are seven laws of the universe, while all successful people consider them methodically, since these help them succeed in life. If you understand these natural, spiritual, and supreme laws of the universe, they help you develop, while remaining meaningful, fulfilling, and harmonious in life and in this world. There are seven laws of the universe, or twelve, or fourteen, depending on your school of thought, yet they include the same higher knowledge, as in the law of mentalism, the law of correspondence, the law of gender, the law of polarity, and the law of vibration. These laws are over five thousand years old, and this is the case only because the age of all written records stops at this specific time, for various reasons. Because if our records went further back in time, we found these laws of the universe mentioned everywhere. You may find the laws of the universe stated throughout old Egyptian, old Greek, and old Indian records. This book finds and explains the natural, spiritual, and supreme laws of the universe, helping you understand them, and through them, helping you understand everything in life and in this world. Since these laws help you differentiate between valid facts and misleading beliefs, when you match your lines of reasoning with the lines of causality determined by them.
Download or read book The Law Governed Universe written by John T. Roberts and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008-11-27 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: John T. Roberts presents and defends a radical new theory of laws of nature. His Measurability Account affirms that there is an important sense in which laws govern the universe, rather than simply describing it economically. He argues that what is essential to laws is that they guarantee the reliability of methods of measuring natural quantities.
Download or read book Thomas Hobbes and the Natural Law written by Kody W. Cooper and published by University of Notre Dame Pess. This book was released on 2018-03-30 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Has Hobbesian moral and political theory been fundamentally misinterpreted by most of his readers? Since the criticism of John Bramhall, Hobbes has generally been regarded as advancing a moral and political theory that is antithetical to classical natural law theory. Kody W. Cooper challenges this traditional interpretation of Hobbes in Thomas Hobbes and the Natural Law. Hobbes affirms two essential theses of classical natural law theory: the capacity of practical reason to grasp intelligible goods or reasons for action and the legally binding character of the practical requirements essential to the pursuit of human flourishing. Hobbes’s novel contribution lies principally in his formulation of a thin theory of the good. This book seeks to prove that Hobbes has more in common with the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition of natural law philosophy than has been recognized. According to Cooper, Hobbes affirms a realistic philosophy as well as biblical revelation as the ground of his philosophical-theological anthropology and his moral and civil science. In addition, Cooper contends that Hobbes's thought, although transformative in important ways, also has important structural continuities with the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition of practical reason, theology, social ontology, and law. What emerges from this study is a nuanced assessment of Hobbes’s place in the natural law tradition as a formulator of natural law liberalism. This book will appeal to political theorists and philosophers and be of particular interest to Hobbes scholars and natural law theorists.
Download or read book The Decline of Natural Law written by Stuart Banner and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-04-01 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An account of a fundamental change in American legal thought, from a conception of law as something found in nature to one in which law is entirely a human creation. Before the late 19th century, natural law played an important role in the American legal system. Lawyers routinely used it in their arguments and judges often relied upon it in their opinions. Today, by contrast, natural law plays virtually no role in the legal system. When natural law was part of a lawyer's toolkit, lawyers thought of judges as finders of the law, but when natural law dropped out of the legal system, lawyers began thinking of judges as makers of the law instead. In The Decline of Natural Law, the eminent legal historian Stuart Banner explores the causes and consequences of this change. To do this, Banner discusses the ways in which lawyers used natural law and why the concept seemed reasonable to them. He further examines several long-term trends in legal thought that weakened the position of natural law, including the use of written constitutions, the gradual separation of the spheres of law and religion, the rapid growth of legal publishing, and the position of natural law in some of the 19th century's most contested legal issues. And finally, he describes both the profession's rejection of natural law in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and the ways in which the legal system responded to the absence of natural law. The first book to explain how natural law once worked in the American legal system, The Decline of Natural Law offers a unique look into how and why this major shift in legal thought happened, and focuses, in particular, on the shift from the idea that law is something we find to something we make.
Download or read book The Natural Laws of Husbandry Classic Reprint written by Justus von Liebig and published by . This book was released on 2015-07-06 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Natural Laws of Husbandry In the following work Baron Liebig has given to the public his mature views on agriculture, after sixteen years of experiments and reflection. The fundamental basis of the work is still the so-called Mineral Theory, which holds that the food of plants is of inorganic nature, and that every one of the elements of food must be present in a soil for the proper growth of a plant. The discovery of the remarkable power of absorption possessed by arable soils has necessarily led to a modification of the views regarding the mode in which plants take up their food from the soil. As the food of plants cannot exist for any length of time in solution in soils, it is clear that there cannot be a circulation of such solution towards the roots, but the latter must go in search of food. Hence the great importance of studying the ramification of the roots of plants, and the mode of growth of the different classes of plants cultivated by man. The first chapter is devoted to the consideration of the growth of plants, of the formation of their roots, and of their power of selecting food, and the part played by the mineral matters which are absorbed. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
