Download or read book NASA GSFC Research Activities for the Global Ocean Carbon Cycle A Prospectus for the 21st Century written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nasa Gsfc Research Activities for the Global Ocean Carbon Cycle written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-06-03 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are increasing concerns that anthropogenic inputs of carbon dioxide into the Earth system have the potential for climate change. In response to these concerns, the GSFC Laboratory for Hydrospheric Processes has formed the Ocean Carbon Science Team (OCST) to contribute to greater understanding of the global ocean carbon cycle. The overall goals of the OCST are to: 1) detect changes in biological components of the ocean carbon cycle through remote sensing of biooptical properties, 2) refine understanding of ocean carbon uptake and sequestration through application of basic research results, new satellite algorithms, and improved model parameterizations, 3) develop and implement new sensors providing critical missing environmental information related to the oceanic carbon cycle and the flux of CO2 across the air-sea interface. The specific objectives of the OCST are to: 1) establish a 20-year time series of ocean color, 2) develop new remote sensing technologies, 3) validate ocean remote sensing observations, 4) conduct ocean carbon cycle scientific investigations directly related to remote sensing data, emphasizing physiological, empirical and coupled physical/biological models, satellite algorithm development and improvement, and analysis of satellite data sets. These research and mission objectives are intended to improve our understanding of global ocean carbon cycling and contribute to national goals by maximizing the use of remote sensing data.Gregg, W. W. and Behrenfield, M. J. and Hoge, F. E. and Esaias, W. E. and Huang, N. E. and Long, S. R. and McClain, C. R.Goddard Space Flight CenterCARBON CYCLE; OCEANS; REMOTE SENSING; NASA PROGRAMS; AIR WATER INTERACTIONS; RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS; WATER COLOR; ANNUAL VARIATIONS; ALGORITHMS; SATELLITE OBSERVATION
Download or read book NASA GSFC Research Activities for the Global Ocean Carbon Cycle written by Watson W. Gregg and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Ocean Biogeochemistry written by Michael J.R. Fasham and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oceans account for 50% of the anthropogenic CO2 released into the atmosphere. During the past 15 years an international programme, the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), has been studying the ocean carbon cycle to quantify and model the biological and physical processes whereby CO2 is pumped from the ocean's surface to the depths of the ocean, where it can remain for hundreds of years. This project is one of the largest multi-disciplinary studies of the oceans ever carried out and this book synthesises the results. It covers all aspects of the topic ranging from air-sea exchange with CO2, the role of physical mixing, the uptake of CO2 by marine algae, the fluxes of carbon and nitrogen through the marine food chain to the subsequent export of carbon to the depths of the ocean. Special emphasis is laid on predicting future climatic change.
Download or read book Strategic Plan for Federal Research and Monitoring of Ocean Acidification written by National Science and Technology Council and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-01-17 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human industrial, transportation, and agricultural activities have caused global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) to increase from a pre-industrial average of 280 parts per million (ppm) to the current value of approximately 400 ppm (IPCC AR5 2013). Atmospheric CO2 concentrations are now higher than experienced on Earth for more than 800,000 years (Lüthi et al. 2008), and the rate of CO2 release into the atmosphere is likely unprecedented in Earth history (Kump et al. 2009; Hönisch et al. 2012). Ocean carbonate chemistry is a natural buffering system, but this buffering capacity is being compromised as a direct result of CO2 absorption by the oceans and to a lesser extent by the absorption of nitric acid(HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at the sea surface (Doney et al. 2007). The oceans have absorbed approximately half of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use and cement manufacturing over the past 200 years (Sabine et al. 2004). This oceanic uptake of CO2 causes changes to ocean chemistry (Figure 1), including decreases in pH and carbonate ion (CO32-) concentrations, collectively known as global ocean acidification (Figure 2). Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, this uptake has caused a lowering of the surface ocean pH globally from about 8.2 to 8.1 (Caldeira and Wickett 2003; Feely et al. 2004; Caldeira and Wickett 2005; Feely et al. 2009), which corresponds to a 26% increase in hydrogen ion concentration, (H+, acidity). Reconstruction of past sea surface conditions suggest surface ocean pH has not been this low for at least 2 million years (Hönisch et al. 2009). Orr et al. (2005) predicted an additional decrease in average global ocean surface pH of 0.3 to 0.4 pH units over the 21st century. As a consequence of ocean acidification, the chemistry of the oceans is presently changing at a rate exceeding any known to have occurred for at least the past 20 million years (Feely et al. 2004).It is not presently known how the changes in seawater chemistry due to ocean acidification will affect marine organisms and ecosystems, though potential responses of some organisms have been examined and, based on current information, changes in marine ecosystems appear to be likely (Raven et al. 2005). Some organisms appear to be particularly sensitive, while others are not (Doney et al. 2009; Ries et al. 2009). Ocean acidification can negatively impact organisms that use calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to build their shells or skeletons (e.g., corals, marine plankton, and shellfish) because it reduces the availability of carbonate ions, which play an important role in shell formation (calcification). Changes in CO2 and pH can impact other physiological processes as well, affecting species growth, survival, fertilization, embryonic/larval development, and behav-ior (Fabry et al. 2008; Pörtner 2008; Doney et al. 2009). There will likely be ecological "winners" and "losers" as a result of ocean acidification, causing shifts in the structure and composition of marine food webs and ecosystems.
Download or read book Critical Infrastructure for Ocean Research and Societal Needs in 2030 written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-07-24 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States has jurisdiction over 3.4 million square miles of ocean in its exclusive economic zone, a size exceeding the combined land area of the 50 states. This expansive marine area represents a prime national domain for activities such as maritime transportation, national security, energy and mineral extraction, fisheries and aquaculture, and tourism and recreation. However, it also carries with it the threat of damaging and outbreaks of waterborne pathogens. The 2010 Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Horizon oil spill and the 2011 Japanese earthquake and tsunami are vivid reminders that ocean activities and processes have direct human implications both nationally and worldwide, understanding of the ocean system is still incomplete, and ocean research infrastructure is needed to support both fundamental research and societal priorities. Given current struggles to maintain, operate, and upgrade major infrastructure elements while maintaining a robust research portfolio, a strategic plan is needed for future investments to ensure that new facilities provide the greatest value, least redundancy, and highest efficiency in terms of operation and flexibility to incorporate new technological advances. Critical Infrastructure for Ocean Research and Societal Needs in 2030 identifies major research questions anticipated to be at the forefront of ocean science in 2030 based on national and international assessments, input from the worldwide scientific community, and ongoing research planning activities. This report defines categories of infrastructure that should be included in planning for the nation's ocean research infrastructure of 2030 and that will be required to answer the major research questions of the future. Critical Infrastructure for Ocean Research and Societal Needs in 2030 provides advice on the criteria and processes that could be used to set priorities for the development of new ocean infrastructure or replacement of existing facilities. In addition, this report recommends ways in which the federal agencies can maximize the value of investments in ocean infrastructure.
Download or read book The Ocean s Role in Global Change written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1994-02-01 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What role does the ocean play in global climate change? Although not fully understood, there is general agreement that it is significant. Therefore, the scientific community has initiated large-scale research programs based on studies of the ocean and its relation to global climate and climate-related processes. This volume provides brief summaries and reports on the progress of the major oceanographic research programs. It looks at both programs that study processes that occur over periods ranging from days to hundreds of yearsâ€"the contemporary systemâ€"and those that seek to understand long-term variations ranging from thousands to millions of yearsâ€"the geological perspective.
Download or read book Oceans and the Global Carbon Cycle written by Biogeochemical Ocean Flux Study and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Joint Global Ocean Flux Study Implementation Plan written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Exploration of the Seas written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-02-14 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seventy percent of our blue planet is covered by oceans. Although progress has been made in understanding the role of oceans in climate change, locating energy reserves, revealing new life forms, and describing the flow of carbon through these systems, it may be time to catapult our understanding to new levels by undertaking an interdisciplinary, international, global ocean exploration program. The interim report outlines the committee's vision for a future international global ocean exploration program; this vision will be fully described, together with detailed recommendations for technological needs and capabilities, funding levels, and management structures to ensure a productive and successful ocean exploration program.
Download or read book A Three dimensional Ocean seaice carbon Cycle Model and Its Coupling to a Two dimensional Atmospheric Model written by Stephanie Dutkiewicz and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We describe the coupling of a three-dimensional ocean circulation model, with explicit thermodynamic seaice and ocean carbon cycle representations, to a two-dimensional atmospheric/land model. This coupled system has been developed as an efficient and flexible tool with which to investigate future climate change scenarios. The setup is sufficiently fast for large ensemble simulations that address uncertainties in future climate modeling. However, the ocean component is detailed enough to provide a tool for looking at the mechanisms and feedbacks that are essential for understanding the future changes in the ocean system. Here we show results from a single example simulation: a spin-up to pre-industrial steady state, changes to ocean physical and biogeochemical states for the 20th century (where changes in greenhouse gases and aerosol concentrations are taken from observations) and predictions of further changes for the 21st century in response to increased greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions. We plan, in future studies to use this model to investigate processes important to the heat uptake of the oceans, changes to the ocean circulation and mechanisms of carbon uptake and how these will change in future climate scenarios.
Download or read book The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-05-19 with total page 1807 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Download or read book Simulations of the Global Carbon Cycle and Anthropogenic CO2 Transient Final Report September 15 1993 September 14 1997 written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary accomplishment of this research was the development of an ocean biogeochemistry model for the carbon cycle, and the application of this model to studies of anthropogenic CO2 uptake and the global carbon cycle. The model has been used to study the oceanic uptake that would occur if future atmospheric CO2 were to be stabilized with the ocean circulation remaining constant. The authors also modeled how oceanic uptake would be affected by changes in ocean circulation that are predicted to occur due to global warming. The research resulted in 21 publications, and an additional 5 papers either in press or in preparation. The accomplishments of this research served as the foundation on which the Carbon Modeling Consortium was built. The CMC is a NOAA funded collaborative program involving principal investigators from various NOAA laboratories and universities. It has the goal of developing techniques to monitor the global carbon cycle on land as well as the ocean, and to predict its future course.
Download or read book Department of Energy Ocean Margins Program written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Understanding the Ocean Carbon and Sulfur Cycles in the Context of a Variable Ocean written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2010.
Download or read book Importance of Carbon nitrogen Interactions and Ozone on Ecosystem Hydrology During the 21st Century written by Benjamin Seth Felzer and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of various aspects of global change (e.g., climate change, changes in the chemistry of the atmosphere, such as CO2 and O3, and land-use change) on the hydrologic cycle are becoming an important research area. For example, with respect to increases in atmospheric CO2, recent work supports the contention that there will be reduced evapotranspiration and therefore increased water availability in a CO2-rich world. Our new research on this topic suggests that various aspects of global change combine to affect hydrology in terrestrial ecosystems, and that it is particularly important to include carbon-nitrogen interactions in these studies. We have developed a new version of the Terrestrial Ecosystems Model (TEM) to examine the effects of carbon-nitrogen interactions on the water cycle. This new version includes explicit modeling of the stomatal exchange of CO2 and water, as well as a new approach to carbon and nitrogen allocation in plants. Using this new version of TEM, we have performed a range of site-level and regional experiments across the eastern United States. For example, using data from Harvard Forest, MA, a predominantly deciduous mixed forest, we ran two transient simulations from 1700 to 2100, with and without considering nitrogen limitations on plant productivity. In both of these simulations, we allowed CO2 to double by 2100, but maintained present-day climate. In these two experiments, we found that runoff increased through the 21st century in response to elevated atmospheric CO2. Without nitrogen limitation on plant productivity, the increase in runoff was 12%. However, with nitrogen limitation on plant productivity, the increase in runoff nearly doubled to 21%. This difference in runoff response was the result of a stronger transpiration reduction associated with a smaller increase in photosynthesis in the nitrogen limitation case. In this resentation we will discuss a set of site-level and regional experiments that explore the effects of carbon-nitrogen interactions on the water cycle in the context of different combinations of global changes including climate changes, changes in nitrogen deposition, and changes in tropospheric ozone. Since the carbon and water cycles are tightly coupled, future considerations of ecohydrology must take into account carbon-nitrogen interactions and other multiple stresses that strongly influence the carbon cycle.
Download or read book U S GOOS National Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This annual progress report reflects the status of the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS), which is the U.S. contribution to the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), five years into the 21st century. The design plan for the initial IOOS, which includes both global ocean and coastal components, was transmitted to Congress in 2003. Implementation of the initial global ocean component began in the late 1990s and is now approximately 50% completed. Plans for the initial national network (or "backbone") and regional coastal ocean observing systems have been completed The implementation plan for the national network is nearing completion and will be submitted to the National Ocean Research Leadership Council before the end of 2006."
