Download or read book Multistage Optimization of California s Low Carbon Fuel Standard written by Geoffrey Michael Morrison and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examines how changes to the U.S. ethanol market could affect the progression of California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS). The changes discussed include: 1) removal of the ethanol import tariff, 2) removal of ethanol tax credits, 3) removal of both the tariff and tax credits, 4) a delay in the development of the lignocellulosic ethanol industry, 5) an increase in the rate of lignocellulosic ethanol development, 6) an increase to the ethanol blend wall, and 7) an increase in the volumes of "drop-in" fuels. A multi-period optimization model is used to find the minimum cost fuel portfolio for each year from 2011-2030, with constraints on total fuel demand, average carbon intensity, adoption rates of electric vehicles, and construction of new lignocellulosic ethanol plants. The most compelling result is that the rapid development of the lignocellulosic ethanol industry is paramount to the success of the LCFS.
Download or read book A Low carbon Fuel Standard for California written by Alexander E. Farrell and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Low carbon Fuel Standard for California written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Low Carbon Fuel Standard written by Brent D. Yacobucci and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On January 18, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger issued an executive order directing the California Environmental Protection Agency to establish a Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS). The California LCFS would require a 10% reduction in the carbon intensity of fuels in the State of California by 2020. It would require fuel suppliers to reduce the expected lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from motor fuels, based on fuels' energy content. In this way, the greenhouse gas intensity of transportation fuels would decrease, regardless of the growth in transportation or fuel demand. While California has not formally proposed regulations, the state Air Resources Board has released drafts of possible regulations.
Download or read book Guns Of The Old West Vol 1 1903 1861 written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Status Review of California s Low Carbon Fuel Standard Spring 2013 Revised Version written by Sonia Yeh and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) is a performance-based regulation adopted in California in 2009 that requires regulated parties (e.g., oil producers and importers to California) to reduce the carbon intensity (CI) of their fuel mix by at least 10% by 2020. It sets declining annual targets, starting slowly with a 0.25% reduction in 2011 and increasing to 10% reduction by 2020. This regulation contributes to California's overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction goals under the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32). This is the second in a series of periodic status reports of California's LCFS. Each report will provide updates on LCFS compliance and markets, and address selected special topics. The reports review data, analyze trends, and identify potential challenges, but avoid making predictions. This second report addresses the following topics: Credits and deficits; Carbon intensity of fuels; Credit trading and credit prices; Federal Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) and implications for LCFS feedstocks; Issues that affect compliance (special topic).
Download or read book The California Low Carbon Fuel Standard written by Sahar Iranipour and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Among many other steps taken towards environmental sustainability and lowering GHG emissions California has proposed the Low Carbon Fuel Standard, a first-of-its-kind regulation that will work to lower the carbon intensity of transportation fuels sold and utilized in the State. At the heart of the Standard resides a great debate over the inclusion of indirect land use change effects in the lifecycle analysis of the carbon intensity of transportation fuels. The corn ethanol industry, a significant supplier of biofuel in the State as well as major stakeholder contests the inclusion of indirect effects since factoring in such effects would contribute to a high carbon intensity value of the fuel, even higher than that of gasoline. Having their interests threatened by the proposed Standard the corn ethanol industry worked tirelessly to prevent it from being passed with the inclusion of indirect effects. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze whether there is indeed merit in the arguments and objections of the corn ethanol industry and determine whether the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the State decision-making body for the Standard was justified and sound in their ruling to adopt the regulation with ILUC effects. In my analysis I will investigate the coercive power of the corn ethanol industry to secure their private interests and determine whether the CARB remained an objective governmental body that made its ruling free from the pressure exerted by the corn ethanol industry.
Download or read book Status Review of California s Low Carbon Fuel Standard written by Sonia Yeh and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Status Review of California s Low Carbon Fuel Standard LCFS 2011 August 2012 written by Sonia Yeh and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: • California's low-carbon fuel market is growing. • Regulated parties in the State's LCFS exceeded the requirements for 2011 and Q1 of 2012 by a substantial margin. • Based on available data, average compliance cost in August 2012 is $13/MT CO2e, adding about 0.1 cents per gallon to the production cost of gasoline. • Summer drought increased costs of corn ethanol, but the full impact of the drought on CA-LCFS compliance and compliance costs will not be known for some time. We find that regulated parties in the California LCFS (CA-LCFS) exceeded the standard in 2011 and the first quarter (Q1) of 2012 by a substantial margin. Companies achieve compliance when credits equal deficits. Regulated parties generated 1.58 million credits (metric tonnes CO2e reduction) in the first 15 months, nearly double the amount of deficits (0.78 million), for a net surplus of 0.80 million credits to exceed the required reduction level by about 0.8 million metric tonnes CO2e. Companies relied on ethanol to generate 86% of the credits. The CI of ethanol fuels used to generate CA-LCFS credits in 2011 and first quarter of 2012 averaged around 84 gCO2e/MJ, compared to baseline values of 95.6 for gasoline. Because no central trading mechanism exists, we used available information on actual trades, bids, and offers in August 2012 to estimate that CA-LCFS carbon credits were valued at $10-18/metric tonne (MT) CO2e, with an average of $13/MT CO2e. At this price ($13/MT CO2e) and given the 2012 requirement of 0.5% CI reduction, companies who choose to meet their obligation purely by purchasing CA-LCFS credits for compliance would incur an added cost of about 0.1 cents per gallon of gasoline produced. The special topic addressed in this review is the effect of the 2012 U.S. summer drought. We find that poor yields due to extreme drought in the Midwestern U.S. raised corn prices about 60% from mid-June through August, causing ethanol prices to rise about 60 cents per gallon. The actual impacts of the drought on this year's CA-LCFS compliance and on other food/fuel prices are not yet clear. Even with current higher corn prices, corn ethanol is still less expensive than gasoline on a per gallon basis and considerable amounts are being exported. Given that companies have until March 31, 2013 to acquire additional credits to meet 2012 compliance requirements, and corn and sugarcane ethanol markets are still adjusting to the drought's effects, it is too soon to gauge the drought's overall impact on CA-LCFS compliance and compliance cost. We will continue periodic publication of the LCFS Status Review and provide in-depth analysis on critical issues associated with the performance of the CA-LCFS as more data become available.
Download or read book Implementing Performance Based Sustainability Requirements for the Low Carbon Fuel Standard Key Design Elements and Policy Considerations written by Sonia Yeh and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) adopted by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) on April 23, 2009 requires a 10% reduction in the average greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensity of the state's transportation fuels by 2020. This regulation is expected to reduce lifecycle GHG emissions per year by 20-25 million metric tons by 2020. Given available technology options, biofuels are expected to play a major role toward achieving the target. However, the rapid expansion of biofuel production may have environmental and social impacts at local, regional, and international levels. In response, many governments and national consortia have adopted sustainability requirements for their biofuel programs. The CARB is to propose a strategic plan for addressing overall sustainability provisions for the LCFS, for consideration by the Board for adoption by the end of 2011.
Download or read book Local Meets Global written by Cymie R. Payne and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unexpected side effects sometimes sabotage our efforts to design solutions to the problem of climate change. So it is with the Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) that has been adopted in California and elsewhere, which has the initial goal of reducing the carbon intensity of California's transportation fuels by at least ten percent by 2020. To succeed, the LCFS anticipates widespread substitution of gasoline with biofuels. However, there is evidence that increased demand for biofuels leads to destruction of forests and wetlands, themselves important carbon sinks. California's regulatory response, intended to avoid this type of indirect land use change, may be limited by international trade rules. California's LCFS illustrates how regulators may be confounded by the web of policy considerations and interwoven legal regimes that link the World Trade Organization (WTO), farmers and cattle barons in Brazil, the European Commission in Brussels and orangutans in Borneo to transportation fuel in California.
Download or read book A Low Carbon Fuel Standard written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If the requirements of a low carbon fuel standard get ahead of the necessary supply, conventional fuel supply would need to be curtailed, or the program would need to be delayed. [...] As this is a draft regulation, the specifics may change, but the average seems likely to be calculated in this manner: ∑ Energy Suppliedi × Fuel Carbon Intensityi Average Fuel Carbon Intensity = Total Energy Supplied The greater the reduction in emissions intensity (relative to gasoline), the fewer gallons needed to achieve the necessary overall reductions. [...] However, the determination of the baseline and the average carbon intensity values will directly affect the role of biofuels. [...] ITS and others conclude that for E85 to play a significant role in the LCFS, both the penetration of FFVs into the California market, and the share of those vehicles operated on E85 would need to increase substantially.21 Likewise, the infrastructure for E85 refueling would need to expand-currently, there are only 13 E85 stations in California, and roughly 40 in neighboring states.22 Other barrier [...] In later years, they found that this price effect was diminished as more cellulosic biofuel and electricity were introduced into the fuel system.27 The magnitude of the price increase is perhaps less relevant than the potential effect of establishing a mandate before the fuel is expected to be available to meet that mandate.
Download or read book Assessment of Technologies for Compliance with the Low Carbon Fuel Standard written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book L Encouragement a la Construction de Logements written by and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Low Carbon Fuel Standard and Land Use Change written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Modeling Optimal Transition Pathways to a Low Carbon Economy in California written by Edward Arens and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book California s Low Carbon Fuel Standard and Connecticut written by Kevin Edward McCarthy and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses whether California's recently adopted low-carbon vehicle fuel standard also bans the use of ethanol and if there has been consideration of adopting a similar standard in Connecticut.
