Download or read book Multiscale Investigation of Fluid Transport and Enhanced Recovery in Shale written by Youssef Magdy Abdou Mohamed Elkady and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2019, the U.S. produced 75% of its natural gas from shales and 59% of its oil from tight oil resources. Multistage hydraulic fracturing along with horizontal pad drilling enabled operators to increase significantly production from these resources. Despite the vastness of shale resources, recovery factors are small typically, amounting to 5-10% for oil and ~25% for gas. In this work we examine various enhanced recovery techniques across multiple length scales to gain a better understanding of enhanced resource recovery mechanisms resulting from injection of gas, such as carbon dioxide (CO2). In doing so, we develop in-house shale characterization experimental methods to quantify fluid flow, storage, and recovery in the laboratory. An experimental workflow is presented for rock characterization (porosity, permeability, and adsorption) to quantify accurately gas storage and flow needed for enhanced gas recovery (EGR) experiments. Both pulse decay and Computed Tomography (CT) were used independently to establish consistency between results derived from each method. New image processing routines for CT data were developed that better match mass balance derived porosity and storativity results compared to conventional CT methods. Measured porosity values using helium (He) for each sample proved to be constant at various equilibrium pore pressures justifying its use as a reference gas for excess adsorption computations for other gases studied. Nitrogen (N2), methane (CH4), krypton (Kr), and CO2 apparent permeability and storativity at different pore pressures were determined. All adsorptive gases, except CO2, exhibited monolayer Langmuir adsorption behavior. CO2 uniquely showed multilayer behavior that was observed in two cores (Eagle Ford (EF1) and Wolfcamp (WC2)). The impact of adsorption on gas permeability was captured in our experiments showing a negative correlation between adsorption affinity and permeability. For instance, Kr and CO2 reduced the liquid-like permeability value determined using He by factors of 2 and 8, respectively, for sample EF1. Finally, a persistent five-fold reduction in permeability was observed in sample WC2 after CO2 exposure that is attributed to kerogen swelling or matrix softening. The degree of kerogen swelling is impacted by the affinity of the gas to adsorb and its ability to dissolve into kerogen. Matrix softening, on the other hand, enhances compaction of the pore space under constant effective stresses. Diverse diagnostics across multiple scales were used to examine the impact of CO2-water fluids on oil recovery and matrix flow on both core and micron scales. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) was investigated on a Utica (W2-2) core that was artificially split and saturated with crude oil for 3 months. The core was cut to create a conductive pathway and to increase surface area to help oil saturate the sample. Core-scale examinations using pulse decay, injection experiments, and CT showed no material enhancement to matrix fluid flow or oil recovery using dry supercritical CO2, water-saturated CO2, or carbonated water. Approximately 87% of the in-situ oil was recovered using dry supercritical CO2 initially without any further recovery. CT visualizations showed that most of the oil resided in the main fracture with small amounts of oil residing in the matrix. Potential enhancement in core-scale matrix flow was investigated by conducting He pressure pulses before and after a carbonate-rich Eagle Ford (EF-1) sample was exposed to carbonated water for 6 months. Measured permeability values were identical before and after exposure to the acidic fluid. Micron-scale findings, on the other hand, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and micro-CT showed vugs and pits, from calcite dissolution, ranging from 1 micro-m to 10's micro-m in size in samples exposed to carbonated water. These samples were exposed to carbonated water in either a batch reactor setting or a core-scale carbonated water injection experiment. The wet supercritical CO2 phase did not induce any observable carbonate dissolution in the shale sample tested. Finally, it was determined that gold coating of the sample (a preparation step needed for SEM imaging) has no impact on fluid-rock interaction during our experiments. A novel experimental setup was designed for investigating EGR in shale cores. The detailed sample characterization conducted on both samples (EF1 and WC2) was used to assess initial rock storativity, adsorption, and permeability that are vital for proper experimental planning given the small pore volumes in shales. Experiments were run with Kr or CH4 as in-situ gases and CO2 or N2 as injection gases. Continuous Kr gas injection experiments showed consistent results between mass balance and CT-derived results establishing reliability in our CT depictions. CO2 gas injection had a better initial displacement efficiency compared to N2 when displacing in-situ Kr. Homogeneous sample WC2 required approximately four times fewer pore volume injections to produce the entire original gas in place compared to sample EF1 that had two CT-visible conductive pathways or microcracks. Finally, core-scale findings reveal that continuous gas injection is more effective than huff-n-puff for enhancing gas recovery on a pore volume injected basis. Core-scale simulations using CMG GEM were created to mimic and validate lab pulse decay and EGR experiments. Porosity, permeability, and adsorption values were validated for various pressure pulses across both cores (EF1 and WC2) using all the gases investigated (He, N2, Kr, CH4, and CO2). Coal bed methane modeling in CMG GEM was utilized for matching highly adsorptive gases (Kr and CO2) due to a delayed downstream response given the experimentally determined porosity, permeability, and adsorption values. Another critical parameter, diffusion characteristic time (t*), was identified using this model during the history matching process that quantifies a mass transfer resistance to fracture flow due to fracture-matrix gas exchange. Although our experiments were not designed to measure directly t*, various pressure pulses for CO2 and Kr required a diffusion time of 1.44-1.92 hrs (0.06-0.08 days) to match our pressure pulses using coal bed methane modeling. A continuous gas injection experiment was simulated in CMG GEM that matched the experimental pressure history, recovery results, and CT visualizations for sample EF1. Sensitivity studies on diffusion time revealed its strong influence on recovery in low permeability areas that are predominant during late production. A huff-n-puff experiment was simulated given the same model parameters as the history matched continuous injection experiment. Huff-n-puff had a poorer recovery curve compared to continuous injection due to gas entrapment away from the microcracks with each cycle. Finally, core-scale simulations show that long diffusion times are favorable for huff-n-puff but disadvantageous for continuous injection emphasizing the importance of sample characterization, including transport properties, before evaluating the different EGR techniques. Learnings from core-scale experiments and simulations were translated to assess EGR applicability at field scale. Multiple reservoir uncertainties (porosity, stimulated permeability, diffusion time) and operational decisions (e.g. injection and soak times) were explored to understand their influence on CH4 recovery and CO2 storage for continuous injection and huff-n-puff. A simplified CMG GEM field model was created that utilized 1300 m horizontal wells that have 13 fracture stages with 4 clusters per stage. Field continuous injection scenarios yielded a loss in cumulative CH4 production compared to cases with primary production only over a 20 year period. Injection started after 10 years of primary production; however, the economic benefits from CO2 storage outweighed CH4 losses in cases with short diffusion times (

Download or read book Multiscale Investigation of Fluid Transport in Gas Shales written by Robert J. Heller and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis focuses on developing an improved understanding of fluid flow in gas shales. The problem is studied at multiple scales, and using a variety of approaches spanning several disciplines. In Chapter 2, Adsorption of Methane and Carbon Dioxide on Gas Shale and Pure Mineral Samples, we present measurements of methane and carbon dioxide adsorption isotherms at 40°C on gas shale samples from the Barnett, Eagle Ford, Marcellus and Montney reservoirs. Carbon dioxide isotherms were included to assess its potential for preferential adsorption, with implications for its use as a fracturing fluid and/or storage in depleted shale reservoirs. To better understand how the individual mineral constituents that comprise shales contribute to adsorption, measurements were made on samples of pure carbon, illite and kaolinite as well. The resultant volumetric swelling strain was also measured as a function of pressure/adsorption. In Chapter 3, Experimental Investigation of Matrix Permeability of Gas Shales, we present laboratory experiments examining the effects of confining stress and pore pressure on permeability. Experiments were carried out on intact core samples from the Barnett, Eagle Ford, Marcellus and Montney shale reservoirs. The methodology we used to measure permeability allows us to separate the reduction of permeability with depletion (due to the resultant increase in effective confining stress) and the increase in permeability associated with Knudsen diffusion and molecular slippage (also known as Klinkenberg) effects at very low pore pressure. By separating these effects, we are able to estimate the relative contribution of both Darcy and diffusive fluxes to total flow in depleted reservoirs. Our data show that the effective permeability of the rock is significantly enhanced at very low pore pressures (

Download or read book Petrophysical Characterization and Fluids Transport in Unconventional Reservoirs written by Jianchao Cai and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-01-24 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Petrophysical Characterization and Fluids Transport in Unconventional Reservoirs presents a comprehensive look at these new methods and technologies for the petrophysical characterization of unconventional reservoirs, including recent theoretical advances and modeling on fluids transport in unconventional reservoirs. The book is a valuable tool for geoscientists and engineers working in academia and industry. Many novel technologies and approaches, including petrophysics, multi-scale modelling, rock reconstruction and upscaling approaches are discussed, along with the challenge of the development of unconventional reservoirs and the mechanism of multi-phase/multi-scale flow and transport in these structures. Includes both practical and theoretical research for the characterization of unconventional reservoirs Covers the basic approaches and mechanisms for enhanced recovery techniques in unconventional reservoirs Presents the latest research in the fluid transport processes in unconventional reservoirs

Download or read book Enhanced Oil Recovery in Shale and Tight Reservoirs written by James J.Sheng and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2019-11-07 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oil Recovery in Shale and Tight Reservoirs delivers a current, state-of-the-art resource for engineers trying to manage unconventional hydrocarbon resources. Going beyond the traditional EOR methods, this book helps readers solve key challenges on the proper methods, technologies and options available. Engineers and researchers will find a systematic list of methods and applications, including gas and water injection, methods to improve liquid recovery, as well as spontaneous and forced imbibition. Rounding out with additional methods, such as air foam drive and energized fluids, this book gives engineers the knowledge they need to tackle the most complex oil and gas assets. Helps readers understand the methods and mechanisms for enhanced oil recovery technology, specifically for shale and tight oil reservoirs Includes available EOR methods, along with recent practical case studies that cover topics like fracturing fluid flow back Teaches additional methods, such as soaking after fracturing, thermal recovery and microbial EOR

Download or read book Multiscale Geomechanical and Geochemical Studies of Unconventional Shale Reservoirs written by Abdulgader Abdullah Alalli and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the advancement of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, unconventional shale reservoirs are now capable of being drilled faster and produced economically at commercial rates. Although these shale resources are massive in size and globally abundant, they are still being produced with low recovery factors (less than 5\% for shale oil and less than 20\% for shale gas). This low recovery could be attributed to an incomplete understanding of the complex intrinsic properties of shale rocks. In this thesis, I focused on investigating the main factors that control pore volume (porosity) and pore-size distribution of different shale reservoirs and how this variability in pore space can be related to measured permeability and well production. I present in this thesis a laboratory workflow highlighting a series of fluid penetration and permeability measurements performed on multiple shale reservoir samples. My approach looks at characterizing and imaging the nanoscale porosity first to better understand the pore space distribution and building upwards in scale through the permeability measurements. Next, I apply my previous findings towards a specific geochemical application setting involving the hydraulic fracturing fluid composition and its effect on the shale permeability. Lastly, understanding how porosity is distributed across the shale matrix and altered during hydraulic fracturing and throughout production is crucial to identify beforehand as it will have a potential impact on enhancing the recovery factors of producing shales.

Download or read book INVESTIGATION OF MULTISCALE AND MULTIPHASE FLOW TRANSPORT AND REACTION IN HEAVY OIL RECOVERY PROCESSES written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is final report for contract DE-AC26-99BC15211. The report describes progress made in the various thrust areas of the project, which include internal drives for oil recovery, vapor-liquid flows, combustion and reaction processes and the flow of fluids with yield stress. The report consists mainly of a compilation of various topical reports, technical papers and research reports published produced during the three-year project, which ended on May 6, 2002 and was no-cost extended to January 5, 2003. Advances in multiple processes and at various scales are described. In the area of internal drives, significant research accomplishments were made in the modeling of gas-phase growth driven by mass transfer, as in solution-gas drive, and by heat transfer, as in internal steam drives. In the area of vapor-liquid flows, we studied various aspects of concurrent and countercurrent flows, including stability analyses of vapor-liquid counterflow, and the development of novel methods for the pore-network modeling of the mobilization of trapped phases and liquid-vapor phase changes. In the area of combustion, we developed new methods for the modeling of these processes at the continuum and pore-network scales. These models allow us to understand a number of important aspects of in-situ combustion, including steady-state front propagation, multiple steady-states, effects of heterogeneity and modes of combustion (forward or reverse). Additional aspects of reactive transport in porous media were also studied. Finally, significant advances were made in the flow and displacement of non-Newtonian fluids with Bingham plastic rheology, which is characteristic of various heavy oil processes. Various accomplishments in generic displacements in porous media and corresponding effects of reservoir heterogeneity are also cited.

Download or read book Multiscale Analysis of Mechanical and Transport Properties in Shale Gas Reservoirs written by Mohammad Hatami and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation focuses on multiscale analysis in shale to improve understanding of mechanical and transport properties in shale gas reservoirs. Laboratory measurements of the effects of constant confining pressure (CCP), and constant effective stress (CES) on permeability were coupled with multiscale finite element simulations and the development of a comprehensive apparent permeability model to study the mechanical behavior of shale and transport mechanisms in shale. Predicting long-term production from gas shale reservoirs is a challenging task due to changes in effective stress and permeability during gas production. Unlike coal, the variation of sorbing gas permeability with pore pressure in shale does not always feature a biphasic trend under a constant confining pressure. The present contribution demonstrates that the biphasic dependence of permeability on pore pressure depends on a number of physical and geometrical factors, each with a distinct impact on gas permeability. This includes pore size, adsorption isotherm, and the variation of gas viscosity with pore pressure.

Download or read book Advances in Multi scale Multi physics Geophysical Modelling and Fluid Transport in Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoir written by Wenhui Song and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-08-12 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Physics of Fluid Flow and Transport in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks written by Behzad Ghanbarian and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-04-13 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Physics of Fluid Flow and Transport in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks Understanding and predicting fluid flow in hydrocarbon shale and other non-conventional reservoir rocks Oil and natural gas reservoirs found in shale and other tight and ultra-tight porous rocks have become increasingly important sources of energy in both North America and East Asia. As a result, extensive research in recent decades has focused on the mechanisms of fluid transfer within these reservoirs, which have complex pore networks at multiple scales. Continued research into these important energy sources requires detailed knowledge of the emerging theoretical and computational developments in this field. Following a multidisciplinary approach that combines engineering, geosciences and rock physics, Physics of Fluid Flow and Transport in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks provides both academic and industrial readers with a thorough grounding in this cutting-edge area of rock geology, combining an explanation of the underlying theories and models with practical applications in the field. Readers will also find: An introduction to the digital modeling of rocks Detailed treatment of digital rock physics, including decline curve analysis and non-Darcy flow Solutions for difficult-to-acquire measurements of key petrophysical characteristics such as shale wettability, effective permeability, stress sensitivity, and sweet spots Physics of Fluid Flow and Transport in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks is a fundamental resource for academic and industrial researchers in hydrocarbon exploration, fluid flow, and rock physics, as well as professionals in related fields.

Download or read book Fundamentals of Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods for Unconventional Oil Reservoirs written by Dheiaa Alfarge and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-09-09 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fundamentals of Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods for Unconventional Oil Reservoirs, Volume 67 provides important guidance on which EOR methods work in shale and tight oil reservoirs. This book helps readers learn the main fluid and rock properties of shale and tight reservoirs—which are the main target for EOR techniques—and understand the physical and chemical mechanisms for the injected EOR fluids to enhance oil recovery in shale and tight oil reservoirs. The book explains the effects of complex hydraulic fractures and natural fractures on the performance of each EOR technique. The book describes the parameters affecting obtained oil recovery by injecting different EOR methods in both the microscopic and macroscopic levels of ULR. This book also provides proxy models to associate the functionality of the improved oil recovery by injecting different EOR methods with different operating parameters, rock, and fluid properties. The book provides profesasionals working in the petroleum industry the know-how to conduct a successful project for different EOR methods in shale plays, while it also helps academics and students in understanding the basics and principles that make the performance of EOR methods so different in conventional reservoirs and unconventional formations. Provides a general workflow for how to conduct a successful project for different EOR methods in these shale plays Provides general guidelines for how to select the best EOR method according to the reservoir characteristics and wells stimulation criteria Explains the basics and principles that make the performance of EOR methods so different in conventional reservoirs versus unconventional formations

Download or read book Proceedings of the International Field Exploration and Development Conference 2020 written by Jia'en Lin and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-06-17 with total page 3487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a compilation of selected papers from the 10th International Field Exploration and Development Conference (IFEDC 2020). The proceedings focuses on Reservoir Surveillance and Management, Reservoir Evaluation and Dynamic Description, Reservoir Production Stimulation and EOR, Ultra-Tight Reservoir, Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources Technology, Oil and Gas Well Production Testing, Geomechanics. The conference not only provides a platform to exchanges experience, but also promotes the development of scientific research in oil & gas exploration and production. The main audience for the work includes reservoir engineer, geological engineer, enterprise managers senior engineers as well as professional students.

Download or read book Flow and Transport Properties of Unconventional Reservoirs 2018 written by Jianchao Cai and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-07-23 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unconventional reservoirs are usually complex and highly heterogeneous, such as shale, coal, and tight sandstone reservoirs. The strong physical and chemical interactions between fluids and pore surfaces lead to the inapplicability of conventional approaches for characterizing fluid flow in these low-porosity and ultralow-permeability reservoir systems. Therefore, new theories and techniques are urgently needed to characterize petrophysical properties, fluid transport, and their relationships at multiple scales for improving production efficiency from unconventional reservoirs. This book presents fundamental innovations gathered from 21 recent works on novel applications of new techniques and theories in unconventional reservoirs, covering the fields of petrophysical characterization, hydraulic fracturing, fluid transport physics, enhanced oil recovery, and geothermal energy. Clearly, the research covered in this book is helpful to understand and master the latest techniques and theories for unconventional reservoirs, which have important practical significance for the economic and effective development of unconventional oil and gas resources.

Download or read book Fundamentals of Gas Shale Reservoirs written by Reza Rezaee and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-07-01 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides comprehensive information about the key exploration, development and optimization concepts required for gas shale reservoirs Includes statistics about gas shale resources and countries that have shale gas potential Addresses the challenges that oil and gas industries may confront for gas shale reservoir exploration and development Introduces petrophysical analysis, rock physics, geomechanics and passive seismic methods for gas shale plays Details shale gas environmental issues and challenges, economic consideration for gas shale reservoirs Includes case studies of major producing gas shale formations

Download or read book Hydraulic Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs written by Hoss Belyadi and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2019-06-18 with total page 632 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydraulic Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs: Theories, Operations, and Economic Analysis, Second Edition, presents the latest operations and applications in all facets of fracturing. Enhanced to include today’s newest technologies, such as machine learning and the monitoring of field performance using pressure and rate transient analysis, this reference gives engineers the full spectrum of information needed to run unconventional field developments. Covering key aspects, including fracture clean-up, expanded material on refracturing, and a discussion on economic analysis in unconventional reservoirs, this book keeps today's petroleum engineers updated on the critical aspects of unconventional activity. Helps readers understand drilling and production technology and operations in shale gas through real-field examples Covers various topics on fractured wells and the exploitation of unconventional hydrocarbons in one complete reference Presents the latest operations and applications in all facets of fracturing

Download or read book Development of Unconventional Reservoirs written by Reza Rezaee and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-04-16 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The need for energy is increasing and but the production from conventional reservoirs is declining quickly. This requires an economically and technically feasible source of energy for the coming years. Among some alternative future energy solutions, the most reasonable source is from unconventional reservoirs. As the name “unconventional” implies, different and challenging approaches are required to characterize and develop these resources. This Special Issue covers some of the technical challenges for developing unconventional energy sources from shale gas/oil, tight gas sand, and coalbed methane.

Download or read book An Introduction to Reservoir Simulation Using MATLAB GNU Octave written by Knut-Andreas Lie and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-08-08 with total page 677 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents numerical methods for reservoir simulation, with efficient implementation and examples using widely-used online open-source code, for researchers, professionals and advanced students. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Download or read book Electron Microscopy of Shale Hydrocarbon Reservoirs written by Wayne K. Camp and published by AAPG. This book was released on 2013-10-20 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hardcover plus DVD