Download or read book Multiple Stereotype Suppression written by Megan Elizabeth Deiger and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Stereotype Activation and Inhibition written by Robert S. Wyer, Jr. and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-04-15 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of social sterotypes as a basis for judgments and behavioral decisions has been a major focus of social psychological theory and research since the field began. Although motivational and cognitive influences on stereotyping have been considered, these two general types of influence have rarely been conceptually integrated within a common theoretical framework. Nevertheless, almost every area of theoretical and empirical concern in social cognition--areas such as the interpretation of new information, memory and retrieval processes, impression formation, the use of heuristic vs. analytic processing strategies, the role of affect in information processing, and self-esteem maintenance--has implications for this important social phenomenon. This volume's target article brings together the research of Galen Bodenhausen, Neil Macrae, and others within a theoretical framework that accounts for the processes that underlie both the activation of stereotypes and attempts to suppress their influence. They consider several stages of processing, including: *the categorization of a stimulus person; *the influence of this categorization on the interpretation of information about the stimulus person; and *the social judgments and behavioral decisions that are ultimately made. The stereotype activation and suppression mechanisms that the target article authors consider operate at all of these stages. Their conceptualization provides a framework within which the interrelatedness of processing at these stages can be understood. The 11th in the series, this volume includes companion articles that help to refine and extend the target article's conceptualization and make important theoretical contributions in their own right. They are written by prominent researchers in cognitive and social psychology, many of whom are active contributors to research and theory on stereotyping. They address the following topics: * the role of power and control in stereotype-based information processing; * the influence of prejudice; * self-regulatory processes; * social categorization; * the correction processes that result from perceptions of bias; and * the conceptualization of stereotypes themselves.

Download or read book Stereotype Use and Rebound Following Direct Instructions and Indirect Cues written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research has found that stereotype suppression often leads to a rebound effect. Peopl who attempt to suppress stereotypes are more likely to use them ins ubsequent judgments compared to people who did not initially attempt suppression. However, the rebound effect may be culturally specific (Zhang & Hunt, 2004). Further, research only has examined the effects of direct instructions to avoid stereotypes. This dissertation examined stereotype use following direct suppression instructions and indirect anti-bias cues from a cross-cultural perspective. We also explored how internal motivation (IM) and external motivation (EM) to avoid prejudice moderated these practices. We hypothosized that, like direct suppression instructions, indirect anti-bias cues would lead to stereotype suppression and rebound. Because they have more experience suppressing unwanted thoughts, Chinese participants would be less likely than U.S. participants to experience stereotype rebound regardless of type of instructions. Finally, because Chinese individuals prefer indirect communication styles, indirect cues were expected to be particularly effective for their suppression. Participants were 439 college students from the U.S. and China, randomly assigned into one of three conditions: direct suppression instructions, indirect anti-bias cue, or a control condition. They wrote two stories about individuals from similarly stereotyped social groups in both cultures: illegal immigrants in the U.S. and migrant workers in China. As predicted, both direct suppression instructions and indirect cues were effective at eliciting stereotype suppression. Stereotype rebound was found to be a culturally specific phenomenon moderated by motivations to avoid prejudice. U.S. participants showed increased stereotype use regardless of instruction type. In contrast, Chinese participants who received indirect cues and high IM Chinese individuals who received direct instructions did not experience the rebound effect. The only Chinese partiicipants who showed increased stereotype use were low IM individuals in the direct instruction condition, suggesting that indirect cues were more effective for Chinese individuals to maintain stereotype suppression. This study also provided initial evidence suggesting that the joint effects of IM and EM vary according to the suppression context.

Download or read book Suppression of stereotypes written by Francesca Eleuteri and published by Volume Edizioni srl. This book was released on 2014-03-06 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stereotypes are beliefs regarding the traits, attributes, and behaviors of members of certain groups. They are not only beliefs, but also theories about how and why certain attributes go together. Furthermore, stereotypes can have both negative and positive connotations, although it is more likely to meet negative ones. Stereotypes might be targeted to any social group and, indeed, the content of social stereotypes have changed across time and geographical region.

Download or read book Stereotype Threat written by Michael Inzlicht and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 21st century has brought with it unparalleled levels of diversity in the classroom and the workforce. It is now common to see in elementary school, high school, and university classrooms, not to mention boardrooms and factory floors, a mixture of ethnicities, races, genders, and religious affiliations. But these changes in academic and economic opportunities have not directly translated into an elimination of group disparities in academic performance, career opportunities, and levels of advancement. Standard explanations for these disparities, which are vehemently debated in the scientific community and popular press, range from the view that women and minorities are genetically endowed with inferior abilities to the view that members of these demographic groups are products of environments that frustrate the development of the skills needed for success. Although these explanations differ along a continuum of nature vs. nurture, they share in common a presumption that a large chunk of our population lacks the potential to achieve academic and career success.In contrast to intractable factors like biology or upbringing, the research summarized in this book suggests that factors in one's immediate situation play a critical yet underappreciated role in temporarily suppressing the intellectual performance of women and minorities, creating an illusion of group differences in ability. Research conducted over the course of the last fifteen years suggests the mere existence of cultural stereotypes that assert the intellectual inferiority of these groups creates a threatening intellectual environment for stigmatized individuals - a climate where anything they say or do is interpreted through the lens of low expectations. This stereotype threat can ultimately interfere with intellectual functioning and academic engagement, setting the stage for later differences in educational attainment, career choice, and job advancement.

Download or read book Stereotype Activation and Inhibition written by Robert S. Wyer, Jr. and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-04-15 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of social sterotypes as a basis for judgments and behavioral decisions has been a major focus of social psychological theory and research since the field began. Although motivational and cognitive influences on stereotyping have been considered, these two general types of influence have rarely been conceptually integrated within a common theoretical framework. Nevertheless, almost every area of theoretical and empirical concern in social cognition--areas such as the interpretation of new information, memory and retrieval processes, impression formation, the use of heuristic vs. analytic processing strategies, the role of affect in information processing, and self-esteem maintenance--has implications for this important social phenomenon. This volume's target article brings together the research of Galen Bodenhausen, Neil Macrae, and others within a theoretical framework that accounts for the processes that underlie both the activation of stereotypes and attempts to suppress their influence. They consider several stages of processing, including: *the categorization of a stimulus person; *the influence of this categorization on the interpretation of information about the stimulus person; and *the social judgments and behavioral decisions that are ultimately made. The stereotype activation and suppression mechanisms that the target article authors consider operate at all of these stages. Their conceptualization provides a framework within which the interrelatedness of processing at these stages can be understood. The 11th in the series, this volume includes companion articles that help to refine and extend the target article's conceptualization and make important theoretical contributions in their own right. They are written by prominent researchers in cognitive and social psychology, many of whom are active contributors to research and theory on stereotyping. They address the following topics: * the role of power and control in stereotype-based information processing; * the influence of prejudice; * self-regulatory processes; * social categorization; * the correction processes that result from perceptions of bias; and * the conceptualization of stereotypes themselves.

Download or read book Stereotype Activation and Inhibition written by Robert S. Wyer and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of social sterotypes as a basis for judgments and behavioral decisions has been a major focus of social psychological theory and research since the field began. Although motivational and cognitive influences on stereotyping have been considered, these two general types of influence have rarely been conceptually integrated within a common theoretical framework. Nevertheless, almost every area of theoretical and empirical concern in social cognition--areas such as the interpretation of new information, memory and retrieval processes, impression formation, the use of heuristic vs. analytic processing strategies, the role of affect in information processing, and self-esteem maintenance--has implications for this important social phenomenon. This volume's target article brings together the research of Galen Bodenhausen, Neil Macrae, and others within a theoretical framework that accounts for the processes that underlie both the activation of stereotypes and attempts to suppress their influence. They consider several stages of processing, including: *the categorization of a stimulus person; *the influence of this categorization on the interpretation of information about the stimulus person; and *the social judgments and behavioral decisions that are ultimately made. The stereotype activation and suppression mechanisms that the target article authors consider operate at all of these stages. Their conceptualization provides a framework within which the interrelatedness of processing at these stages can be understood. The 11th in the series, this volume includes companion articles that help to refine and extend the target article's conceptualization and make important theoretical contributions in their own right. They are written by prominent researchers in cognitive and social psychology, many of whom are active contributors to research and theory on stereotyping. They address the following topics: * the role of power and control in stereotype-based information processing; * the influence of prejudice; * self-regulatory processes; * social categorization; * the correction processes that result from perceptions of bias; and * the conceptualization of stereotypes themselves.

Download or read book The Effect of Target Type and Personal Standards on Stereotype Suppression Effects written by Sarah L. Pressly and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Theoretical Approaches to Multi Cultural Positive Psychological Interventions written by Llewellyn Ellardus Van Zyl and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-06-11 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides theoretical perspectives on and approaches to the development or enhancement of positive psychological capacities within various multi-cultural professional and organizational contexts. Specifically, it presents theoretical frameworks for the identification, development and optimization of positive psychological capacities through a contemporary, multi-cultural and multi-disciplinary lens. In recent years, the applicability of positive psychological intervention (PPI) techniques has transposed the boundaries of clinical practice into a wide array of complementary domains such as law, education, business and even design sciences such as architecture. These interventions target the enhancement of positive psychological capacities (e.g. strength-identification and use; high-performance learning; appreciative design; job-crafting) in order to not only improve individual functioning, well-being and the treatment of various forms of psychopathology but also to enhance team functioning/performance, organizational growth and community development. Despite its importance, very little research has been done on the design of PPIs applicable to multi-cultural contexts. The contributions to this volume provide insights into this hitherto neglected area of research.

Download or read book Working Memory Capacity written by Nelson Cowan and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2016-04-14 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The idea of one's memory "filling up" is a humorous misconception of how memory in general is thought to work; it actually has no capacity limit. However, the idea of a "full brain" makes more sense with reference to working memory, which is the limited amount of information a person can hold temporarily in an especially accessible form for use in the completion of almost any challenging cognitive task. This groundbreaking book explains the evidence supporting Cowan's theoretical proposal about working memory capacity, and compares it to competing perspectives. Cognitive psychologists profoundly disagree on how working memory is limited: whether by the number of units that can be retained (and, if so, what kind of units and how many), the types of interfering material, the time that has elapsed, some combination of these mechanisms, or none of them. The book assesses these hypotheses and examines explanations of why capacity limits occur, including vivid biological, cognitive, and evolutionary accounts. The book concludes with a discussion of the practical importance of capacity limits in daily life. This 10th anniversary Classic Edition will continue to be accessible to a wide range of readers and serve as an invaluable reference for all memory researchers.

Download or read book Shared Reality written by E. Tory Higgins and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-06-04 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What does it mean to be human? Why do we feel and behave in the ways that we do? The classic answer is that we have a special kind of intelligence. But to understand what we are as humans, we also need to know what we are like motivationally. And what is central to this story, what is special about human motivation, is that humans want to share with others their inner experiences about the world--share how they feel, what they believe, and what they want to happen in the future. They want to create a shared reality with others. People have a shared reality together when they experience having in common a feeling about something, a belief about something, or a concern about something. They feel connected to another person or group by knowing that this person or group sees the world the same way that they do--they share what is real about the world. In this work, Dr. Higgins describes how our human motivation for shared reality evolved in our species, and how it develops in our children as shared feelings, shared practices, and shared goals and roles. Shared reality is crucial to what we believe--sharing is believing. It is central to our sense of self, what we strive for and how we strive. It is basic to how we get along with others. It brings us together in fellowship and companionship, but it also tears us apart by creating in-group "bubbles" that conflict with one another. Our shared realities are the best of us, and the worst of us.

Download or read book Stereotyping and Prejudice written by Daniel Bar-Tal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of stereotyping and prejudice is a study of human nature, group mem bership, and intergroup relationships. It sheds light on each of these aspects of social psychology. With respect to the first two, it has been observed that since groups provide the best framework for satisfying various human needs, individuals continuously organize themselves in collectives. They belong to a variety of groups-many of which they voluntarily select and some to which they are ascribed. Group membership, therefore, is one of the most salient and important of an indi vidual's characteristics. The implication of this characteristic is that human beings not only constantly classify other people into group categories, either by identifying membership or constructing their own categories, but also judge and evaluate them on this basis. The stereotypes and prejudice are outcomes of this process. They are the beliefs and attitudes toward members of another group. In addition, the study of stereotyping and prejudice reflects an interest in inter group relationships. While we recognize that a discussion of intergroup relation ships may focus on behaviors describing actions such as confrontations, violence, wars, cooperation, alliance, negotiation, or coordination, we also believe that each of these intergroup behaviors is mediated by perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes. In the case of intergroup behaviors, the listed actions are not performed instinctively or mindlessly, but are preceded by cognitive processes which, among other outputs, involve the formation of stereotypes and prejudice toward the other group.

Download or read book Whistling Vivaldi written by Claude Steele and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2011-04-04 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the role of what the author calls identity contingencies in the lives of individuals and in society as a whole, focusing on stereotype threat, arguing that people who believe they may be judged based on a bad stereotype do not perform as well, and showing how to overcome the problem.

Download or read book The Effects of Stereotype Suppression with Religious and Minority Individuals written by Crystal Santos and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book On the Benefits of Stereotype Suppression While Forming Impressions written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book How Stereotypes Deceive Us written by Katherine Puddifoot and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stereotypes sometimes lead us to make poor judgements of other people, but they also have the potential to facilitate quick, efficient, and accurate judgements. How can we discern whether any individual act of stereotyping will have the positive or negative effect? How Stereotypes Deceive Us addresses this question. It identifies various factors that determine whether or not the application of a stereotype to an individual in a specific context will facilitate or impede correct judgements and perceptions of the individual. It challenges the thought that stereotyping only and always impedes correct judgement when the stereotypes that are applied are inaccurate, failing to reflect social realities. It argues instead that stereotypes that reflect social realities can lead to misperceptions and misjudgements, and that inaccurate but egalitarian social attitudes can therefore facilitate correct judgements and accurate perceptions. The arguments presented in this book have important implications for those who might engage in stereotyping and those who are at risk of being stereotyped. They have implications for those who work in healthcare and those who have mental health conditions. How Stereotypes Deceive Us provides a new conceptual framework-evaluative dispositionalism-that captures the epistemic faults of stereotypes and stereotyping, providing conceptual resources that can be used to improve our own thinking by avoiding the pitfalls of stereotyping, and to challenge other people's stereotyping where it is likely to lead to misperception and misjudgement.

Download or read book Examining Multiple Identities Under Stereotype Threat written by Alyssa Lynne Reinhart and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study sought to examine how underlying characteristics of multiple social identities could explain why some people are not affected by stereotype threat. Specifically, it proposed that different identities are not only associated with positive or negative stereotypes, but also different regulatory foci. It additionally sought to address a common methodological issue in the literature by including non-targets of stereotype threat as a comparative group. Using a quantitative experimental design, math-identified male (N=104) and female (N=172) university students were randomly assigned to take a difficult math test under circumstances which varied both reward structure and salient identities. For math- identified females, their gender identity was believed to invoke a negative stereotype about female math ability and thus stereotype threat. However, college identity was proposed to be positively stereotyped about ability. When both were made salient, females would suppress their gender identity in order to maintain a good self-concept and would thus be protected from stereotype threat effects. Furthermore, it was predicted females under threat would enter into a prevention regulatory focus and thus perform better under a reward structure which focused on minimizing losses. A major criticism of stereotype threat research is that it fails to differentiate itself enough from stereotype priming. While the two are similarly activated, stereotype threat only affects those for whom the stereotyped identity is relevant. Thus it is important to include non-targets of threat to ensure that the experimental manipulations do not affect them. Males were included in this study because the negative stereotype about female math ability is not relevant. Results indicated that when gender identity was made salient, math-identified females performed worse than a control group. However, when both gender and college identity were made salient, math-identified females performed better than those only reminded of their gender, and equivalent to those in a control group. Reward structure showed no main effect on performance. While the interaction between identity salience and reward structure was marginally significant, more research is needed to determine if there is a true relationship. Males showed no differences across conditions however, which indicates this was a more valid manipulation of threat.