Download or read book Multifunctional NOx CO O2 Solid state Sensors for Coal Combustion Control written by Eric D. Wachsman and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sensing properties of a La2CuO4- and WO3-based potentiometric NOx sensor were investigated both in N2 and in a simulated exhaust gas. We performed temperature programmed reaction (TPR) and desorption (TPD) experiments to determine the reaction and adsorption characteristics of O2, NOx, CO, CO2, and their mixtures on the electrodes, and related the results to sensor performance.
Download or read book MULTIFUNCTIONAL NOx written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We have made great progress in both developing solid state sensors for coal combustion control and understanding the mechanism by which they operate. We have fabricated and tested numerous sensors and identified the role electrode microstructure plays in sensor response. We have developed both p-type (La2CuO4) and n-type (WO3) semiconducting NO(subscript x) sensing electrodes. We have demonstrated their respective sensing behavior (sensitivities and cross-sensitivities), related this behavior to their gas adsorption/desorption behavior and catalytic activity, and in so doing verified that our proposed Differential Electrode Equilibria is a more comprehensive sensing mechanism. These investigations and their results are summarized below. The composition and microstructure of the sensing electrode is the key parameters that influence the sensing performance. We investigated the effect of electrode microstructure on the NO(subscript x) sensitivity and response time using a La2CuO4-based potentiometric sensor. Temperature dependence, cross-sensitivity and selectivities of a La2CuO4- and WO3-based potentiometric NO(subscript x) sensor were investigated both in N2 and in a simulated exhaust gas. We performed temperature programmed reaction (TPR) and desorption (TPD) experiments to determine the reaction and adsorption characteristics of O2, NO(subscript x), CO, CO2, and their mixtures on the electrodes, and related the results to sensor performance. In order to optimize the sensor electrode microstructure, powders were prepared using four different powder synthesis routes, resulting in different particle size distributions and BET surface areas. Different sintering conditions were also applied. The microstructure of electrodes, synthesized with the same composition, has a dramatic effect on both sensitivity and response time of potentiometric NO sensors, showing that large surface areas generate a porous morphology with smaller grain size, and that smaller grain size results in a sharper response and faster response time. The relative responses of the La2CuO4-based sensor under varied concentrations of NO, NO2, CO, CO2 and O2 were studied. The results showed a very high sensitivity to NO, CO, and NO2 at 450 C in 3% O2, whereas the response to O2 and CO2 gases was negligible. The NO response at 400-500 C agreed with the NO adsorption behavior. The high NO2 sensitivity at 450 C was probably related to heterogeneous catalytic activity of La2CuO4. The adsorption of NO was not affected by the change of O2 concentration and thus the sensor showed selective detection of NO over O2. However, the NO sensitivity was strongly influenced by the existence of CO, H2O, NO2, and CO2, as the adsorption behavior of NO was influenced by these gases. The WO3-based sensor was able to selectively detect NO in the presence of CO2 in 3% O2 at 650 C. The NO sensitivity, however, was affected by the variation of the NO2, CO, and H2O concentration. No gas-solid reactions were observed using TPR in the NO-containing gas mixture, indicating that the NO response was not obtained by the conventionally accepted mixed-potential mechanism. At the same condition, the sensor had high sensitivity to (almost equal to)10 ppm NO2 and selectivity in the presence of CO, CO2, and H2O, showing it to be applicable to the monitoring of NO2. A lot different sensing properties of NO in simulated exhaust gas suggested the occurrence of gas composition change by the gas-phase and gas-solid reactions, and strong adsorption of water on the electrodes. The NO2 sensitivity in simulated exhaust gas was modified by O2 and H2O, but not by CO and CO2. A positive voltage response was obtained for NO2, but negative for NO at 650 C with the n-type semiconducting WO3-based sensor. In contrast, the opposite response direction for NO(subscript x) was observed at 450 C with the La2CuO4 (p-type semiconductor).
Download or read book Solid State Gas Sensors written by P. T. Moseley and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1987 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An overview of the principles & current technology of the main sensor types used for flammable gas detection, oxygen monitoring in combustion & car-exhaust control. Also includes toxic gas monitoring. A companion volume to Techniques & Mechanisms in Gas Sensing.
Download or read book Integrated Pollution Control written by Ulrich Förstner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable development and pollution control are the key factors in the development of strategies for the solution of environmental problems. This book offers an integrated treatment of all aspects of environmental protection and remediation. The presentation encompasses physical and chemical fundamentals, technological approaches as well as ecological, economic, and ethical aspects. The discussion of regulatory issues includes a comparison of environmental legislation in the US, Japan and Europe. The book addresses students as a comprehensive text and serves as a handy reference for environmental professionals in industry, consulting services, administration, and environmental agencies and associations.
Download or read book Semiconductor Gas Sensors written by Raivo Jaaniso and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2019-09-24 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Semiconductor Gas Sensors, Second Edition, summarizes recent research on basic principles, new materials and emerging technologies in this essential field. Chapters cover the foundation of the underlying principles and sensing mechanisms of gas sensors, include expanded content on gas sensing characteristics, such as response, sensitivity and cross-sensitivity, present an overview of the nanomaterials utilized for gas sensing, and review the latest applications for semiconductor gas sensors, including environmental monitoring, indoor monitoring, medical applications, CMOS integration and chemical warfare agents. This second edition has been completely updated, thus ensuring it reflects current literature and the latest materials systems and applications. Includes an overview of key applications, with new chapters on indoor monitoring and medical applications Reviews developments in gas sensors and sensing methods, including an expanded section on gas sensor theory Discusses the use of nanomaterials in gas sensing, with new chapters on single-layer graphene sensors, graphene oxide sensors, printed sensors, and much more
Download or read book Environmental Pollution Control written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Chemical Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 2726 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 1004 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lists citations with abstracts for aerospace related reports obtained from world wide sources and announces documents that have recently been entered into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database.
Download or read book Fuel Cell Handbook written by A. J. Appleby and published by New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold. This book was released on 1989 with total page 798 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Technical Literature Abstracts written by Society of Automotive Engineers and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 626 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Handbook of Biomass Downdraft Gasifier Engine Systems written by Thomas B. Reed and published by Biomass Energy Foundation. This book was released on 1988 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-02-22 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the quest to mitigate the buildup of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, researchers and policymakers have increasingly turned their attention to techniques for capturing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, either from the locations where they are emitted or directly from the atmosphere. Once captured, these gases can be stored or put to use. While both carbon storage and carbon utilization have costs, utilization offers the opportunity to recover some of the cost and even generate economic value. While current carbon utilization projects operate at a relatively small scale, some estimates suggest the market for waste carbon-derived products could grow to hundreds of billions of dollars within a few decades, utilizing several thousand teragrams of waste carbon gases per year. Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization: Status and Research Needs assesses research and development needs relevant to understanding and improving the commercial viability of waste carbon utilization technologies and defines a research agenda to address key challenges. The report is intended to help inform decision making surrounding the development and deployment of waste carbon utilization technologies under a variety of circumstances, whether motivated by a goal to improve processes for making carbon-based products, to generate revenue, or to achieve environmental goals.
Download or read book Advances in Carbon Capture written by Mohammad Reza Rahimpour and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2020-08-04 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Carbon Capture reviews major implementations of CO2 capture, including absorption, adsorption, permeation and biological techniques. For each approach, key benefits and drawbacks of separation methods and technologies, perspectives on CO2 reuse and conversion, and pathways for future CO2 capture research are explored in depth. The work presents a comprehensive comparison of capture technologies. In addition, the alternatives for CO2 separation from various feeds are investigated based on process economics, flexibility, industrial aspects, purification level and environmental viewpoints. Explores key CO2 separation and compare technologies in terms of provable advantages and limitations Analyzes all critical CO2 capture methods in tandem with related technologies Introduces a panorama of various applications of CO2 capture
Download or read book Gas Phase Combustion Chemistry written by W.C., Jr. Gardiner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Superseding Gardiner's "Combustion Chemistry", this is an updated, comprehensive coverage of those aspects of combustion chemistry relevant to gas-phase combustion of hydrocarbons. The book includes an extended discussion of air pollutant chemistry and aspects of combustion, and reviews elementary reactions of nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine compounds that are relevant to combustion. Methods of combustion modeling and rate coefficient estimation are presented, as well as access to databases for combustion thermochemistry and modeling.
Download or read book Environment Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This database encompasses all aspects of the impact of people and technology on the environment and the effectiveness of remedial policies and technologies, featuring more than 950 journals published in the U.S. and abroad. The database also covers conference papers and proceedings, special reports from international agencies, non-governmental organizations, universities, associations and private corporations. Other materials selectively indexed include significant monographs, government studies and newsletters.
Download or read book Electrochemistry of Solids written by Hans Rickert and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the completely revised and extended version of the German edition "Einfiihrung in die Elektrochemie fester Stoffe" which appeared in 1973. Since then, the subject of the electro chemistry of solids has developed further and a large number of new solid electrolytes have been discovered. With the help of solid electrolytes, i. e. solid ionic conductors, galvanic cells are constantly being built for thermodynamic or kinetic investigations and for technical applications. Though the book takes these new develop ments into consideration, its main aim is to provide an introduction to the electrochemistry of solids, emphasizing the principles of the subject but not attempting to present a complete account of the existing literature. The latter can be found in handbooks and specialists' reports of conferences in this field; these are referred to in the text. This book is written for scientists and graduate stu dents who require an approach that will familiarize them with this field. It is assumed that the reader will be acquainted with the fundamentals of physical chemistry. The various chapters have been written so that most of them can be read independently of each other. Parts which may be omitted during a first reading are printed in small type. Of vital importance for the publication of this English edition have been the comments, suggestions and the help of colleagues and co-workers. I would particularly like to express my thanks to Dr. Holzapfel, Dl'. Lohmar, Professor Mitchell, Dr.
Download or read book Hydrogen Technology written by Aline Léon and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-07-18 with total page 680 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aline Leon ́ In the last years, public attention was increasingly shifted by the media and world governmentsto the conceptsof saving energy,reducingpollution,protectingthe - vironment, and developing long-term energy supply solutions. In parallel, research funding relating to alternative fuels and energy carriers is increasing on both - tional and international levels. Why has future energy supply become such a matter of concern? The reasons are the problems created by the world’s current energy supply s- tem which is mainly based on fossil fuels. In fact, the energystored in hydrocarb- based solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels was, is, and will be widely consumed for internal combustion engine-based transportation, for electricity and heat generation in residential and industrial sectors, and for the production of fertilizers in agric- ture, as it is convenient, abundant, and cheap. However, such a widespread use of fossil fuels by a constantly growing world population (from 2. 3 billion in 1939 to 6. 5 billion in 2006) gives rise to the two problems of oil supply and environmental degradation. The problemrelated to oil supply is caused by the fact that fossil fuels are not - newable primary energy sources: This means that since the rst barrel of petroleum has been pumped out from the ground, we have been exhausting a heritage given by nature.
