Download or read book Multi joint Coordination Underlies Upright Postural Control written by Wei-Li Hsu and published by ProQuest. This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation sought to understand whether the potential flexibility provided by a redundant motor system is actually used to control upright posture and to understand the role of that motor redundancy in facilitating the performance of multiple tasks concurrently while standing. The method used to address this question, the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) approach, provided a means to determine how the positional stability of the whole body, measured via variability of the COM, is stabilized by coordination of the redundant joints of the body. The first study of this dissertation tested the hypotheses that all major joints along the body's longitudinal axis are equally active during quiet standing and that their motions are coordinated to stabilize the spatial positions of the COM and head. The main results of the experiment designed to address this question showed that many joints along the body's longitudinal axis had greater moment-to-moment variability than did the ankle or hip joints (Hsu et al. Journal of Neurophysiology, 97(4):3024-35, 2007, which are presumed in inverted pendulum models to account for most of postural sway. Moreover, the variance of all examined joints was structured largely to stabilize upright posture during quiet standing, indicating that the COM was an important control variable for upright postural stability. That is, overall variance of joint motion which did not affect COM position was substantially and significantly higher than variability of joint motion leading to COM position variability. Moreover, elimination of visual information led to greater joint motion variance which had little effect on the COM position. Instead, the increased variance reflected the use of an ensemble of joint coordination patterns that stabilized the COM position. The purpose of the second study was to investigate whether and how the available motor redundancy is utilized when additional tasks are performed concurrently. Subjects executed a targeting task alone or in combination with an additional ball-balancing task while standing. The results of UCM analysis of joint variance revealed that the joints were coordinated such that their combined variance had minimal effect on the COM position. The component of joint variance that had no effect on the COM position increased selectively when the task was made more difficult by adding an additional ball-balancing task and when performing the targeting task to a smaller sized target. Similar results were observed when examining joint variance with respect to control of the hand path. The second study provided evidence to support the hypothesis that a major advantage of a neural control scheme which takes advantage of motor redundancy is to allow performance of multiple tasks simultaneously without any one task unduly interfering with another. The third study attempted to investigate this hypothesis further by examining the effect of artificially eliminating knee and lumbar-thoracic joint motions on postural control when the arms performed targeting tasks concurrently in standing. Subjects performed a targeting task alone or in combination with an additional ball-balancing task while standing with free joint motions (unconstrained condition) and with restricted joint motions (constrained condition). The results of UCM analysis again revealed that the joints were coordinated such that their combined variance had a minimal effect on the stability of the COM position. However, the component of joint variance reflecting the use of motor abundance decreased significantly when subjects performed the combined task with their joint motions constrained. Moreover, the component of joint variance that leads to COM variability tended to increase with a reduction in joint DOFs. Similar results were observed when examining control of the hand's path. Therefore, the results are generally consistent with those of the previous study indicating that reducing the number of DOFs available to stabilize the COM results in greater difficulty coordinating the joints to stabilize the COM when multiple tasks must be performed simultaneously. This dissertation improves our understanding of multi-DOF coordination of postural control. This knowledge provides a basis for developing improved tools for evaluation and treatment of patients with sensorimotor deficits leading to balance disorders and many provide important insights for the development of new training procedures to help reduce the risk of falls in the elderly, suggesting that the development of training programs that help patients explore the use of motor redundancy may help improve their postural stability. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).

Download or read book Postural Coordination During Quiet Stance and Suprapostural Activity written by Dean Loren Smith and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coordination of joints has not been well studied during quiet stance or non-locomotive suprapostural activity. This dissertation consists of three experiments examining multi-segmental postural coordination. Experiment 1, tested the effect of vision and support surface on multi-segmental postural kinematics and joint angles during upright quiet stance. Eight participants stood still on four surfaces (flat, foam surface, foam roller, wood beam) with eyes open and closed. Postural motion was recorded by an electromagnetic tracking device from the head, trunk, sacrum, hip, knee and ankle. Overall postural (head) sway and joint motion was influenced by both surface of support and vision. More sway and sagittal joint rotation occurred under non-visual and non-flat conditions. An ankle strategy as opposed to a hip strategy is primary in maintaining voluntary, upright balance on non-flat surfaces. In experiments 2 and 3, surface of support (hard surface vs. foam roller) and suprapostural task (head-tracking frequency) were manipulated simultaneously. Twelve different participants in each experiment stood on each surface with hands behind their back looking at a computer monitor in front of them. They were instructed to maintain balance while tracking a simulated oscillating (fore-aft) computer target with their head at different frequencies. In Experiment 2, a rest was given between trials (frequencies), whereas no rest was given between trials in Experiment 3. The effects of discrete (rest), and changing frequency modulation (no rest) on postural dynamics were then determined. Results demonstrate that people use a continuum of coordination strategies to accomplish head-tracking at different frequencies. On both surfaces, a predominantly anti-phase, hip-ankle relationship was seen with only gradual postural transitions observed. Dynamic standing tasks exhibit many similarities in postural coordination whether performed at a singular frequency or by modulating frequency. However, continuous motion without rest may confer postural stability benefits when compared to discrete frequency oscillation. The results imply that models of postural control should be explicitly multi-segmental, that postural transitions are gradual during suprapostural activity, and that modulating postural frequency may confer stability benefits. Most importantly, the data strongly argue that there is a need to examine postural control and coordination without mechanical perturbation.

Download or read book Locomotion and Posture in Older Adults written by Fabio Augusto Barbieri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-07 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an attempt to advance the discussion and improve our understanding about the effects of aging and movement disorders on motor control during walking and postural tasks. Despite these activities are performed daily, there is a high requirement of motor and neural systems in order to perform both tasks efficiently. Both walking and posture require a complex interaction of musculoskeletal and neural systems. However, the mechanisms used to control these tasks, as well as how they are planned and coordinated, are still a question of discussion among health professionals and researchers. In addition, this discussion is more interesting when the effects of aging are included in the context of locomotion and the postural control. The number of older individuals is 841 million in 2015, which is four times higher than the 202 million that lived in 1950. Aging causes many motor, sensorial and neural deficits, which impair locomotion and postural control in the elderly. The severity of this framework is worsened when the aging goes along with a movement disorder, such as Parkinson disease, Chorea, Dystonia, Huntington disease, etc. Therefore, the aim of this book is to highlight the influence of different aspects on planning, controlling and performing locomotion and posture tasks. In attempting to improve current knowledge in this field, invited authors present and discuss how environmental, sensorial, motor, cognitive and individual aspects influence the planning and performance of locomotor and postural activities. The major thrust of the book is to address the mechanisms involved in controlling and planning motor action in neurological healthy individuals, as well as in those who suffer from movement disorders or face the effects of aging, indicating the aspects that impair locomotion and postural control. In addition, new technologies, tools and interventions designed to manage the effects of aging and movement disorders are presented in the book.

Download or read book Progress in Motor Control written by Mindy F. Levin and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-11-30 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Approx.242 pages Translates the principles of motor control to improve sensorimotor outcomes in patients Reviews coordination topics including locomotor coordination, visual perception and head stability Explores movement analysis knowledge in rehabilitative tools

Download or read book Sensory Motor and Behavioral Research in Space written by Reinhard Hilbig and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-24 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume of the series SpringerBriefs in Space Life Sciences describes findings from space and accompanying ground research related to spatial orientation, posture and locomotion, cognition and psychomotor function. The results are not only of importance to health and performance of astronauts during their space mission, but also impact people on Earth, especially in the ageing societies of the Western countries. The space environment produces mismatches between sensory inputs from canal and otolith afferents which are difficult to study in humans, and are therefore studied in the fish model. Brain and vestibular organ of fish are analyzed under altered gravitational conditions; particularly weightlessness and structural failures as well as malfunctions in different inner ear components are investigated and discussed. The book is aiming at students, engineers and scientists in space and aging research, as well as psychology, neurosciences and sensory motor research.

Download or read book Handbook of Medical Neuropsychology written by Carol L. Armstrong and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-08-09 with total page 555 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook celebrates the abundantly productive interaction of neuropsychology and medicine. This interaction can be found in both clinical settings and research l- oratories, often between research teams and clinical practitioners. It accounts for the rapidity with which awareness and understanding of the neuropsychological com- nents of many common medical disorders have recently advanced. The introduction of neuropsychology into practice and research involving conditions without obvious neurological components follows older and eminently successful models of integrated care and treatment of the classical brain disorders. In the last 50 years, with the growing understanding of neurological disorders, neuropsychologists and medical specialists in clinics, at bedside, and in laboratories together have contributed to important clinical and scienti c advances in the und- standing of the common pathological conditions of the brain: stroke, trauma, epilepsy, certain movement disorders, tumor, toxic conditions (mostly alcohol-related), and degenerative brain diseases. It is not surprising that these seven pathological con- tions were the rst to receive attention from neuropsychologists as their behavioral symptoms can be both prominent and debilitating, often with serious social and economic consequences.

Download or read book Effects of Practice on the Kinetics of Lumbar Spine During Multijoint Pulls written by Hsin-I Chang and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Computational Neuroscience Theoretical Insights into Brain Function written by Paul Cisek and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2007-11-14 with total page 571 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Computational neuroscience is a relatively new but rapidly expanding area of research which is becoming increasingly influential in shaping the way scientists think about the brain. Computational approaches have been applied at all levels of analysis, from detailed models of single-channel function, transmembrane currents, single-cell electrical activity, and neural signaling to broad theories of sensory perception, memory, and cognition. This book provides a snapshot of this exciting new field by bringing together chapters on a diversity of topics from some of its most important contributors. This includes chapters on neural coding in single cells, in small networks, and across the entire cerebral cortex, visual processing from the retina to object recognition, neural processing of auditory, vestibular, and electromagnetic stimuli, pattern generation, voluntary movement and posture, motor learning, decision-making and cognition, and algorithms for pattern recognition. Each chapter provides a bridge between a body of data on neural function and a mathematical approach used to interpret and explain that data. These contributions demonstrate how computational approaches have become an essential tool which is integral in many aspects of brain science, from the interpretation of data to the design of new experiments, and to the growth of our understanding of neural function. • Includes contributions by some of the most influential people in the field of computational neuroscience • Demonstrates how computational approaches are being used today to interpret experimental data • Covers a wide range of topics from single neurons, to neural systems, to abstract models of learning

Download or read book Clinical Disorders of Balance Posture and Gait 2Ed written by Adolfo Bronstein and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-03-29 with total page 479 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The diagnosis and treatment of the patient with critically impaired walking abilities present the busy physician with a formidable challenge. This book provides a comprehensive account of the various balance, posture and gait disorders, and of the methods for Their effective Read More ...management. The text is divided into five sections dealing wi

Download or read book Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 814 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Senses A Comprehensive Reference written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-09-30 with total page 5215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference, Second Edition, Seven Volume Set is a comprehensive reference work covering the range of topics that constitute current knowledge of the neural mechanisms underlying the different senses. This important work provides the most up-to-date, cutting-edge, comprehensive reference combining volumes on all major sensory modalities in one set. Offering 264 chapters from a distinguished team of international experts, The Senses lays out current knowledge on the anatomy, physiology, and molecular biology of sensory organs, in a collection of comprehensive chapters spanning 4 volumes. Topics covered include the perception, psychophysics, and higher order processing of sensory information, as well as disorders and new diagnostic and treatment methods. Written for a wide audience, this reference work provides students, scholars, medical doctors, as well as anyone interested in neuroscience, a comprehensive overview of the knowledge accumulated on the function of sense organs, sensory systems, and how the brain processes sensory input. As with the first edition, contributions from leading scholars from around the world will ensure The Senses offers a truly international portrait of sensory physiology. The set is the definitive reference on sensory neuroscience and provides the ultimate entry point into the review and original literature in Sensory Neuroscience enabling students and scientists to delve into the subject and deepen their knowledge. All-inclusive coverage of topics: updated edition offers readers the only current reference available covering neurobiology, physiology, anatomy, and molecular biology of sense organs and the processing of sensory information in the brain Authoritative content: world-leading contributors provide readers with a reputable, dynamic and authoritative account of the topics under discussion Comprehensive-style content: in-depth, complex coverage of topics offers students at upper undergraduate level and above full insight into topics under discussion

Download or read book Research Awards Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 1230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Contribution of Postural Adjustments to Body Balance and Motor Performance written by Eric Yiou and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-02-08 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The control of balance by the central nervous system is crucial to maintain our posture and perform efficiently our daily motor tasks. This control requires the development of dynamical phenomena sub-served by highly-coordinated patterns of muscle activation/deactivation disseminated throughout the whole-body and called “postural adjustments”. Establishing the interaction between balance control, locomotion and cognition has important clinical implication, especially in term of falls prevention, and will improve our knowledge on the underlying neural correlates. This Research Topic provides an up-to-date picture of the relationship between postural adjustments, body balance and motor performance in healthy (young and older adults) and pathological participants. It includes 36 contributions (1 editorial, 28 original articles, 4 reviews and 3 methods articles) which are separated into four sections: 1. Postural maintenance and multisensory integration, 2. Anticipatory postural adjustments associated with voluntary movement, 3. Postural adjustments associated with predictable and unpredictable external perturbation, 4. Gait assessment and rehabilitation in aging. Beside their basic interest of unveiling the mechanisms behind motor control, results from the investigations of this topic are relevant to develop new methods or tools to improve postural stability and motor performance, with applications in the fields of neurodegenerative conditions, rehabilitation, ergonomics and sports sciences.

Download or read book Natural and Artificial Control of Hearing and Balance written by J. H. J. Allum and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1993 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The underlying goal of this compendium is to provide an impetus for the development and enhancement of man-made electrical systems that either produce an artificial sense of hearing or the artificial control of standing and locomotion.

Download or read book Afferent Control of Posture and Locomotion written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1990-02-28 with total page 543 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Afferent Control of Posture and Locomotion

Download or read book Dynamics of Joint Action Social Coordination and Multi Agent Activity written by Michael J. Richardson and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-02-28 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Balance Dysfunction in Parkinson s Disease written by Martina Mancini and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-09-14 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Balance Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Management presents the most updated information on a variety of topics. Sections help clinicians evaluate the types of balance control issues, dynamic balance dysfunction during turning, and the effects of medication, deep brain stimulation, and rehabilitation intervention on balance control. This book is the first to review the four main postural control systems and how they are affected, including balance during quiet stance, reactive postural adjustments to external perturbations, anticipatory postural adjustments in preparation for voluntary movements, and dynamic balance control during walking and turning. In addition, the book's authors summarize the effects of levodopa, deep brain stimulation, and rehabilitation intervention for each balance domain. This book is recommended for anyone interested in how and why balance control is affected by PD. Provides the first comprehensive review of research to date on balance dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease Discusses how to translate current neuroscience research into practice regarding neural control of balance Provides evidence on the effects of current interventions on balance control