Download or read book Morphological Variation in the Hominoid Vertebral Column written by Lauren Suzanne Stevens and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Spinal Evolution written by Ella Been and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-08-07 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The vertebral spine is a key element of the human anatomy. Its main role is to protect the spinal cord and the main blood vessels. The axial skeleton, with its muscles and joints, provides stability for the attachment of the head, tail and limbs and, at the same time, enables the mobility required for breathing and for locomotion. Despite its great importance, the vertebral spine is often over looked by researchers because: a) vertebrae are fragile in nature, which makes their fossilization a rare event; b) they are metameric (seriated and repeated elements) that make their anatomical determination and, thus, their subsequent study difficult; and c) the plethora of bones and joints involved in every movement or function of the axial skeleton makes the reconstruction of posture, breathing mechanics and locomotion extremely difficult. It is well established that the spine has changed dramatically during human evolution. Spinal curvatures, spinal load transmission, and thoracic shape of bipedal humans are derived among hominoids. Yet, there are many debates as to how and when these changes occurred and to their phylogenetic, functional, and pathological implications. In recent years, renewed interest arose in the axial skeleton. New and exciting finds, mostly from Europe and Africa, as well as new methods for reconstructing the spine, have been introduced to the research community. New methodologies such as Finite Element Analysis, trabecular bone analysis, Geometric Morphometric analysis, and gait analysis have been applied to the spines of primates and humans. These provide a new and refreshing look into the evolution of the spine. Advanced biomechanical research regarding posture, range of motion, stability, and attenuation of the human spine has interesting evolutionary implications. Until now, no book that summarizes the updated research and knowledge regarding spinal evolution in hominoids has been available. The present book explores both these new methodologies and new data, including recent fossil, morphological, biomechanical, and theoretical advances regarding vertebral column evolution. In order to cover all of that data, we divide the book into four parts: 1) the spine of hominoids; 2) the vertebral spine of extinct hominins; 3) ontogeny, biomechanics and pathology of the human spine; and 4) new methodologies of spinal research. These parts complement each other and provide a wide and comprehensive examination of spinal evolution.
Download or read book Morphological Variation in the Cervico thoracic Region of the Vertebral Column in Modern Humans Extant Apes Fossil Hominids and with Reference to Mammalia in General written by James Cooper Ohman and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Evolution of the Hominoid Vertebral Column written by Scott A. Williams and published by . This book was released on 2012-09-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a study of the numerical composition of the vertebral column, the central structure of the vertebrate body plan and one that plays an instrumental role in locomotion and posture. Recent models of hominoid vertebral evolution invoke very different roles for homology and homoplasy in the evolution of vertebral formulae in living and extinct hominoids. These processes are fundamental to the emergence of morphological structures and reflect similarity by common descent (homology) or similarity by independent evolution (homoplasy). Although the "short backs," reflecting reduced lumbar regions, of living hominoids have traditionally been interpreted as homologies and shared derived characters (synapomorphies) of the ape and human clade, recent studies of variation in extant hominoid vertebral formulae have challenged this hypothesis. Instead, a "long-back" model, in which primitive, long lumbar regions are retained throughout hominoid evolution and are reduced independently in six lineages of modern hominoids, is proposed. The recently described skeleton of Ardipithecus ramidus is interpreted to support the long-back model. Here, larger samples are collected and placed in a larger phylogenetic context than previous studies. Analyses of over 8,000 mammal specimens, representing all major groups and focusing on anthropoid primates, allow for the reconstruction of ancestral vertebral formulae throughout mammalian evolution and a determination of the uniqueness of hominoid vertebral formulae. This survey, in combination with analyses of intraspecific diversity and interspecific similarity, suggests that reduced lumbar regions are homologous in extant hominoids. Furthermore, hominoid vertebral formulae are unique among primates and relatively unique among mammals in general. Hominins likely evolved five lumbar vertebrae from a short-backed ancestor with an "African ape-like" vertebral profile. By the appearance of Australopithecus, hominins evolved a cranial placement of the diaphragmatic (one that bears a change in articular facet orientation) vertebra, which generates a functionally longer lower spine while maintaining five lumbar vertebrae. In light of these findings, it is proposed that bipedalism evolved in a party arboreal, partly terrestrial African ape-like locomotor context.
Download or read book Positional Behaviors and the Neck written by Thierra Kénnec Nalley and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the critical role that the vertebral column plays in postural and locomotor behaviors, the functional morphology of the cervical region (i.e., the bony neck) remains poorly understood, particularly in comparison to that of the thoracic and lumbar sections. This dissertation tests the hypothesis that morphological variation in cervical vertebrae reflects differences in positional behavior (i.e., suspensory vs. nonsuspensory and orthograde vs. pronograde locomotion and postures). Specifically, this project addresses two broad research questions: (1) how does the morphology of cervical vertebrae vary with positional behavior and cranial morphology among primates and (2) where does fossil hominoid morphology fall within the context of the extant primates. Three biomechanical models were developed for the primate cervical spine and their predictions were tested by conducting a comparative analysis using a taxonomically and behaviorally diverse sample of primates. The results of these analyses were used to evaluate fossil hominoid morphology. The two biomechanical models relating vertebral shape to positional behaviors are not supported. However, a number of features distinguish behavioral groups. For example, the angle of the transverse process in relation to the cranial surface of the vertebral body--a trait hypothesized to reflect the deep spinal muscles' ability to extend and stabilize the neck--tends to be greater in pronograde species; this difference is in the opposite of the direction predicted by the biomechanical models. Other traits distinguish behavioral groups (e.g., spinous process length and cross-sectional area), but only in certain parts of the cervical column. The correlation of several vertebral features, especially transverse process length and pedicle cross-sectional area, with anterior cranial length supports the predictions made by the third model that links cervical morphology with head stabilization (i.e., head balancing). Fossil hominoid cervical remains indicate that the morphological pattern that characterizes modern humans was not present in Homo erectus or earlier hominins. These hominins are generally similar to apes in having larger neural arch cross-sectional areas and longer spinous processes than modern humans, likely indicating the presence of comparatively large nuchal muscles. The functional significance of this morphology remains unclear.
Download or read book Evolution and Development of Hominoid Vertebral Transitions written by Allison Machnicki and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thoracolumbar spine is crucial for understanding primate evolution and the origins and unique adoption of human bipedalism. Both great apes and humans have stabilized their spine with the posterior shift of the transitional vertebra and reduction of non-ribbed lumbar vertebra. There is debate regarding whether these features are homologous or homoplasious, and thus whether bipedalism evolved from a short stiff back like great apes or a longer lumbar column more similar to monkeys and Miocene hominoids. Genetic modification of Hox9 in mice results in the independent modification of rib count and transitional vertebra placemen and genetic modification of Hox11 in mice results in a cranial homeotic shift at the lumbosacral border and position of the sacrum. These transitions mimic the shift of the transitional vertebra and lumbosacral boundary in hominoids. The proposed study addresses important questions that will influence interpretation of differences between extant primates, as well as fossil specimens, by providing a basic understanding for the role of developmental influences on functionally important vertebral features. Since skeletal development is a highly conserved process across tetrapods, conclusions about the development of vertebrae in mice will be broadly applicable to interpretations across mammals. In this analysis, I compare the morphology of the primate transitional vertebra in museum collections and experimentally modified mice. Quantitative, qualitative, and geometric morphometric analyses were conducted on Hox9 and Hox11 modified mice and primate museum specimen thoracic and lumbar columns using micro-CT and 3D surface scanning and a large osteological dataset. In the first part of this dissertation, I analyzed Hox9 and Hox11 modified mice to investigate developmental association or independence of vertebral characters including articular facets, spinous processes, transverse processes, and costal processes. The results of this study indicated that the different Hox clusters have distinct roles on different morphology and in different areas of the vertebral column. Hoxa9, -b9, -c9 and -d9 paralogs had specific and largely separate roles in specifying vertebral identity. Hoxa9 mutations in mice impacted rib placement and count. Hoxb9 and Hoxc9 modifications in isolation affected the placement of the transitional vertebra and the position of spinous process orientation change. Hoxd9 modifications instead affected the sacrocaudal boundary and the number of laterally fused segments contributing of the sacrum. Hoxd11 and combined modifications of Hoxa11 and Hoxd11 resulted in a partial or complete lumbosacral transformation and an anterior shift of the placement of the sacrum within the pelvis. The results of this study indicate that articular facet orientation can be altered independent of costal identity and that articular facet orientation and spinous process orientation shift together whereas transverse process orientation shifts once with the transitional vertebra and a second time over the rib boundary. In the second part of this dissertation, I analyzed a 3D dataset of primate vertebrae to identify characters associated with vertebral column mobility and stiffening. I scanned primate vertebral columns from the 8th thoracic to the 3rd lumbar using either a NextEngine 3D surface scanner or an Artec Space Spider Surface Scanner. From the scans, the vertebrae were scored for thoracic and lumbar characteristics and the angles of the spinous processes were measured to assess spinous process shape to determine which vertebral characters are linked over the articular facet and costal transitions. Additionally, I investigated whether lumbar and sacral count affects sacral position and vertebral entrapment. These data were compared to the Hox mouse models to assess the developmental independence of transitional and costal characters in primates. The results of this study showed that like the Hox mice, articular facet orientation and spinous process orientation were correlated and that there was a shift in transverse process orientation both at the articular facet transition and the costal transition, when they were not in unison. This demonstrates that classic Schultz definitions may not correspond to the developmental boundaries that determine vertebral morphology. Furthermore, humans and chimpanzees displayed a similar cranial shift in sacrum placement to the mice when lumbar count was increased. This has implications for spinal mobility and demonstrates an additional method for either reducing or increasing lumbar entrapment and changing the number of lumbar vertebra contributing to locomotion. In the third part of this dissertation, I analyzed the 3D primate dataset using geometric morphometrics to assess differences between pre- and post-transitional vertebrae within the context of hominoid evolution. The dataset is divided into analyses of the entire section of the vertebral column sampled (T8L2), individual analyses of the transitional vertebra and first two post-transitional vertebrae, individual species analyses of the vertebral column, and finally individual species analyses of individual articular facet surfaces independent of orientation. Overall, differences were seen in shape and orientation across the transitional vertebra between species and this often correlated with locomotor pattern and where mobility or stiffening was needed in the spine. These projects address two important questions: 1) whether patterns of the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral transitions are similar across apes, and 2) the developmental independence of various thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebral features. Throughout hominid evolution there has been a posterior shift in the position of the transitional vertebra and there has been an alteration in the placement of the sacrum relative to the iliac crest. The results of these studies show that alteration of Hox genes in mice can result in similar patterns seen in primates and may underlie the anatomical trajectory seen in hominid evolution. Furthermore, the differences in the transition of vertebral characters among great apes suggests that reduction and stiffening of the lumbar column may have evolved independently.
Download or read book An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy written by Leslie Aiello and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1990-09-11 with total page 609 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An anthropologist and an anatomist have combined their skills in this book to provide students and research workers with the essentials of anatomy and the means to apply these to investigations into hominid form and function. Using basic principles and relevant bones, conclusions can be reached regarding the probable musculature, stance, brain size, age, weight, and sex of a particular fossil specimen. The sort of deductions which are possible are illustrated by reference back to contemporary apes and humans, and a coherent picture of the history of hominid evolution appears. Written in a clear and concise style and beautifully illustrated, An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy is a basic reference for all concerned with human evolution as well as a valuable companion to both laboratory practical sessions and new research using fossil skeletons.
Download or read book Handbook of Paleoanthropology written by Winfried Henke and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-10 with total page 2057 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 3-volume handbook brings together contributions by the world ́s leading specialists that reflect the broad spectrum of modern palaeoanthropology, thus presenting an indispensable resource for professionals and students alike. Vol. 1 reviews principles, methods, and approaches, recounting recent advances and state-of-the-art knowledge in phylogenetic analysis, palaeoecology and evolutionary theory and philosophy. Vol. 2 examines primate origins, evolution, behaviour, and adaptive variety, emphasizing integration of fossil data with contemporary knowledge of the behaviour and ecology of living primates in natural environments. Vol. 3 deals with fossil and molecular evidence for the evolution of Homo sapiens and its fossil relatives.
Download or read book Sagittal Balance of the Spine written by Pierre Roussouly and published by Thieme. This book was released on 2019-07-25 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unique resource from internationally renowned experts details the key role of sagittal spine balance Through evolution, human verticality became associated with a wide range of normal pelvic shapes and associated pelvic incidence angles (PIs). While all types of sagittal alignment generally provide adequate support to young adults, age, stress, and related degeneration can progressively lead to sagittal imbalance and contribute to various spinal pathologies. Sagittal Balance of the Spine by Pierre Roussouly, João Luiz Pinheiro-Franco, Hubert Labelle, Martin Gehrchen, and a cadre of esteemed international contributors focuses on the importance of sagittal alignment and spino-pelvic shape identification in clinical practice. Offering the most comprehensive text on sagittal balance to date, this state-of-the-art, richly illustrated book fills a void in the literature, offering clinical pearls throughout seven sections and 24 chapters. Key Highlights The biomechanics of sagittal balance including spine modeling, primary parameters, spinal curves segmentation, and lumbar lordosis classification The role of sagittal balance in low back pain and degeneration, with discussion of spinal orientation and the contact forces theory, spinal degeneration associated with spinopelvic morphotypes, and compensatory mechanisms Comprehensive analysis of the relationship between sagittal imbalance and isthmic lysis spondylolisthesis, degenerative spondylolisthesis, Scheuermann's kyphosis, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, and adult scoliosis Posterior and anterior treatment approaches – from spinal fixation and spinal fusion – to spinal osteotomy techniques and management of surgical failure This text is essential reading for every neurosurgical and orthopaedic resident, as well as veteran surgeons who evaluate and treat patients with spine conditions. Clinicians will learn why incorporating sagittal balance evaluations into spinal exams is integral to devising more effective treatment strategies and achieving improved outcomes.
Download or read book The Evolutionary Biology of the Human Pelvis written by Cara M. Wall-Scheffler and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-01-16 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthesizes and re-examines the evolution of the human pelvis, which sits at the interface between locomotion and childbirth.
Download or read book Clinical Commentaries Deduced from the Morphology of the Human Body written by Achille De Giovanni and published by . This book was released on 1909 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Primate Comparative Anatomy written by Daniel L. Gebo and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2014-10-13 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive, illustrated textbook that reveals the structural and functional anatomy of primates. Winner of the CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title of the Choice ACRL Why do orangutan arms closely resemble human arms? What is the advantage to primates of having long limbs? Why do primates have forward-facing eyes? Answers to questions such as these are usually revealed by comparative studies of primate anatomy. In this heavily illustrated, up-to-date textbook, primate anatomist Daniel L. Gebo provides straightforward explanations of primate anatomy that move logically through the body plan and across species. Including only what is essential in relation to soft tissues, the book relies primarily on bony structures to explain the functions and diversity of anatomy among living primates. Ideal for college and graduate courses, Gebo's book will also appeal to researchers in the fields of mammalogy, primatology, anthropology, and paleontology. Included in this book are discussions of: • Phylogeny • Adaptation • Body size • The wet- and dry-nosed primates • Bone biology • Musculoskeletal mechanics • Strepsirhine and haplorhine heads • Primate teeth and diets • Necks, backs, and tails • The pelvis and reproduction • Locomotion • Forelimbs and hindlimbs • Hands and feet • Grasping toes
Download or read book Morphological Integration written by Everett C. Olson and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 1999-10 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite recent advances in genetics, development, anatomy, systematics, and morphometrics, the synthesis of ideas and research agenda put forth in the classic Morphological Integration remains remarkably fresh, timely, and relevant. Pioneers in reexamining morphology, Everett Olson and Robert Miller were among the first to explore the concept of the integrated organism in both living and extinct populations. In a new foreword and afterword, biologists Barry Chernoff and Paul Magwene summarize the landmark achievements made by Olson and Miller and bring matters discussed in the book up to date, suggest new methods, and accentuate the importance of continued research in morphological integration. Everett C. Olson was a professor at the University of Chicago and at the University of California, Los Angeles. He was a former president of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. Robert L. Miller was associate professor of geology at the University of Chicago, associate scientist in marine geology at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and a member of the board of editors of the Journal of Geology.
Download or read book The International Encyclopedia of Primatology 3 Volume Set written by Agustín Fuentes and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-04-24 with total page 1596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Encyclopedia of Primatology represents the first comprehensive encyclopedic reference focusing on the behaviour, biology, ecology, evolution, genetics, and taxonomy of human and non-human primates. Represents the first comprehensive encyclopedic reference relating to primatology Features more than 450 entries covering topics ranging from the taxonomy, history, behaviour, ecology, captive management and diseases of primates to their use in research, cognition, conservation, and representations in literature Includes coverage of the basic scientific concepts that underlie each topic, along with the latest advances in the field Highly accessible to undergraduate and graduate students in primatology, anthropology, and the medical, biological and zoological sciences Essential reference for academics, researchers and commercial and conservation organizations This work is also available as an online resource at www.encyclopediaofprimatology.com
Download or read book HUMAN SKELETAL ANATOMY written by Scott I. Fairgrieve and published by Charles C Thomas Publisher. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Human Skeletal Anatomy: Laboratory Manual and Workbook has been designed to help students who are enrolled in courses dedicated to this topic. It is the product of many years of designing and instructing a Human Skeletal Biology course for undergraduate students. The key to this manual is flexibility. Instructors may utilize as much or as little of the manual as they see fit. It is largely based on the regional approach to anatomy. However, the first section of the manual begins with a survey of the microscopic and macroscopic structure of bone. After grounding the student in the basics of bone structure, the manual then turns to the gross morphological anatomy of skeletal elements. The axial skeleton is dealt with first, then the appendicular skeleton. The manual is designed to cover material in an incremental fashion. Specifically, the anatomy of less complicated bones such as the ribs, sternum and hyoid are discussed prior to other axial bones in order to acquaint students with how to handle real bone material in the laboratory. Each successive laboratory session demands more from the student in both the level of understanding and expectations in assigned laboratory exercises. Each laboratory session begins with an introduction in order to familiarize the student with the areas to be studied. Subsequently, the laboratory session has a stated purpose with clear instructions of expectations and learning objectives. 'Important Terms' are clearly indicated in boxes to stress to students that these must be understood. This is then followed by a clear laboratory Procedure for the student to follow. This usually involves the identification of particular features of assigning specific tasks as identified in the various Exercises. Finally, as a means of stressing the applicability of what has been learned in the laboratory exercise, the student will be requested to generate an evaluation of some aspect of the anatomy (such as using a method for determining age at death) from assigned specimens. The student is then required to interpret this information and produce, for the next class or session, a 'Laboratory Research Report.' Guidelines for these reports are contained within this manual. Diagrams/photographs have been provided for students to label. These diagrams are meant to be a study guide. Instructors may wish to add anatomical features or de-emphasize certain features accordingly.
Download or read book Skeletal Anatomy of the Newborn Primate written by Timothy D. Smith and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-05-28 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first clearly-illustrated, comparative book on developmental primate skeletal anatomy, focused on the highly informative newborn stage.
Download or read book Bergman s Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation written by R. Shane Tubbs and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-04-25 with total page 1456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Building on the strength of the previous two editions, Bergman's Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation is the third installment of the classic human anatomical reference launched by Dr. Ronald Bergman. With both new and updated entries, and now illustrated in full color, the encyclopedia provides an even more comprehensive reference on human variation for anatomists, anthropologists, physicians, surgeons, medical personnel, and all students of anatomy. Developed by a team of editors with extensive records publishing on both human variation and normal human anatomy, Bergman's Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation is the long awaited update to this classic reference.
