Download or read book Instruments for the Monitoring of Tritium in the Atmosphere written by and published by . This book was released on 1955 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Tritium Control Technology written by P. H. Lamberger and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Monitoring of Tritium contaminated Surfaces Including Skin written by R. A. Surette and published by Chalk River, Ont. : Radiation Biology and Health Physics Branch, Chalk River Laboratories. This book was released on 1994 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dcc-1 and dcc-2 experiments have provided the first data on dryout and quench behavior of internally heated uo2 debris in water. the pressure range of this data extends from 1 to 170 atmoshperes. both of the experiments used the annual core research reactor (acrr) at sandia national laboratories to simulate the effects of radioactive decay heating. the debris in dcc-1 ranged from 75 microns to in excess of 10 mm in diameter, with a mean diameter of 0.75 mm. the bed depth was 0.5 m and the porosity was 0.345. dryout heat fluxes ranged from about 41 kw/m sup(2) (0.021 w/g) at a saturation temperature of 100 degrees celcius to about 69 kw/m sup(2) (0.021 w/g) at 340 degrees celcius. this measured pressure dependence is a factor of two to three lower than predicted by the analytical models. this is believed to be due to the breadth of the debris distribution, but the evidence is inconclusive. quenches of dried debris took hours to complete. quench fronts progressed uniformly without the liquid fingers observed in large particle tests. the debris distribution in dcc-2 was much narrower than in dcc 1, with the majority of particles having diameters between 0.5 and 8 mm. a small amount of "fines" with diameters down to 75 microns was added to the mixture. in dcc-2, thermally stable local dry zones were observed at bed power below the conventional dryout point. these are believed to be caused by the concentration of fines creating a low permeability zone. data on global dryout, in which the bed bottom can dry out, agree well with analytical predictions. quenches of dry zones took about 10 minutes to complete. the quench fronts were not uniform, having a liquid finger which penetrated to the bottom of the bed before the quench was complete.
Download or read book Tritium Monitoring in the Atmosphere written by Francis B. Peacock and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Simple Monitor for Tritium Contamination on Surfaces written by Donald W. Colvin and published by . This book was released on 1957 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Tritium Monitoring Methodology and Application at a Research Reactor written by Susan M. Langhorst and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Tritium Monitoring Techniques written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Tritium written by Marija M. Janković and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tritium, 3H (T), is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. Naturally occurring tritium is rare on Earth, where trace amounts are formed by the interaction of the atmosphere with cosmic rays. Once formed in the stratosphere, the tritium atoms have a large amount of kinetic energy. At a pressure lower than atmospheric, they react with the oxygen, creating a stable radical HO2. This radical reacts with ozone, following the photochemical reaction of decomposition TO2 to HTO. Once tritium is incorporated into the water molecule, then it falls to the Earth's surface as precipitation or snow, thus entering into the natural hydrological cycle.With a half-life of 12.32 years and a maximum energy of 18 keV beta radiation, this radioisotope is not dangerous externally, but it can be a radiation hazard when inhaled, ingested via food or water, or absorbed through the skin. The biological half-life ranges from around 7 to 14 days, so bioaccumulation of tritium is not a significant concern.Tritium is a very useful hydro-geological tracer and can be successfully applied in assessing the age of groundwater and residence times of continental hydrologic systems or as an oceanic transient tracer. Tritium releases from nuclear installations may be useful for some applications as a powerful local tracer, but on the other hand such releases may affect the reliability and accuracy of tritium use as a global tracer. For this reason, measuring of the activity concentrations of tritium is regularly a part of every national and/or international monitoring programme. Tritium is also used in radio luminescent light sources for watches and various instruments, and, along with deuterium, as a fuel for nuclear fusion reactors with applications in energy generation and weapons.The amount of tritium that appears in the atmosphere as a product of human activity comes from: nuclear reactors, production of nuclear weapons, atmospheric and above ground nuclear explosions, heavy water and tritium plants, and plants for tritium separation. The use of tritium labeled compounds for medical and research purposes is also a possible source of contamination by tritium.Knowledge of the tritium concentration distribution in the environment, awareness of various anthropogenic sources of tritium, and optimization of measurement conditions are of great importance in various applications and in preserving human health.
Download or read book Tritium Monitoring System for Near Ambient Measurements written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper describes the current status of research on an improved tritium measurement system at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for the US Navy. Present tritium-in-air monitoring systems installed by the Navy can reliably measure to less than 10 [mu]Ci/m3, but medical and safety issues are pushing measurement needs to below 1 [mu]Ci/m3, which is equivalent to 1--10 nCi/ml in liquid samples, using calcium metal converter. A significant effort has been expended over the past 10 years by the Navy RADIAC Development Program at ORNL on various schemes to improve the detection of tritium in both air and liquid at near ambient levels. One such scheme includes a liquid flow-through system based on an NE102 sponge scintillator with dual photomultiplier tubes for the tube noise rejection. (This document also contains copies of the slides used for presentation of this paper to the IEEE 1991 Nuclear Science Symposium). 4 refs., 17 figs.
Download or read book Some Critical Observations Concerning the Handling of High Levels of Tritium Radioactivity written by B. E. Vaughan and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The data presented demonstrate substantial nonvolatile transfer of tritium from contaminated surfaces to skin by direct contact. Since radioactivity on the contaminated surfaces is not necessarily detectable by gas-flow monitoring methods, this route of entry of tritium into body tissue must be considered an unrecognized, potential hazard, where the handling of apparatus exposed to high levels of tritium is concerned. The liability of contact-transferred tritium in skin, its chemical form and location within the skin, and the exact radioactivity content of the contaminated surfaces are particular problems remaining to be established by exact methods. The demonstration of non-volatile contact transfer is reported here because of its significance to health safety practice.
Download or read book Monitoring of Tritium written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fluid from a breeder nuclear reactor, which may be the sodium cooling fluid or the helium reactor-cover-gas, or the helium coolant of a gas-cooled reactor passes over the portion of the enclosure of a gaseous discharge device which is permeable to hydrogen and its isotopes. The tritium diffused into the discharge device is radioactive producing beta rays which ionize the gas (argon) in the discharge device. The tritium is monitored by measuring the ionization current produced when the sodium phase and the gas phase of the hydrogen isotopes within the enclosure are in equilibrium.
Download or read book Tritium Measurement and Monitoring in Experimental and Process Systems with Ionization Cham b ers written by Lakshman Rodrigo and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Tritium Monitor written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A system for continuously monitoring the concentration of tritium in an aqueous stream. The system pumps a sample of the stream to magnesium-filled combustion tube which reduces the sample to extract hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas is then sent to an isotope separation device where it is separated into two groups of isotopes: a first group of isotopes containing concentrations of deuterium and tritium, and a second group of isotopes having substantially no deuterium and tritium. The first group of isotopes containing concentrations of deuterium and tritium is then passed through a tritium detector that produces an output proportional to the concentration of tritium detected. Preferably, the detection system also includes the necessary automation and data collection equipment and instrumentation for continuously monitoring an aqueous stream.
Download or read book Analysis of Carbon 14 and Tritium in Reactor Stack Gas written by Seymour Gold and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Monitoring Tritium in Air Containing Other Radioactive Gases written by Roland A. Jalbert and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Monitoring Tritium in Air Containing Other Radioactive Gases written by Roland A. Jalbert and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A brief survey is presented of methods that have been developed for active tritium monitoring that may be applied to measure tritium concentrations in air containing /sup 13/N, /sup 16/N, and /sup 41/Ar produced by D-T neutrons. Included are instruments that employ current subtraction to achieve discriminations and others that selectively remove atmospheric water vapor from stream of activated air.
Download or read book An Atmospheric Tritium and Carbon 14 Monitoring System written by J. L. Thompson and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
