Download or read book Monitoring and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens from aquaculture written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2023-12-28 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The guidelines provide a regional overview of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance in aquaculture, including the importance of harmonizing methodologies across the region (Chapter 1). The guidelines also cover approaches to the design of AMR surveillance in aquaculture, from identifying the target population to sampling considerations (Chapter 2). Sample consideration and transport are described in detail, following standing methodologies for disease surveillance in aquaculture (Chapter 3). The laboratory methods are described, from general principles to specific methodologies (Chapter 4). Finally, the guidelines also describe AMR data management including collection, storage, analysis, and presentation (Chapter 5). While Volume 3 provides guidance for carrying out AMR monitoring and surveillance in aquaculture, the other areas in the AMR surveillance framework are covered in the respective volumes of this regional guideline series: Volume 1 (Monitoring and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from healthy food animals intended for consumption), Volume 2 (Monitoring and surveillance in animal pathogens recovered from diseased livestock); Volume 4 (Monitoring bacterial resistance in the animal environment) that will focus on monitoring AMR in bacteria from agriculture settings (such as manure and slurry in livestock farms and aquatic environments), Volume 5 (Monitoring antimicrobial usage in animals at the farm level) and Volume 6 (Monitoring antimicrobial residues in food). Experts from FAO, the Singapore Food Agency and the Singapore National Parks Board led the writing of this volume.
Download or read book Improving Food Safety Through a One Health Approach written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-09-10 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Globalization of the food supply has created conditions favorable for the emergence, reemergence, and spread of food-borne pathogens-compounding the challenge of anticipating, detecting, and effectively responding to food-borne threats to health. In the United States, food-borne agents affect 1 out of 6 individuals and cause approximately 48 million illnesses, 128,000 hospitalizations, and 3,000 deaths each year. This figure likely represents just the tip of the iceberg, because it fails to account for the broad array of food-borne illnesses or for their wide-ranging repercussions for consumers, government, and the food industry-both domestically and internationally. A One Health approach to food safety may hold the promise of harnessing and integrating the expertise and resources from across the spectrum of multiple health domains including the human and veterinary medical and plant pathology communities with those of the wildlife and aquatic health and ecology communities. The IOM's Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a public workshop on December 13 and 14, 2011 that examined issues critical to the protection of the nation's food supply. The workshop explored existing knowledge and unanswered questions on the nature and extent of food-borne threats to health. Participants discussed the globalization of the U.S. food supply and the burden of illness associated with foodborne threats to health; considered the spectrum of food-borne threats as well as illustrative case studies; reviewed existing research, policies, and practices to prevent and mitigate foodborne threats; and, identified opportunities to reduce future threats to the nation's food supply through the use of a "One Health" approach to food safety. Improving Food Safety Through a One Health Approach: Workshop Summary covers the events of the workshop and explains the recommendations for future related workshops.
Download or read book Responsible Use of Antibiotics in Aquaculture written by Pilar Hernández Serrano and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2005 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Antibiotics are drugs of natural or synthetic origin that have the capacity to kill or to inhibit the growth of micro-organisms. Antibiotics that are sufficiently non-toxic to the host are used as chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of infectious diseases of humans, animals and plants. They have long been present in the environment and have played a crucial role in the battle between man and microbe. Many bacterial species multiply rapidly enough to double their numbers every 20-30 minutes, so their ability to adapt to changes in the environment and survive unfavourable conditions often results in the development of mutations that enable the species to survive changing external conditions. Another factor contributing to their adaptability is that individual cells do not rely on their own genetic resources. Many, if not all, have access to a large pool of itinerant genes that move from one bacteria cell to another and spread through bacterial populations through a variety of mobile genetic elements, of which plasmids and transposable elements are two examples. The capacity of bacteria to adapt to changes in their environment and thus survive is called resistance. Drug choices for the treatment of common infectious diseases are becoming increasingly limited and expensive and, in some cases, unavailable due to the emergence of drug resistance in bacteria and fungi - resistance that is threatening to reverse much medical progress of the past 50 years. Dissemination of resistant micro-organisms may occur in both hospitals and communities. It is recognized that a major route of transmission of resistant microorganisms from animals to humans is through the food chain. In aquaculture, antibiotics have been used mainly for therapeutic purposes and as prophylactic agents. The contribution to antimicrobial resistance of antibiotics used in aquaculture is reviewed here, using a risk analysis framework. Some recommendations on responsible conduct in this context are proposed, aimed at diminishing the threat of build up of antimicrobial resistance.
Download or read book WHO guidelines on use of medically important antimicrobials in food producing animals written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2017-11-10 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: WHO has launched new guidelines on use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals, recommending that farmers and the food industry stop using antibiotics routinely to promote growth and prevent disease in healthy animals. These guidelines aim to help preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics that are important for human medicine by reducing their use in animals.
Download or read book Antimicrobial Resistance written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summary report published as technical document with reference number: WHO/HSE/PED/AIP/2014.2.
Download or read book National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria NARMS written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for Enteric Bacteria is a collaboration among the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Center for Veterinary Medicine (FDA-CVM), and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The primary purpose of NARMS at CDC is to monitor antimicrobial resistance among foodborne enteric bacteria isolated from humans. Other components of the interagency NARMS program include surveillance for resistance in enteric bacterial pathogens isolated from foods, conducted by the FDA-CVM (http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/AntimicrobialResistance/NationalAntimicrobialResistanceMonitoringSystem/default.htm), and resistance in enteric pathogens isolated from animals, conducted by the USDA Agricultural Research Service (http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=66-12-05-08). Many NARMS activities are conducted within the framework of CDC's Emerging Infections Program (EIP), Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity (ELC) Program, and the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet). In addition to surveillance of resistance in enteric pathogens, the NARMS program at CDC also includes public health research into the mechanisms of resistance, education efforts to promote prudent use of antimicrobial agents, and studies of resistance in commensal organisms. Before NARMS was established, CDC monitored antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter through periodic surveys of isolates from a panel of sentinel counties. NARMS at CDC began in 1996 with prospective monitoring of antimicrobial resistance among clinical non-typhoidal Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157 isolates in 14 sites. In 1997, testing of clinical Campylobacter isolates was initiated in the five sites participating in FoodNet. Testing of clinical Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and Shigella isolates was added in 1999. Since 2003, all 50 states have been forwarding a representative sample of non-typhoidal Salmonella, Salmonella ser. Typhi, Shigella, and E. coli O157 isolates to NARMS for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and 10 FoodNet states have been participating in Campylobacter surveillance. This annual report includes CDC's surveillance data for 2008 for non-typhoidal Salmonella, typhoidal Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter and E. coli O157 isolates. Data for earlier years are presented in tables and graphs when appropriate. Antimicrobial classes defined by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) are used in data presentation and analysis. CLSI classes constitute major classifications of antimicrobial agents, e.g., aminoglycosides and cephems. This report also includes the World Health Organization's categorization of antimicrobials of critical importance to human medicine. The table includes only antimicrobials that are tested in NARMS.
Download or read book The performance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing programmes relevant to aquaculture and aquacultural products written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2019-10-03 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Circular addresses best practice guidelines for the performance of these susceptibility tests. Section 1 discusses the relevance of this document to The FAO Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 2016-2020. Section 2 provides a general background to the principles of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Section 3 discusses the current status of the standard protocols that can be recommended for use in antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria isolated from aquatic animals. Following a consideration of 44 species of bacteria that represent those most frequently isolated from aquatic animals, it demonstrates that the currently available standardized protocols are adequate for the determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility of 37 of them (84 percent). Section 4 discusses the importance of the design of programmes aimed at monitoring or surveillance of antimicrobial resistance associated with the use of antimicrobial agents in the rearing of aquatic animals. In this paper four designs are outlined, each of which will provide data for programmes aimed at answering different questions. Section 5 provides some conclusions, while Section 6 gives a list of references. The Circular is supported by four annexes that provide: (i) a listing of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) documents cited in the paper; (ii) a list of the antimicrobial agents most commonly used in aquaculture; (iii) notes on the selection of test protocols for selected Gram-positive cocci; and (iv) guidance on the possible use of epidemiological cut-off values in a clinical context.
Download or read book Monitoring and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from healthy food animals intended for consumption written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2019-11-13 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Regional Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Monitoring and Surveillance Guidelines Volume 1 provides guidance in the development of AMR surveillance plan for food-borne bacteria, underscoring the key elements for harmonized AMR data generation, data collation and reporting of findings, while taking into consideration the standing context of the region. It aims to provide guidelines on the harmonized scheme for antimicrobial susceptibility testing and laboratory-based monitoring for AMR.
Download or read book Antimicrobial Resistance in Environmental Waters written by Karina Yew-Hoong Gin and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-04-30 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Special Issue on Antimicrobial Resistance in Environmental Waters features 11 articles on the monitoring and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in natural aquatic systems (i.e., reservoirs, rivers), and effluent discharge from water treatment plants to assess the effectiveness of AMR removal and resulting loads in treated waters. Some of the key elements of AMR studies presented in this Special Issue highlight the underlying drivers of AMR contamination in the environment and the evaluation of the hazard imposed on aquatic organisms in receiving environments through ecological risk assessments. As described in this Issue, screening antimicrobial peptide (AMP) libraries for biofilm disruption and antimicrobial candidates are promising avenues for the development of new treatment options to eradicate resistance.
Download or read book Global antimicrobial resistance and use surveillance system GLASS report 2022 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2022-12-08 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The WHO 2022 report from the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) marks the end of the first 5 years of early implementation. The report summarizes 2020 data from 87 countries on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria that cause disease in humans, analyses the 2021 AMR rates in the context of the testing coverage of national surveillance, and provides data on antimicrobial consumption (AMC) in humans from 27 countries. For the first time, data are presented in an interactive digital format, with more comprehensive content on the WHO website.
Download or read book Combating Antimicrobial Resistance written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-01-08 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As of 2017, the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance continues unabated around the world, leaving devastating health and economic outcomes in its wake. Those consequences will multiply if collaborative global action is not taken to address the spread of resistance. Major drivers of antimicrobial resistance in humans have been accelerated by inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing in health care practices; the inappropriate use of antimicrobials in livestock; and the promulgation of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment. To explore the issue of antimicrobial resistance, the Forum of Microbial Threats planned a public workshop. Participants explored issues of antimicrobial resistance through the lens of One Health, which is a collaborative approach of multiple disciplines - working locally, nationally, and globally - for strengthening systems to counter infectious diseases and related issues that threaten human, animal, and environmental health, with an end point of improving global health and achieving gains in development. They also discussed immediate and short-term actions and research needs that will have the greatest effect on reducing antimicrobial resistance, while taking into account the complexities of bridging different sectors and disciplines to address this global threat. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
Download or read book National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria NARMS written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary purpose of the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) at CDC is to monitor antimicrobial resistance among enteric bacteria isolated from humans. Other components of the interagency NARMS program include surveillance for resistance in enteric bacteria isolated from foods, conducted by the FDA-CVM (http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/AntimicrobialResistance/NationalAntimicrobialResistanceMonitoringSystem/default.htm), and resistance in enteric bacteria isolated from animals, conducted by the USDA Agricultural Research Service (http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=66-12-05-08). Many NARMS activities are conducted within the framework of CDC's Emerging Infections Program (EIP), Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity (ELC) Program, and the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet). In addition to surveillance of resistance in enteric pathogens, the NARMS program at CDC also includes research into the mechanisms and public health impact of resistance, education efforts to promote prudent use of antimicrobial agents, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of isolates that caused outbreaks. Before NARMS was established, CDC monitored antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter through periodic surveys of isolates from a panel of sentinel counties. NARMS at CDC began in 1996 with prospective monitoring of antimicrobial resistance among clinical non-Typhi Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157 isolates in 14 sites. In 1997, testing of clinical Campylobacter isolates was initiated in the five sites participating in FoodNet. Testing of clinical Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and Shigella isolates was added in 1999. Since 2003, all 50 states have been forwarding a representative sample of non-Typhi Salmonella, Salmonella ser. Typhi, Shigella, and E. coli O157 isolates to NARMS for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and 10 FoodNet states have been participating in Campylobacter surveillance. Since 2008, all 50 states have been forwarding every Salmonella Paratyphi A and C to NARMS for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. This annual report includes CDC's surveillance data for 2010 for non-typhoidal Salmonella, typhoidal Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter and E. coli O157 isolates in addition to surveillance data for 2009 Vibrio species other than V. cholerae. Data for earlier years are presented in tables and graphs when appropriate. Antimicrobial classes defined by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) are used in data presentation and analysis. CLSI classes constitute major classifications of antimicrobial agents, e.g., aminoglycosides and cephems. This report also includes the World Health Organization's categorization of antimicrobials of critical importance to human medicine (Table 1). The table includes only antimicrobials that are tested in NARMS.
Download or read book Combating Antimicrobial Resistance and Protecting the Miracle of Modern Medicine written by National Academies Of Sciences Engineeri and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2022-07-20 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Strategy for Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria, published in 2014, sets out a plan for government work to mitigate the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. Direction on the implementation of this strategy is provided in five-year national action plans, the first covering 2015 to 2020, and the second covering 2020 to 2025. Combating Antimicrobial Resistance and Protecting the Miracle of Modern Medicine evaluates progress made against the national strategy. This report discusses ways to improve detection of resistant infections and estimate the risk to human health from environmental sources of resistance. In addition, the report considers the effect of agricultural practices on human and animal health and animal welfare and ways these practices could be improved, and advises on key drugs and diseases for which animal-specific test breakpoints are needed.
Download or read book The International FAO Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring InFARM system written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org. [Author] [Author]. This book was released on 2024-05-24 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International FAO Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring (InFARM) system is an FAO flagship initiative, supporting countries in collecting, collating, analysing, visualizing, and effectively utilizing their AMR monitoring and surveillance data primarily from livestock, fisheries, and aquaculture, along with their associated food products. [Author] InFARM empowers countries to generate reliable evidence to measure the extent of AMR in animals and food, at local, regional, and global scales, filling critical gaps in AMR data within agrifood systems. [Author] This document introduces the InFARM system, provides the FAO's roadmap for implementation over the coming years, and serves as a guide for country officials, offering a step-by-step approach to support the implementation of InFARM. [Author] It provides specific steps and recommendations to guide national focal points in mobilizing country participation through the collection and sharing of available AMR data, along with information on the status of implementation of monitoring and surveillance activities. [Author] Through the InFARM system, FAO invites its Members to establish and strengthen operational national AMR surveillance systems. [Author]
Download or read book Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin written by Frank M. Aarestrup and published by Amer Society for Microbiology. This book was released on 2006-01 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin comprehensively examines the current research on antimicrobial resistance in the main veterinary and zoonotic pathogens, including resistance to disinfectants and metals used in agriculture.
Download or read book Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes written by Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-07 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume summarizes and updates information about antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance (AMR)/antibiotic resistant genes (ARG) production, including their entry routes in soil, air, water and sediment, their use in hospital and associated waste, global and temporal trends in use and spread of antibiotics, AMR and ARG. Antimicrobial/antibiotic resistance genes due to manure and agricultural waste applications, bioavailability, biomonitoring, and their Epidemiological, ecological and public health effects. The book addresses the antibiotic and AMR/ARG risk assessment and treatment technologies, for managing antibiotics and AMR/ARG impacted environments The book's expert contributions span 20 chapters, and offer a comprehensive framework for better understanding and analyzing the environmental and social impacts of antibiotics and AMR/ARGs. Readers will have access to recent and updated models regarding the interpretation of antibiotics and AMR/ARGs in environment and biomonitoring studies, and will learn about the management options require to appropriately mitigate environmental contaminants and pollution. The book will be of interest to students, teachers, researchers, policy makers and environmental organizations.
Download or read book Challenges to Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance written by Michael Anderson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-04-23 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An accessible overview of the challenges in tackling AMR, and the economic and policy responses of the 'One Health' approach. It will appeal to policy-makers seeking to strengthen national and local polices tackling AMR, as well as students and academics who want an overview of the latest scientific evidence regarding effective AMR policies.
