Download or read book Molecular Mechanisms of BDNF Signalling in Central Nervous System Myelination written by Haley Moss Peckham and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Molecular Mechanisms of Myelin Dysfunctions in the Nervous System written by Jihyun Kim and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Myelin is generated by Schwann cells (SCs) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and by oligodendrocytes (OLs) in the central nervous system (CNS). Myelin not only provides physical and structural support to the axon, it also provides trophic and metabolic supports. In addition, myelin is important for rapid nerve conduction, which is essential for proper communication within a neuronal circuit. Therefore, damage to myelin or myelin loss disrupts axonal integrity and impairs neuronal functions. Elucidating molecular mechanisms underlying myelin defects under pathological conditions will be important in gaining insights into developing a strategy for preventing myelin loss and improving myelin repair. In this study, we investigated molecular mechanisms of aberrant myelination and myelin loss associated with Charcot Marie Tooth disease (CMT) in the PNS and traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the CNS. In Chapter 1, we investigated the impact of CMT4B1-associated MTMR2 loss in SCs. CMT4B1 is a genetically inherited disorder of the PNS that is caused by loss of MTMR2 gene function. In CMT4B1 patients, myelin outfolding and demyelination are observed resulting in decreased nerve conduction, muscle weakness, atrophy, and sensory deficits. Previously, it has been shown that SC-specific deletion of MTMR2 in mice results in reduced nerve conduction and myelin abnormalities similar to defects observed in CMT4B1patients. However, the mechanism(s) by which loss of MTMR2 function leads to the myelin abnormalities are not fully understood. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we generated MTMR2 knockdown SCs and analyzed the effect of MTMR2 loss on intracellular signaling pathways that are essential for SC myelination. Since MTMR2 is a phosphoinositide 3-phosphatase that regulates the PI(3,5)P2 metabolism, it is possible that abnormal regulation of the PI(3,5)P2 level in MTMR2 KD SCs may be associated with the aberrant SC functions. Recently, PI(3,5)P2 has been shown to serve as a platform for mTORC1 signaling on lysosomal membrane. Since mTORC1 has an important role in SC myelination, we monitored whether MTMR2 loss affects the mTORC1 signaling pathway in SCs. Here, we report an aberrant increase in mTORC1 activity in MTMR2 KD SCs. The mTORC1 activation is also associated with inhibition of autophagy and transcription activity of TFEB, a regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and function. Myelin repair or promoting remyelination in the PNS is important for improving neuronal function in patients with peripheral myelin dysfunctions. In Chapter 2, we elucidated the promyelination function of recombinant TIMP-3 in SCs. TIMP-3 is a member of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase family proteins and one of the targets includes ADAM17. Endogenous ADAM17 in the PNS negatively regulate axonal Nrg1 type III signaling that is essential for SC myelination. Here, we report that recombinant TIMP-3 enhances myelin formation by SCs. The TIMP-3 function is associated with an increase in axonal Nrg1 signaling and laminin deposition during the early stages of myelin formation. In Chapter 3, we investigated molecular mechanisms underlying myelin dysfunction in the CNS associated with TBI. Myelin loss following TBI contributes to axonal degeneration, neuronal death and in long-term, neuronal dysfunction in the patients. Recent studies provide evidence that primary myelin loss contributes to the myelinated axon pathology following TBI. The myelin loss appears to occur without OL death, indicating that demyelination results from a mechanism that actively destroys myelin in viable OLs. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of OL response to injury may provide insights into preventing demyelination and/or to protecting proper axon- myelin units following TBI. To this end, we investigated the direct impact of mechanical injury on OLs. We developed an OL monoculture system established on a deformable silicone membrane that can be rapidly stretched by a computer-controlled air pulse, which mimics diffused mechanical injury in the brain following TBI. Our data show that stretch injury induces activation of the Erk1/2 pathway in OLs, which leads to myelin protein loss. Furthermore, the Erk1/2 activation was induced by intracellular calcium increase. Inhibition of Erk1/2 or chelating intracellular calcium prevents myelin protein loss after stretch injury. Furthermore, TBI in vivo results in rapid Erk1/2 activation in white matter OLs accompanied by losing the mature OL phenotype. By studying the molecular mechanisms responsible for myelin malformation or myelin loss in demyelinating diseases, we provide evidences of signaling pathways or signaling molecules that could be potential therapeutic targets for preventing myelin dysfunctions.
Download or read book Investigation of the Mechanisms BDNF Utilises to Promote Central Nervous System Myelination written by Anita Hilja Ferner and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Opportunities and Challenges of the Therapies Targeting CNS Regeneration written by H.D. Perez and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-01-19 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The therapeutic options for the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and other neurodegenerative and traumatic diseases such as spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, etc. have experienced enormous progress over recent years. Despite these encouraging developments, available therapies are only partially effective, and the ultimate goal is still far from being attained. Improved understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration and demyelination has led to a variety of new therapeutic targets and approaches. In addition to modulation of the inflammatory process (MS) and classical neuroprotection (stroke, AD), therapeutic approaches focusing on active remyelinization and neuronal regeneration have become increasingly important. Based on current concepts, this book summarizes new therapeutic approaches.
Download or read book Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Neurite Growth Innervation and Survival written by Katya Park and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Neuroprotection written by Bae Hwan Lee and published by Mdpi AG. This book was released on 2021-09-27 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dear Colleagues, The brain is vulnerable to injury. Following injury in the brain, apoptosis or necrosis may occur easily, leading to various functional disabilities. Neuronal death is associated with a number of neurological disorders including hypoxic ischemia, epileptic seizures, and neurodegenerative diseases. The brain subjected to injury is regarded to be responsible for the alterations in neurotransmission processes, resulting in functional changes. Oxidative stress produced by reactive oxygen species has been shown to be related to the death of neurons in traumatic injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, scavenging or decreasing free radicals may be crucial for preventing neural tissues from harmful adversities in the brain. Neurotrophic factors, bioactive compounds, dietary nutrients, or cell engineering may ameliorate the pathological processes related to neuronal death or neurodegeneration and appear beneficial for improving neuroprotection. As a result of neuronal death or neuroprotection, the brain undergoes activity-dependent long-lasting changes in synaptic transmission, which is also known as functional plasticity. Neuroprotection implying the rescue from neuronal death is now becoming one of global health concerns. This Special Issue attempts to explore the recent advances in neuroprotection related to the brain. This Special Issue welcomes original research or review papers demonstrating the mechanisms of neuroprotection against brain injury using in vivo or in vitro models of animals as well as in clinical settings. The issues in a paper should be supported by sufficient data or evidence. Prof. Bae Hwan Lee Guest Editor
Download or read book Central Nervous System Acting Drugs Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroprotection and Neurodegeneration written by Nesrine Salah El Dine El Sayed and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-04-14 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Basic Neurochemistry written by George J. Siegel and published by Lippincott Raven. This book was released on 1999 with total page 1216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Illustrations by Lorie M. Gavulic, MFA Sponsored by the American Society for Neurochemistry.
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology Vol 1 written by Philip David Zelazo and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-03-21 with total page 1049 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook provides a comprehensive survey of what is now known about psychological development, from birth to biological maturity, and it highlights how cultural, social, cognitive, neural, and molecular processes work together to yield human behavior and changes in human behavior.
Download or read book The Neurobiology of Multiple Sclerosis written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2007-06-07 with total page 759 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated neurodegenerative disorder of the human central nervous system (CNS) which usually affects young adults with certain genetic backgrounds who are then exposed to certain precipitating environmental antigen(s). Despite major advances of the past two decades in understanding the pathophysiology of MS, and in spite of the introduction of new immunomodulatory and immuno-suppressive agents which may slow down disease progression and delay the onset of disability, the "cause and the "cure for MS remain elusive. This volume of International Review of Neurobiology focuses on MS and related disorders. The volume can be divided into various sections with the main emphasis on MS pathogenesis, clinical features and epidemiology, neuroimaging, and treatment. The ultimate goal of this book is to encourage further research into the pathogenesis of this elusive disease.
Download or read book Development of the Autonomic Nervous System written by Katherine Elliott and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-09-14 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Novartis Foundation Series is a popular collection of the proceedings from Novartis Foundation Symposia, in which groups of leading scientists from a range of topics across biology, chemistry and medicine assembled to present papers and discuss results. The Novartis Foundation, originally known as the Ciba Foundation, is well known to scientists and clinicians around the world.
Download or read book Degeneration and Regeneration in the Nervous System written by Norman Saunders and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-09-02 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Degeneration and Regeneration in the Nervous System brings together an international team of contributors to produce a series of critical reviews appraising key papers in the field. The pace of research on brain and spinal cord injury quickened considerably in the last ten years and there is much that is new and important that is covered in this book. However, there is still a long way to go before our knowledge will explain fully why the central nervous system has such a limited capacity for regeneration, and before experimental solutions can be applied to the patient. With emphasis on actual and therapeutic importance of the work reviewed, Degeneration and Regeneration in the Nervous System is a useful overview for graduate students, their teachers and researchers working in this field.
Download or read book Molecular Mechanisms of Glia in Development and Disease written by Ryan B. MacDonald and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-04-11 with total page 533 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Animal Models of Acute Neurological Injuries written by Jun Chen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-16 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite numerous recent studies and exciting discoveries in the field, only limited treatment is available today for the victims of acute neurological injuries. Animal Models of Acute Neurological Injuries provides a standardized methodology manual designed to eliminate the inconsistent preparations and variability that currently jeopardizes advances in the field. Contributed by top experts and many original developers of the models, each chapter contains a step-by-step, proven procedure and visual aids covering the most commonly used animal models of neurological injury in order to highlight the practical applications of animal models rather than the theoretical issues. This intensive volume presents its readily reproducible protocols with great clarity and consistency to best aid neuroscientists and neurobiologists in laboratory testing and experimentation. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, Animal Models of Acute Neurological Injuries is an ideal guide for scientists and researchers who wish to pursue this vital course of study with the proficiency and precision that the field requires.
Download or read book Neurogenesis and Neural Plasticity written by Catherine Belzung and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together authors working on a wide range of topics to provide an up to date account of the underlying mechanisms and functions of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis in the adult brain. With an increasing understanding of the role of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis it is possible to envisage improvements or novel treatments for a number of diseases and the possibility of harnessing these phenomena to reduce the impact of ageing and to provide mechanisms to repair the brain.
Download or read book Molecules to Medicine with mTOR written by Kenneth Maiese and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-02-21 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecules to Medicine with mTOR: Translating Critical Pathways into Novel Therapeutic Strategies is a one-stop reference that thoroughly covers the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR, also known as the mammalian target of rapamycin, is a 289-kDa serine/threonine protein kinase that is ubiquitous throughout the body and has a critical role in gene transcription and protein formation, stem cell development, cell survival and senescence, aging, immunity, tissue regeneration and repair, metabolism, tumorigenesis, oxidative stress, and pathways of programmed cell death that include apoptosis and autophagy. Incorporating a translational medicine approach, this important reference highlights the basic cellular biology of mTOR pathways, presents the role of mTOR during normal physiologic function and disease, and illustrates how the mechanisms of mTOR can be targeted for current and future therapeutic treatment strategies. Coverage of mTOR signaling includes the entire life cycle of cells that impacts multiple systems of the body including those of nervous, cardiovascular, immune, musculoskeletal, endocrine, reproductive, renal, and respiratory origin. - Covers the role of mTOR by internationally recognized expert contributors in the field. - Provides a clear picture of the complexity of mTOR signaling as well as of the different approaches that could target this pathway at various levels. - Includes analysis of the role of mTOR and in both health and disease. - Serves as an important resource for a broad audience of healthcare providers, scientists, drug developers, and students in both clinical and research settings.
Download or read book Myelin written by Kazunori Sango and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-23 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the latest exciting advances in understanding of the structure and function of myelin in the central and peripheral nervous systems under normal and pathological conditions. Readers will find state of the art information from the perspectives of both basic neuroscience and clinical neurology and neuropathology. Detailed attention is paid to the findings and implications of recent research on the myelin-forming glial cells such as oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. The discussion of myelin pathology encompasses a wide range of diseases and conditions, including, for example, multiple sclerosis, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries, brain tumors of glial cell origin, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, immune-mediated neuropathy, and diabetic neuropathy. The authors comprise researchers at the cutting edge of biotechnology and experts in the diseases discussed. The clearly written text is supported by numerous high-quality light and electron microscopy, CT, and MR images.
