Download or read book Molecular Mechanism of Chagas Disease Lymphocyte Activation by the Trypanosoma cruzi trans Sialidase written by Wenda Gao and published by Universal-Publishers. This book was released on 2002-02-17 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polyclonal lymphocyte activation and hypergammaglobulinemia characterize the acute phase of Chagas' disease, a debilitating condition caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. Such pathogenic hyper-reactivities not only compromise specific host defense against the pathogen, but may also contribute to infection-induced chronic autoimmune responses. Characterizing parasite-derived factors driving non-specific immune responses will provide insights for parasite evasion of host specific immunity. This study shows that T. cruzi trans-sialidase (TS) is one such polyclonal activator for normal murine lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells in at least three aspects. First, TS induces aggregation of immune cells and secretion of cytokines, such as IL-6. Second, TS is a T-independent B cell mitogen, directly stimulating polyclonal B cell proliferation independent of IL-6, CD40, CD43, Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), and mIg crosslinking. While TS is mitogenic to wild-type B cells, mostly CD5- B2 cells, it fails to induce any proliferation of B cells from Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk)-defective X-linked immune deficient (xid) mice, suggesting that Btk is involved in TS signaling. Furthermore, in vivo administration of TS is followed by polyclonal Ig secretion that peaks 4-6 days after injection, before detectable TS-specific antibodies. Third, although TS does not directly stimulate T cells, it potentiates antigen specific and nonspecific T cell responses through the activation of APC, such as macrophages and B cells. TS potentiation is observed in splenocytes deficient of CD28, ICAM-1, CD40L or CD43. However, optimal TS-potentiation requires IL-6 and Btk, as it is significantly reduced in splenocytes from IL-6 -/- and xid mice. The C-terminal tandem repeat domain (LTR), but not the N-terminal catalytic domain (CD) of TS, is the active moiety that mediates TS-induced cell aggregation, IL-6 secretion, B cell and macrophage activation. At non-mitogenic concentrations, however, LTR inhibits mouse T cell activation and blocks TS-potentiated T cell response. A working model for the actions of TS, its domains and TS receptor is proposed. The results indicate that TS is a parasite-derived factor that directly and indirectly activates both APC and T cells, disturbing host lymphocyte homeostasis and cytokine regulation. Thus, TS may drive polyclonal lymphocyte activation in acute infection, potentially contributing to the immune evasion of the parasite, as well as the autoimmune abnormality in chronic Chagas' disease.

Download or read book American Trypanosomiasis written by Jenny Telleria and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-09-03 with total page 871 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chagas disease causes severe socioeconomic impact and a high medical cost in Latin America. WHO and the World Bank consider Chagas disease as the fourth most transmittable disease to have a major impact on public health in Latin America: 120 million persons are potentially exposed, 16 to 18 million of whom are presently infected, causing 45,000 to 50,000 deaths per year. It has been calculated that approximately 2.4 million potential working years are lost because of incapacity and mortality due to the disease, for an annual cost estimated at 20 billion Euros. American Trypanosomiasis provides a comprehensive overview of Chagas disease and discusses the latest discoveries concerning the three elements that compose the transmission chain of the disease: - The host: human and mammalian reservoirs - The insect vectors: domestic and sylvatic vectors - The causative parasite: Trypanosoma cruzi - Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field - Contributions from leading authorities and industry experts

Download or read book The African Trypanosomes written by Samuel J. Black and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-04-11 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: African trypanosomes are tsetse-transmitted protozoa that inhabit the extracellular compartment of host blood. They cause fatal sleeping sickness in people, and Nagana, a wasting and generally fatal disease, in cattle. While trypanosomes are most common to Africa (about 30% of Africa's cattle graze on the fringe of the tsetse habitat), some species have spread beyond its boarders to Asia, the Middle East and South America. The African Trypanosomes, volume one of World Class Parasites, is written for researchers, students and scholars who enjoy reading research that has a major impact on human health, or agricultural productivity, and against which we have no satisfactory defense. It is intended to supplement more formal texts that cover taxonomy, life cycles, morphology, vector distribution, symptoms and treatment. It integrates vector, pathogen and host biology and celebrates the diversity of approach that comprises modern parasitological research.

Download or read book Endocrine Immunology written by W. Savino and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2017-02-28 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last decades, several in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed the existence of a very complex network between the neuroendocrine and immune system. Important molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions, in both physiological and pathological conditions, have also been described. Indeed, hormones play a pivotal role in the development and functional regulation of the immune system – both innate and acquired responses. Immune system cells present specific hormone receptors and themselves produce some hormones, thus influencing hormone secretion. More recently, the modulation of hormone secretion has been attempted for treating associated autoimmune disorders, further supporting the strong interplay between the endocrine and immune system. Distinguished experts, who have published extensively in their fields, have contributed comprehensive chapters to this volume. The focus is on the various aspects of endocrine-neuro-immune connections, providing an updated panorama - from basics to clinical applications - of current knowledge and still debated issues.

Download or read book Molecular Mimicry Infection Inducing Autoimmune Disease written by Michael B. A. Oldstone and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-01-09 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Text will follow)

Download or read book Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis in Chagas Disease written by John M. Kelly and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-08-31 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chagas' disease, which results from infection with the single cell parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a debilitating condition that is a major problem in many parts of Latin America. Rapid technical progress is now facilitating dissection of the molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, a process that will ultimately provide new strategies to alleviate the enormous public health burden associated with the infection. In this book, international experts review the buoyant status of Chagas' disease research as we enter the "post-genome" era and speculate on how the new findings will impact on drug and vaccine development. The chapters outline how progress is being made on several fronts ranging from parasite population genetics to human immunology. Researchers, physicians and students with an interest in any aspect of molecular parasitology should find this book to be a valuable reference

Download or read book The Third Component of Complement written by John D. Lambris and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-12 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third component of complement, C3, is one of the most versatile proteins and an important participant in immune surveillance and immune response pathways. Its multifunctio nality is based on its ability to interact specifically with multiple serum complement proteins, cell surface receptors, and mem brant;-associated regulatory proteins. One of its most intriguing strategies of interaction with cell surfaces is the covalent binding of activated C3 through the internal thioester. The field has expanded over the past 10 years and a wealth of information has accumulated. C3 from various species and many of the human C3 binding proteins have been cloned and expressed. Numerous cellular responses mediated by the diffe rent fragments of C3 have been described. The findings that C3 interacts in a ligand-receptor-like fashion with proteins of nonself origin such as the gC of herpes simplex virus, a 70-kDa protein from Candida albicans, proteins from Epstein-Barr virus, etc. has opened a new field of investigation. The papers assembled in this volume summarize the wealth of data on the various aspects of the C3 interactions; together they bring to the reader new information on the chemistry, molecular gene tics, biology, and pathophysiology of C3 and C3-binding proteins. Emphasis is given to structural features as they relate to functions. Spring 1989 JOHN D. LAMBRIS, HANS J. MULLER-EBERHARD Table of Contents J. E. VOLANAKIS: Participation of C3 and Its Ligands in Complement Activation . . . . . . . . . . . 1 S. R. BARNUM, G. FEY, and B. F. TACK: Biosynthesis and Genetics of C3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Download or read book Pathophysiology of the Heart written by Gordon Ross and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Molecular Biology of the Cell written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Chagas Disease written by María-Jesús Pinazo Delgado and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-20 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive resource on various aspects of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and the neglected tropical disease Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), the disorder resulting from infection with the parasite. Topics include the biological description and taxonomy of the parasite, epidemiology and transmission routes, laboratory techniques in use when working with the parasite, as well as diagnostic measures and treatment of Chagas disease. Furthermore, a chapter with life stories of people in contact with the disease in endemic as well as non-endemic countries is included. The book is therefore a valuable source for individuals engaged in basic research as well as patient care and health management related to American trypanosomiasis.

Download or read book Membrane Recycling written by Geralyn M. Collins and published by Financial Times/Prentice Hall. This book was released on 1982 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Investing to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2015-08-05 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The presence, or absence, of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) can be seen as a proxy for poverty and for the success of interventions aimed at reducing poverty. Today, coverage of the public-health interventions recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) against NTDs may be interpreted as a proxy for universal health coverage and shared prosperity - in short, a proxy for coverage against neglect. As the world's focus shifts from development to sustainable development, from poverty eradication to shared prosperity, and from disease-specific goals to universal health coverage, control of NTDs will assume an important role towards the target of achieving universal health coverage, including individual financial risk protection. Success in overcoming NTDs is a "litmus test" for universal health coverage against NTDs in endemic countries. The first WHO report on NTDs (2010) set the scene by presenting the evidence for how these interventions had produced results. The second report (2013) assessed the progress made in deploying them and detailed the obstacles to their implementation. This third report analyses for the first time the investments needed to achieve the scale up of implementation required to achieve the targets of the WHO Roadmap on NTDs and universal coverage against NTDs. INVESTING TO OVERCOME THE GLOBAL IMPACT OF NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES presents an investment strategy for NTDs and analyses the specific investment case for prevention, control, elimination and eradication of 12 of the 17 NTDs. Such an analysis is justified following the adoption by the Sixty-sixth World Health Assembly in 2013 of resolution WHA6612 on neglected tropical diseases, which called for sufficient and predictable funding to achieve the Roadmap's targets and sustain control efforts. The report cautions, however, that it is wise investment and not investment alone that will yield success. The report registers progress and challenges and signals those that lie ahead. Climate change is expected to increase the spread of several vector-borne NTDs, notably dengue, transmission of which is directly influenced by temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and climate variability primarily through their effects on the vector. Investments in vector-borne diseases will avoid the potentially catastrophic expenditures associated with their control. The presence of NTDs will thereby signal an early warning system for climate-sensitive diseases. The ultimate goal is to deliver enhanced and equitable interventions to the most marginalized populations in the context of a changing public-health and investment landscape to ensure that all peoples affected by NTDs have an opportunity to lead healthier and wealthier lives."--Publisher's description.

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules written by Sangdun Choi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-07-09 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biological processes are driven by complex systems of functionally interacting signaling molecules. Thus, understanding signaling molecules is essential to explain normal or pathological biological phenomena. A large body of clinical and experimental data has been accumulated over these years, albeit in fragmented state. Hence, systems biological approaches concomitant with the understanding of each molecule are ideal to delineate signaling networks/pathways involved in the biologically important processes. The control of these signaling pathways will enrich our healthier life. Currently, there are more than 30,000 genes in human genome. However, not all the proteins encoded by these genes work equally in order to maintain homeostasis. Understanding the important signaling molecules as completely as possible will significantly improve our research-based teaching and scientific capabilities. This encyclopedia presents 350 biologically important signaling molecules and the content is built on the core concepts of their functions along with early findings written by some of the world’s foremost experts. The molecules are described by recognized leaders in each molecule. The interactions of these single molecules in signal transduction networks will also be explored. This encyclopedia marks a new era in overview of current cellular signaling molecules for the specialist and the interested non-specialist alike During past years, there were multiple databases to gather this information briefly and very partially. Amidst the excitement of these findings, one of the great scientific tasks of the coming century is to bring all the useful information into a place. Such an approach is arduous but at the end will infuse the lacunas and considerably be a streamline in the understanding of vibrant signaling networks. Based on this easy-approach, we can build up more complicated biological systems.

Download or read book Handbook of the Protists written by John M. Archibald and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-16 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published in a modern, user-friendly format this fully revised and updated edition of The Handbook of Protoctista (1990) is the resource for those interested in the biology, diversity and evolution of eukaryotic microorganisms and their descendants, exclusive of animals, plants and fungi. With chapters written by leading researchers in the field, the content reflects the present state of knowledge of the cell and genome biology, evolutionary relationships and ecological/medical/economic importance each major group of protists, organized according to current protist systematics as informed by molecular phylogenetics and genomics.

Download or read book Immune evasion strategies in protozoan host interactions written by Alexandre Morrot and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-08-13 with total page 477 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The protozoa are the most ancient members of the animal kingdom and they have evolved the intracellular parasitism to ensure their survival strategies. Protozoan parasites that infect humans are extremely diverse among eukaryotes. They are responsible for many human diseases such as amebiasis, Chagas disease, malaria, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis and African sleeping sickness. The ability of protozoans to cause disease depends on the nature and number of infecting organisms, the route of infection, the virulence factors associated with the microorganism, and the strength of host defenses. This host-parasite interaction is also subject to constant change as the infection proceeds and can lead to a range of outcomes, from elimination of the pathogen to death of the host, depending on the states of latency and the extent of colonization that the protozoan achieves in the course of infection. Several species of parasitic protozoa harbor specialized virulence factors whose products can overcome the host´s immunity and promote their survival. These factors act at several different checkpoints of the host immune responses, from the first components of the innate immune response to the induction and maintenance of adaptive memory responses. Many protozoan species have evolved mechanisms that modulate and inhibit host sensors, microRNA circuits and signaling pathways that permit the host to detect infection. These factors can act, inter alia, by inhibiting the complement cascade, subverting phagocyte activation and impairing leukocyte migratory responses, so undermining the immune system thus facilitating the pathogen evasion and its continued persistence in the host. In this research topic we welcome the contribution of original research article as well as reviews on the field.

Download or read book Environmental Aspects of Zoonotic Diseases written by Robert Armon and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2012-01-31 with total page 517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental Aspects of Zoonotic Diseases provides a definitive description, commentary and research needs of environmental aspects related to zoonotic diseases. There are many interrelated connections between the environment and zoonotic diseases such as: water, soil, air and agriculture. The book presents investigations of these connections, with specific reference to environmental processes such as: deforestation, floods, draughts, irrigation practices, soil transfer and their impact on bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitological spread. Environmental aspects such as climate (tropical, sub-tropical, temperate, arid and semi-arid), developed and undeveloped countries, animal (domestic and wild) traffic animal border crossing, commercial animal trade, transportation, as well geography and weather on zoonosis, are also discussed and relevant scientific data is condensed and organized in order to give a better picture of interrelationship between the environment and current spread of zoonotic diseases. Altogether, the book presents a remarkable and a vast amount of potential future research directions based on the link: environment-vectors-pathogens-humans. The most up-to-date source of information on this increasingly important cross-disciplinary subject, Environmental Aspects of Zoonotic Diseases will be invaluable for environmentalists, veterinarians, medical staff, environmental engineers, government agencies and consultants working in this field. Authors: Prof. Robert Armon, Technion (Israel Institute of Technology), Haifa, Israel, Dr. Uta Cheruti, Technion (Israel Institute of Technology), Haifa, Israel

Download or read book The Immune Response written by Tak W. Mak and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2005-11-11 with total page 1217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Immune Response is a unique reference work covering the basic and clinical principles of immunology in a modern and comprehensive fashion. Written in an engaging conversational style, the book conveys the broad scope and fascinating appeal of immunology. The book is beautifully illustrated with superb figures as well as many full color plates. This extraordinary work will be an invaluable resource for lecturers and graduate students in immunology, as well as a vital reference for research scientists and clinicians studying related areas in the life and medical sciences. - Current and thorough 30 chapter reference reviewed by luminaries in the field - Unique 'single voice' ensures consistency of definitions and concepts - Comprehensive and elegant illustrations bring key concepts to life - Provides historical context to allow fuller understanding of key issues - Introductory chapters 1-4 serve as an 'Immunology Primer' before topics are discussed in more detail