Download or read book Molecular Biology of the Transfer RNA Revisited written by Akio Kanai and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on 2014-12-19 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are one of the classical non-coding RNAs whose lengths are approximately 70–100 bases. The secondary structure of tRNAs can be represented as the cloverleaf with 4 stems, and the three dimensional structure as an “L” shape. Historically, the basic function of tRNA as an essential component of translation was established in 1960s, i.e., each tRNA is charged with a target amino acid and these are delivered to the ribosome during protein synthesis. However, recent data suggests that the role of tRNA in cellular regulation goes beyond this paradigm. In most Archaea and Eukarya, precursor tRNAs are often interrupted by a short intron inserted strictly between the first and second nucleotide downstream of the anticodon, known as canonical nucleotide position (37/38). Recently, a number of reports describe novel aspects of tRNAs in terms of gene diversity, for example, several types of disrupted tRNA genes have been reported in the Archaea and primitive Eukarya, including multiple-intron-containing tRNA genes, split tRNA genes, and permuted tRNA genes. Our understanding of the enzymes involved in tRNA functions (e.g., aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, tRNA splicing endonuclease, tRNA ligase) has deepened. Moreover, it is well known that tRNA possesses many types of base modifications whose enzymatic regulations remain to be fully elucidated. It was reported that impaired tRNA nuclear-cytoplasmic export links DNA damage and cell-cycle checkpoint. Furthermore, a variety of additional functions of tRNA, beyond its translation of the genetic code, have emerged rapidly. For instance, tRNA cleavage is a conserved part of the responses to a variety of stresses in eukaryotic cells. Age-associated or tissue-specific tRNA fragmentation has also been observed. Several papers suggested that some of these tRNA fragments might be involve in the cellular RNA interference (RNAi) system. These exciting data, have lead to this call for a Research Topic, that plans to revisit and summarize the molecular biology of tRNA. Beyond the topics outlined above, we have highlighted recent developments in bioinformatics tools and databases for tRNA analyses.
Download or read book Transfer RNA in Protein Synthesis written by Dolph L. Hatfield and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-01-10 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transfer RNA in Protein Synthesis is a comprehensive volume focusing on important aspects of codon usage, selection, and discrimination in the genetic code. The many different functions of tRNA and the specialized roles of the corresponding codewords in protein synthesis from initiation through termination are thoroughly discussed. Variations that occur in the initiation process, in reading the genetic code, and in the selection of codons are discussed in detail. The book also examines the role of modified nucleosides in tRNA interactions, tRNA discrimination in aminoacylation, codon discrimination in translation, and selective use of termination codons. Other topics covered include the adaptation of the tRNA population to codon usage in cells and cellular organelles, the occurence of UGA as a codon for selenocysteine in the universal genetic code, new insights into translational context effects and in codon bias, and the molecular biology of tRNA in retroviruses. The contributions of outstanding molecular biologists engaged in tRNA research and prominent investigators from other scientific disciplines, specifically retroviral research, make Transfer RNA in Protein Synthesis an essential reference work for microbiologists, biochemists, molecular biologists, geneticists, and other researchers involved in protein synthesis research.
Download or read book The Primary Structure of Transfer RNA written by Tatʹi︠a︡na Vladimirovna Venkstern and published by Springer. This book was released on 1973 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of the primary structure of nucleic acids, i. e. , the determination of the nucleotide sequence in ribosomal, transfer, and messenger types of RNA and in DNA, is an essential preliminary to the attempt to correlate the structures of these compounds with their functions. This is one of the most urgent problems in molecular biology, for until it is solved it is im possible to understand fully the mechanisms of fundamental living processes. Research has naturally tended to concentrate on the nucleic acids of smallest molecular weight, namely the transfer RNAs, and tremendous progress has been made in recent years in the unraveling of their structure. In 1958-1959, when structural investigation was still in its infancy, it was even doubted whether the structure of any transfer RNA could be deter mined. No methods of isolating homogeneous preparations were available, and it was uncertain whether the very slight physical and chemical differences between tRNAs of different specificity would be sufficient to allow successful fractionation. When the first enriched preparations were obtained, there arose the problem of whether it was possible to determine the nucleotide sequence having regard to the limited number of heterogeneous structural elements present in tRNA. These doubts were resolved in 1965, when the structure of the first nucleic acid, alanine-specific transfer RNA, was unraveled in Holley's laboratory.
Download or read book Functional Genomics of Transfer RNA written by Kimberly A. Dittmar and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biography Of Paul Berg A The Recombinant Dna Controversy Revisited written by Errol C Friedberg and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2014-06-17 with total page 443 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With a Foreword by Sydney Brenner (Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine, 2002)This biography details the life of Paul Berg (Emeritus Professor at Stanford University), tracing Berg's life from birth, in 1926, to the present, with special emphasis on his enormous scientific contributions, including being the first to develop technology that led to gene cloning science. In 1980, Berg received a Nobel Prize in chemistry for this work.In addition to his contributions in the research laboratory, Berg orchestrated and oversaw a historic meeting at Asilomar, California that centered on a threatening controversy surrounding the perception by some of the harmful potential of recombinant DNA technology. This meeting did much to forestall this controversy and to put in place the regulation of recombinant DNA work, thus putting fears to rest.The recombinant DNA controversy was a historic outcome of the discovery of gene cloning. Notably, it represented a paramount example of scientific foresight and due diligence by the scientific community, rather than by regulatory entities in the United States and many other countries. The ultimate acceptance of gene/DNA cloning led to a new era of modern biology that thrives to the present.This book is aimed primarily at scientists and those in training. The book strives to simply provide information for the general reader, but is not specifically tailored for a general reading audience.While many books cover the recombinant DNA controversy, none have satisfactorily addressed this historic period and are often contradictory about the many who's, where's, and why's involved. Additionally, the great majority of these were written by non-scientists. This biography of Paul Berg provides access to numerous archived letters and documents at Stanford University not previously addressed, and to the chronology of events as recalled and documented by him, as well as other key personalities, many of whom were interviewed.
Download or read book TRNA written by Dieter Söll and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases written by Michael Ibba and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-04-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By virtue of their role as catalysts of the aminoacylation reaction, the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases ensure that the first step of translation is performed quickly and accurately. In this volume of 36 separate chapters, the many facets of this ancient and ubiquitous family are reviewed, including their surprising structural diversity, enzymology, tRNA interaction properties, and curious alternative functions. These chapters illustrate the degree to which the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases employ a variety of mechanisms to carry out both the standard functions related to the synthesis of aminoacylated tRNA for protein synthesis, as well as the surprising functions associated with amino acid biosynthesis, cytokine function, and even the processivity of DNA replication. Other chapters explore the regulation of their synthesis, their role in disease, and their prospects as targets for antibacterial therapeutics. This monograph will be a valuable resource for all scientists interested in the fundamentals of protein synthesis from both a basic research and clinical perspective, as well as the relation of translational components to the evolution of the genetic code.
Download or read book Molecular Evolution written by Roderick D.M. Page and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-07-14 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of evolution at the molecular level has given the subject of evolutionary biology a new significance. Phylogenetic 'trees' of gene sequences are a powerful tool for recovering evolutionary relationships among species, and can be used to answer a broad range of evolutionary and ecological questions. They are also beginning to permeate the medical sciences. In this book, the authors approach the study of molecular evolution with the phylogenetic tree as a central metaphor. This will equip students and professionals with the ability to see both the evolutionary relevance of molecular data, and the significance evolutionary theory has for molecular studies. The book is accessible yet sufficiently detailed and explicit so that the student can learn the mechanics of the procedures discussed. The book is intended for senior undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in molecular evolution/phylogenetic reconstruction. It will also be a useful supplement for students taking wider courses in evolution, as well as a valuable resource for professionals. First student textbook of phylogenetic reconstruction which uses the tree as a central metaphor of evolution. Chapter summaries and annotated suggestions for further reading. Worked examples facilitate understanding of some of the more complex issues. Emphasis on clarity and accessibility.
Download or read book Molecular Biology of the Cell written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Recoding Expansion of Decoding Rules Enriches Gene Expression written by John F. Atkins and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-10 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The literature on recoding is scattered, so this superb book ?lls a need by prov- ing up-to-date, comprehensive, authoritative reviews of the many kinds of recoding phenomena. Between 1961 and 1966 my colleagues and I deciphered the genetic code in Escherichia coli and showed that the genetic code is the same in E. coli, Xenopus laevis, and guinea pig tissues. These results showed that the code has been c- served during evolution and strongly suggested that the code appeared very early during biological evolution, that all forms of life on earth descended from a c- mon ancestor, and thus that all forms of life on this planet are related to one another. The problem of biological time was solved by encoding information in DNA and retrieving the information for each new generation, for it is easier to make a new organism than it is to repair an aging, malfunctioning one. Subsequently, small modi?cations of the standard genetic code were found in certain organisms and in mitochondria. Mitochondrial DNA only encodes about 10–13 proteins, so some modi?cations of the genetic code are tolerated that pr- ably would be lethal if applied to the thousands of kinds of proteins encoded by genomic DNA.
Download or read book Evolution of the Genetic Code written by Shōzō Ōsawa and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The genetic code was deciphered experimentally around 1966 and for a number of years scientists considered it to be "universal" for all forms of life. In 1981 researchers shocked the scientific community with the discovery that the code differed in mitochondria and certain other organisms, evidence that the genetic code was still evolving. This book discusses the distribution and origin of the non-universal codes and examines the possible mechanisms of code changes, making it essential reading for all those interested in evolutionary genetics.
Download or read book Mixture Toxicity written by Cornelis A. M. van Gestel and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last decade and a half, great progress has been made in the development of concepts and models for mixture toxicity, both in human and environmental toxicology. However, due to their different protection goals, developments have often progressed in parallel but with little integration. Arguably the first book to clearly link ecotoxicology an
Download or read book Genetics and Philosophy written by Paul Griffiths and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-04-18 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past century, nearly all of the biological sciences have been directly affected by discoveries and developments in genetics, a fast-evolving subject with important theoretical dimensions. In this rich and accessible book, Paul Griffiths and Karola Stotz show how the concept of the gene has evolved and diversified across the many fields that make up modern biology. By examining the molecular biology of the 'environment', they situate genetics in the developmental biology of whole organisms, and reveal how the molecular biosciences have undermined the nature/nurture distinction. Their discussion gives full weight to the revolutionary impacts of molecular biology, while rejecting 'genocentrism' and 'reductionism', and brings the topic right up to date with the philosophical implications of the most recent developments in genetics. Their book will be invaluable for those studying the philosophy of biology, genetics and other life sciences.
Download or read book RNA Methodologies written by Robert E. Farrell Jr. and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-07-22 with total page 794 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This laboratory guide represents a growing collection of tried, tested and optimized laboratory protocols for the isolation and characterization of eukaryotic RNA, with lesser emphasis on the characterization of prokaryotic transcripts. Collectively the chapters work together to embellish the RNA story, each presenting clear take-home lessons, liberally incorporating flow charts, tables and graphs to facilitate learning and assist in the planning and implementation phases of a project.RNA Methodologies, 3rd edition includes approximately 30% new material, including chapters on the more recent technologies of RNA interference including: RNAi; Microarrays; Bioinformatics. It also includes new sections on: new and improved RT-PCR techniques; innovative 5' and 3' RACE techniques; subtractive PCR methods; methods for improving cDNA synthesis.* Author is a well-recognized expert in the field of RNA experimentation and founded Exon-Intron, a well-known biotechnology educational workshop center * Includes classic and contemporary techniques * Incorporates flow charts, tables, and graphs to facilitate learning and assist in the planning phases of projects
Download or read book Introduction to Computational Biology written by Michael S. Waterman and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-05-02 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biology is in the midst of a era yielding many significant discoveries and promising many more. Unique to this era is the exponential growth in the size of information-packed databases. Inspired by a pressing need to analyze that data, Introduction to Computational Biology explores a new area of expertise that emerged from this fertile field- the combination of biological and information sciences. This introduction describes the mathematical structure of biological data, especially from sequences and chromosomes. After a brief survey of molecular biology, it studies restriction maps of DNA, rough landmark maps of the underlying sequences, and clones and clone maps. It examines problems associated with reading DNA sequences and comparing sequences to finding common patterns. The author then considers that statistics of pattern counts in sequences, RNA secondary structure, and the inference of evolutionary history of related sequences. Introduction to Computational Biology exposes the reader to the fascinating structure of biological data and explains how to treat related combinatorial and statistical problems. Written to describe mathematical formulation and development, this book helps set the stage for even more, truly interdisciplinary work in biology.
Download or read book Living Matter written by Valery V. Stcherbic and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-01-05 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a review of biochemistry as an algebra of molecules of living matter and utilizes Clifford algebras to discuss the basic biochemical processes of DNA replication, DNA transcription, RNA splicing and translation. Viral carcinogenesis is discussed in depth, specific attention is paid to the structural features of biomolecules that
Download or read book Handbook of RNA Biochemistry written by Roland K. Hartmann and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-06-22 with total page 1370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of a highly acclaimed handbook and ready reference. Unmatched in its breadth and quality, around 100 specialists from all over the world share their up-to-date expertise and experiences, including hundreds of protocols, complete with explanations, and hitherto unpublished troubleshooting hints. They cover all modern techniques for the handling, analysis and modification of RNAs and their complexes with proteins. Throughout, they bear the practising bench scientist in mind, providing quick and reliable access to a plethora of solutions for practical questions of RNA research, ranging from simple to highly complex. This broad scope allows the treatment of specialized methods side by side with basic biochemical techniques, making the book a real treasure trove for every researcher experimenting with RNA.
