Download or read book Molecular Analysis of Thyroid Hormone Receptors and Retinoic Acid Receptors written by Theresa Qui Phan and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and retinoic acid receptors (RARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor family. These ligand-regulated transcription factors bind to specific DNA sequences, called response elements, as homodimers or heterodimers with retinoid-X receptor (RXR) and regulate specific target genes. In the absence of hormone, TR and RAR repress transcription by recruiting corepressor complexes. In the presence of hormone, a coactivator complex is recruited and results in transcriptional activation. TRs and RARs are highly structurally conserved and possess very similar DNA binding domains. Despite these similarities, these receptors bind to different response elements in the genome, regulate different target genes, and control distinct physiological processes. The work presented in this dissertation identifies the DNA recognition properties of TR and RAR that account for these receptors' response element binding specificity and, subsequently, their distinct physiological responses. While response elements based on the consensus half-site are high affinity binding sites for TR and RAR, they show poor specificity. In contrast, the variations in half-site sequence, flanking sequences, and spacing found in natural TR and RAR target genes generate response elements that are bound in vitro and transcriptionally activated in vivo in a receptor-specific manner. Not all DNA sequences that bind TR or RAR efficiently in vitro are able to confer transcriptional regulation in vivo; we provide evidence that auxiliary proteins in cells may destabilize the binding of nuclear receptors to improperly spaced response elements to generate an additional layer of receptor-specific target gene recognition.
Download or read book Molecular Analysis of the Dimerization Properties of Thyroid Hormone Recetor i e Receptor and Its Oncogenic Receptor V Erb A written by Sang-Ho Lee and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Molecular Biology of Steroid and Nuclear Hormone Receptors written by Leonard Freedman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intracellular Receptors: New Instruments for a Symphony of Signals In the late eighteenth century, it was proposed on theoretical grounds that each of the body's organs, beginning with the brain, must be "a factory and laboratory of a specific humor which it returns to the blood", and that these circulating signals "are indispensable for the life of the whole" (Bordeu 1775). During the nineteenth cen tury, some remarkable physiological experiments revealed the actions of humoral factors that affected the for and function of multiple tissues, organs and organ sys tems within the body (Berthold 1849); much later, the chemical and molecular na ture of some of those factors was determined. Against this deep historical backdrop of the founding studies of intercellular signaling, molecular biology sprang into existence a mere forty years ago, rooted in the revelation of regulable gene expression in bacteria. But contemporaneous with those classical analyses of transcriptional regulation of the lactose operon, the mod em era of signal transduction was inaugurated by the identification of cAMP as a second messenger -- an intracellular mediator of hormonal activation of glycogen catabolism (Sutherland and RaIl 1960). Later in that same decade, it emerged that cAMP is a critical signal not only in metazoans, but even in bacteria, where it serves an analogous function as a critical switch that activates expression of genes re quired for catabolism of complex carbon sources, including those of the lactose operon.
Download or read book Molecular and Biological Analysis of Mutant Thyroid Hormone Receptors Associated with Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma written by Ivan Ho Chan and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Analysis of the Molecular Mechanisms of Nuclear Hormone Receptors and Corepressors written by Chi-Wai Wong and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Analysis of the Molecular Mechanisms of Action of the V erbA Oncogene and the Retinoid X Receptors RXRs written by Hong-Wu Chen and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Analysis of the Molecular Basis of Transcriptional Regulation by Thyroid Hormone and Estrogen Receptors written by Jeffrey Morse Holloway and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Analysis of the Molecular Mechanisms of DNA Recognition and Transcriptional Regulation by Nuclear Hormone Receptors written by Benjamin C. Lin and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Biochemistry of Retinoic Acid Receptors I Structure Activation and Function at the Molecular Level written by Mary Ann Asson-Batres and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-06-24 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A role for vitamin A in living organisms has been known throughout human history. In the last 100 years, the biochemical nature of vitamin A and its active derivative, retinoic acid, its physiological impact on growth processes and the essential details of its mechanism of action have been revealed by investigations carried out by researchers using vertebrate and more recently invertebrate models to study a multiplicity of processes and conditions, encompassing embryogenesis, postnatal development to old age. A wealth of intercellular interactions, intracellular signaling systems and molecular mechanisms have been described and the overall conclusion is that retinoic acid is essential for life. This book series, with chapters authored by experts in every aspect of this complex field, unifies the knowledge base and mechanisms currently known in detailed, engaging, well-illustrated, focused chapters that synthesize information for each specific area. In view of the recent explosion in this field, it is timely to publish a contemporary, comprehensive, book series recapitulating the most exciting developments in the field and covering fundamental research in molecular mechanisms of vitamin A action, its role in physiology, development and continued well-being and the potential of vitamin A derivatives and synthetic mimetics to serve as therapeutic treatments for cancers and other debilitating human diseases. VOLUME I: Here, we present the first volume of a multi-volume series on Retinoic Acid Signaling that will cover all aspects of this broad and diverse field. One aim of Volume I is to present a compilation of topics related to the biochemistry of nuclear retinoic acid receptors, from their architecture when bound to DNA and associated with their coregulators to their ability to regulate target gene transcription. A second aim is to provide insight into recent advances that have been made in identifying novel targets and non-genomic effects of retinoic acid. Volume I is divided into ten chapters contributed by prominent experts in their respective fields. Each chapter starts with the history of the area of research. Then, the key findings that contributed to development of the field are described, followed by a detailed look at key findings and progress that are being made in current, ongoing research. Each chapter is concluded with a discussion of the relevance of the research and a perspective on missing pieces and lingering gaps that the author recommends will be important in defining future directions in vitamin A research.
Download or read book Molecular Mechanisms of Thyroid Hormone and Retinoid Receptor Transcriptional Regulation written by Anders Michael Näär and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Thyroid Hormone Receptors written by Aria Baniahmad and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-05 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A panel of outstanding investigators surveys and explains the major cutting-edge methods used in thryroid receptor (TR) research and explains their practical experimental details. Described in step-by-step detail to ensure robust experimental results, the techniques presented cover a wide variety of key areas, including TR in development and knockout (mouse and Xenopus), transcriptional regulation by TRs in both cell-free systems and in living cells, and TR mutant analysis of patients. Additional methods provide powerful tools for the isolation of TR-regulated protein complexes, for studying the oncogene v-Erba in blood cell differentiation, and for target gene analysis in the brain. Microarray chip methods are also presented for analyzing the organs of transgenic mice to identify target genes in the liver.
Download or read book Analysis of Cofactor Recruitment and Transcriptional Regulation by Retinoic Acid Receptors written by Behnom Farboud and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nuclear Hormone Receptors written by Malcolm G. Parker and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An overview of the supergene family made up of those nuclear hormone receptors which recognize thyroid and steroid hormones, vitamen D and retinoic acid and which are characterized by their ability to bind both ligands and the genes which respond to them.
Download or read book Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Gene Expression written by G.R. Williams and published by Springer. This book was released on 1994 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the historical perspective and physiological background of the role of thyroid hormones. In both specific target tissues and during development, it provides clinical perspectives and physiological and developmental implications of the interactions between retinoid and vitamin D3 signalling pathways.
Download or read book The Steroid Thyroid Hormone Receptor Family and Gene Regulation written by J. Carlstedt-Duke and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2013-11-21 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Second International CBT (Center for Biotechnology) Synposium was held in Stockholm November 4-5 1988 and had the title "The steroid/thyroid hoITIDne receptor family and gene regulation". This meeting contained contributions from most leading laboratories within the field of steroid/thyroid hOITIDne receptors and gave a very exciting perspective on the dynamic development of this i:ntx>rt. ant research field. Today all known steroid hoITIDne receptors have been cloned and sequenced and novel members of this supergene family are constantly being discovered. Sane of these new receptors remain to be characterized regarding the nature of their ligand. Access to probes for steroid receptors has enabled studies on mechanisms of regulation of receptor gene expression. Deletion and II'Altational analysis of steroid receptor cDNAs followed by expression in cells together with suitable reporter genes has yielded a detailed knowledge about the functional significance of the various domains the receptors are composed of. In certain cases, steroid resistance in patients have been shown to be due to point mutations in the corresponding steroid receptor genes resulting in non-functional receptors. The availability of receptor cDNAs also makes it possible to express receptors at high levels in procaryotic and eucaryotic cells. It is e. g. possible to express the DNA-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor in E. coli as a fusion protein with protein A which interacts specifically with DNA. Such studies are necessary for production of sufficient quantities of receptors to allow crystallization and X-ray crystallography for detailed structural information.
Download or read book Retinoic Acid Receptors Advances in Research and Application 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Retinoic Acid Receptors: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyPaper™ that delivers timely, authoritative, and intensively focused information about Retinoic Acid Receptors in a compact format. The editors have built Retinoic Acid Receptors: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Retinoic Acid Receptors in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Retinoic Acid Receptors: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.
Download or read book Thyroid Hormone Receptor Differentially Binds to and Transactivates from Synthetic DNA Response Elements Based on the Number and Order of High Affinity Half sites the Presence of Hormone and the Fromation of Homo Or Heterodimers written by Walker Robert Force and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
